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97-631: Scott Act may refer to: Scott Act (1863) , which guaranteed the right to separate schools in what became Ontario, Canada, named for Richard William Scott Scott Act (1878) , the Canada Temperance Act in the Dominion of Canada, also named for Richard William Scott Scott Act (1888) , an American law prohibiting immigration of virtually all Chinese by rescinding certificates of reentry for Chinese who were then abroad Topics referred to by

194-544: A Catholic and the ecumenical movement has contributed to reducing sectarian tensions between Christians in the country. The Act of Supremacy issued by King Henry VIII in 1534 declared the king to be "the only supreme head on earth of the Church in England" in place of the pope. Any act of allegiance to the latter was considered treasonous because the papacy claimed both spiritual and political power over its followers. It

291-590: A Dutch Calvinist. The Act of Settlement 1701 , which was passed by the Parliament of England , stated the heir to the throne must not be a " Papist " and that any heir who is a Catholic or who marries one will be excluded from the succession to the throne "for ever." This law was extended to Scotland through the Act of Union which formed the United Kingdom . The Act was amended in 2013 as regards marriage to

388-813: A Lanarkshire town in the 1950s it was accepted that discriminatory employment practices against Catholics were endemic in the local steel industry, the police, banking and even some high-street shops. And until the 1960s in some of the Clyde shipyards, the power of the foremen with Orange and Masonic loyalties to hire and fire often made it difficult for Catholics to start apprenticeships. However, although Devine accepts that anti-Catholic attitudes do exist in some areas of Scotland, especially in West Central Scotland , he has argued that discrimination against Catholics in Scotland's economic, social and political life

485-658: A Roman Catholic without incurring this ban. Opposition to the State visit by Pope Benedict XVI to the United Kingdom can be found on that page. Ireland's Catholic majority was subjected to persecution from the time of the English Reformation under Henry VIII. This persecution intensified when the Gaelic clan system was completely destroyed by the governments of Elizabeth I and her successor, James I . Land

582-598: A comprehensive code with respect to denominational school rights which cannot be enlarged through the operation of s. 2(a) of the Charter . It does not represent a guarantee of fundamental freedoms . Section 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867 only applies to provinces, not territories. Instead, the right to separate schools is protected in the three territories by the federal Acts of Parliament which establish those three territories. The Northwest Territories Act ,

679-676: A fire on a farm in Kirkintilloch . All were seasonal workers from Achill Sound in County Mayo, Ireland. The Vanguard , the official newspaper of the Scottish Protestant League , referred to the event in the following text: Sectarianism was a part of the 1994 Monklands East by-election . Although there is a popular perception in Scotland that anti-Catholicism is football related (specifically directed against fans of Celtic F.C.), statistics released in 2004 by

776-514: A majority of whom are Catholic, and Loyalists the overwhelming majority of whom are Protestant. A Catholic church in Harryville, Ballymena was the site of a series of long-lasting protests by Loyalists in the late 1990s. Church services were often cancelled due to the level of intimidation and violence experienced by those attending. Some Catholics were injured when trying to attend mass and their cars parked nearby were also vandalised. Some of

873-416: A natural or unconditional right available to all. Only Protestants or Roman Catholics, whichever is the minority faith population compared to the other in a community, can consider the establishment of separate school education. The separate school establishment right is not available to citizens of any other faith (such as Orthodox Christians , Jews , Mormons , Muslims , Hindus or Sikhs ). In addition,

970-699: A new Act of Supremacy passed in 1559 under her successor, Elizabeth I , along with an Act of Uniformity which made worship in Church of England compulsory. Anyone who took office in the English church or government was required to take the Oath of Supremacy ; penalties for violating it included hanging and quartering. Attendance at Anglican services became obligatory—those who refused to attend Anglican services, whether Roman Catholics or Puritans , were fined and physically punished as recusants . English anti-Catholicism

1067-586: A plastic bullet fired by the RUC during an anti-internment march in Andersontown in 1984. McCrea shouted, "No. No. I'll not condemn the death of John Downes [sic]. No Fenian. Never. No". In Northern Ireland, Fenian is used by some as a derogatory word for Roman Catholics. The Troubles in Northern Ireland were characterised by bitter sectarian antagonism and bloodshed between Irish Republicans ,

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1164-657: A softening of opinion towards Catholics on the part of the English Anglican establishment, resulting in the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 which allowed Catholics to enter the legal profession, relieved them from taking the Oath of Supremacy, and granted toleration for their schools and places of worship The repeal of the Penal Laws culminated in the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 . Despite

1261-492: A vigorously anti-Catholic book Hypatia (1853). The novel was mainly aimed at the embattled Catholic minority in England, who had recently emerged from a half-illegal status. New Catholic episcopates, which ran parallel to the established Anglican episcopates, and a Catholic conversion drive awakened fears of 'papal aggression' and relations between the Catholic Church and the establishment remained frosty. At

1358-452: Is a clear and well-known process for determining the wishes of the members of the minority faith. In Alberta, for example, the geographic basis for separate school establishment is the underlying public school district. At any time, three or more residents, either Protestant or Roman Catholic, who believe that they are members of the minority faith locally, can initiate the process. A census must be conducted to confirm that they are, in fact,

1455-705: Is considerable overlap between anti-Irish attitudes and anti-Catholicism. For example, the word " Fenian " is regarded by authorities as a sectarian-related word in reference to Catholics. In 2003, the Scottish Parliament passed the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003 which included provisions to make an assault motivated by the perceived religion of the victim an aggravating factor . Police Scotland statistics in 2024 reveal that 33% of recorded religious hate crimes in Scotland were directed against Catholics, with Catholics making up just 13% of

1552-441: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Separate schools The constitutionally provided mandate of a separate school jurisdiction and of a separate school is to provide education in a school setting that the separate school board considers reflective of Roman Catholic (or, rarely, Protestant ) theology, doctrine, and practices. This mandate can manifest itself in

1649-472: Is no longer systemic in the way it once was. Devine cited survey and research data collected in the 1990s which indicated that there was little difference in the social class of Catholics and non-Catholics in contemporary Scotland, and highlighted increased Catholic representation in politics and the professions, describing the change as a "silent revolution". Devine has suggested that a number of factors are responsible for this change: radical structural changes in

1746-686: Is one Protestant separate school jurisdiction in Ontario, the Burkevale Protestant Separate School , operated by the Penetanguishene Protestant Separate School Board . In Ontario, this determination was largely made throughout the province by the time of Confederation. The public school system in the province was historically Protestant but was gradually transformed into a secular public system. Prayer in public schools

1843-575: Is the theme of the British film Resurrection Man (1998). The Glenanne gang or Glenanne group was a secret informal alliance of Ulster loyalists who carried out shooting and bombing attacks against Catholics and Irish nationalists in the 1970s, during the Troubles. It also launched some attacks elsewhere in Northern Ireland and in the Republic of Ireland. The gang included British soldiers from

1940-546: The British Isles . In 1570, Pope Pius V declared Queen Elizabeth who ruled England and Ireland deposed and excommunicated with the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis , which also released all Elizabeth's subjects from their allegiance to her. This rendered conditions impossible even for Elizabeth's subjects, like Richard Gwyn and Robert Southwell , who were completely apolitical but persisted in their allegiance to

2037-578: The Catholic Church in England and Wales , as the Queen and her officials refused to accept that her subjects could maintain both allegiances at once. The Recusancy Acts, legally coercing English, Welsh, and Irish citizens to conform to Anglicanism and attend weekly services on pain of prosecution for high treason , date from Elizabeth's reign. Later, regicide and decapitation strike plots organized by persecuted Catholics were heavily exploited by

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2134-636: The Defenders was formed in response to these attacks. This climaxed in the Battle of the Diamond on 21 September 1795 outside the small village of Loughgall between Peep O' Day boys and the Defenders. Roughly 30 Catholic Defenders but none of the better armed Peep O'Day Boys were killed in the fight. Hundreds of Catholic homes and at least one Church were burnt out in the aftermath of the skirmish. After

2231-566: The Glorious Revolution in England and consequent turbulence in Ireland. The Penal Laws , established first in the 1690s, assured Church of Ireland control of political, economic and religious life. The Mass , ordination, and the presence in Ireland of Catholic Bishops were all banned, although some did carry on secretly. Catholic schools were also banned, as were all voting franchises. Violent persecution also resulted, leading to

2328-968: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . The Committee restated its concerns on November 2, 2005, when it published its Concluding Observations regarding Canada's fifth periodic report under the Covenant. The Committee observed that Canada had failed to "adopt steps in order to eliminate discrimination on the basis of religion in the funding of schools in Ontario." Opposition to publicly funded separate schools continues in all three provinces where it remains, but most notably in Ontario, where court cases (see Reva Landau ) and long-standing, organized opposition groups (OneSchoolSystem.org and Civil Rights in Public Education) continue to actively seek to end or limit public funding for Catholic schools. Anti-Catholicism in

2425-688: The Marian Persecutions , were effectively canonised by this work of hagiography . In 1571, the Convocation of the Church of England ordered that copies of the Book of Martyrs should be kept for public inspection in all cathedrals and in the houses of church dignitaries. The book was also displayed in many Anglican parish churches alongside the Holy Bible . The passionate intensity of its style and its vivid and picturesque dialogues made

2522-473: The Scottish Executive showed that 85% of sectarian attacks were not football related. Sixty-three percent of the victims of sectarian attacks are Catholics, but when adjusted for population size this makes Catholics between five and eight times more likely to be a victim of a sectarian attack than a Protestant . Due to the fact that many Catholics in Scotland today have Irish ancestry , there

2619-570: The Yukon Act and the Nunavut Act all provide that the territorial legislatures can legislate with respect to education, provided they respect the right of religious minorities (whether Protestant or Roman Catholic) to establish separate schools. School boards funded by the province consist of 29 English Catholic and 8 French Catholic boards, as well as 35 non-denominational public school boards (31 English public, 4 French public). There

2716-573: The infallibility declaration of the Catholic Church sold 150,000 copies in 1874. He urged Catholics to obey the crown and disobey the pope when there was disagreement . on the other hand, when religion ritualistic practices in the Church of England came under attack as too ritualistic and too much akin to Catholicism, Gladstone strongly opposed passage of the Public Worship Regulation Bill in 1874. Benjamin Disraeli ,

2813-455: The restoration of the Church hierarchy . Even in the area of politics, there are changes. The Orange Order has grown in numbers in recent times. This growth is, however, attributed by some to the rivalry between Rangers and Celtic football clubs as opposed to actual hatred of Catholics. Historian Tom Devine , who grew up in a family with Irish Catholic roots in the west of Scotland, described his youth as follows: Among my own family in

2910-522: The "wrong" side of this division, with a French Catholic minority in Upper Canada and an Anglo-Protestant minority in Lower Canada. Schools of the era were almost entirely parochial schools controlled by the various churches. Only when government mandated standardization and public funding for education were introduced did this then become a political issue. By the time of Confederation in 1867,

3007-708: The (largely French-speaking) Roman Catholic population in Canada and the Protestant majority. The issue was a subject of debate at the 1864 Quebec Conference and was finally resolved at the London Conference of 1866 with a proposal to preserve the separate school systems in Quebec and Ontario . The way in which this agreement was written into the British North America Act , 1867 was to

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3104-713: The 20th century, a "Shrine of the Martyrs at Tyburn" was established at the Catholic Tyburn Convent in London. The persecution of the adherents of the reformed religion, both Anglicans and Nonconformist Protestants alike, which had occurred during the reign of Elizabeth's elder half-sister Queen Mary I, was used in the time of Elizabeth I to fuel strong anti-Catholic propaganda in the hugely influential Foxe's Book of Martyrs . Those who had died in Mary's reign, under

3201-628: The Acadians of 1755 saw some 12,000 Acadians killed and/or forcibly resettled to the Thirteen Colonies, Louisiana, France, England, etc. Some later returned, but their land and villages had been given away to Anglo-Protestant settlers. However, the trigger for expulsion was about the fear that Acadians would side with France during the " French and Indian War " (1754–1760/1763). When the much larger colony of Canada fell in 1763 ( Quebec City invaded in 1759, Montreal in 1760), deportation

3298-618: The Catholic seminary in Ireland that would train many priests. The re-establishment of the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy in England in 1850 by Pope Pius IX , was followed by a frenzy of anti-Catholic feeling, often stoked by newspapers. Examples include an effigy of Cardinal Wiseman , the new head of the restored hierarchy, being paraded through the streets and burned on Bethnal Green , and graffiti proclaiming 'No popery !' being chalked on walls. Charles Kingsley wrote

3395-628: The Church in England" in place of the Pope. Any act of allegiance to the latter was considered treasonous because the papacy claimed both spiritual and political power over its followers. Ireland was brought under direct English control starting in 1536 during the Tudor conquest of Ireland . The Scottish Reformation in 1560 abolished Catholic ecclesiastical structures and rendered Catholic practice illegal in Scotland . Today, anti-Catholicism remains present in

3492-460: The Crown for propaganda and further fuelled anti-Catholicism in England. In 1603, James VI of Scotland became also James I of England and Ireland. The Glorious Revolution of 1689 involved the overthrow of King James II , who converted to Catholicism before he became king and sought to implement both Catholic Emancipation and freedom of religion , and his replacement by son-in-law William III ,

3589-785: The Emancipation Act, however, anti-Catholic attitudes persisted throughout the 19th century, particularly following the sudden massive Irish Catholic migration to England during the Great Famine . The forces of anti-Catholicism were defeated by the unexpected mass mobilization of Catholic activists in Ireland, led by Daniel O'Connell . The Catholics had long been passive but now there was a clear threat of insurrection that troubled Prime Minister Wellington and his aide Robert Peel . The passage of Catholic emancipation in 1829, which allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament, opened

3686-677: The Laws of England : The gravamen of this charge, then, is that Catholics constitute an imperium in imperio , a sort of fifth column of persons who owe a greater allegiance to the Pope than they do to the civil government, a charge very similar to that repeatedly leveled against Jews. Accordingly, a large body of British laws such as the Popery Act 1698 , collectively known as the Penal Laws , imposed various civil disabilities and legal penalties on recusant Catholics. A change of attitude

3783-542: The Maritime provinces, similar issues were at play. In 1864, the government of Nova Scotia reformed its system of education, withdrawing support from all schools which were religious or which used any language other than English as a medium of instruction. In New Brunswick under the Parish Schools Act of 1858, there was only loose supervision from the central board of education, and in practice each school

3880-497: The Pope and England, escalating to extended hostilities and culminating in a failed 1588 invasion by Spanish forces. Elizabeth's resultant persecution of Catholic Jesuit missionaries led to many executions at Tyburn . Priests like Edmund Campion who suffered there as traitors to England are considered martyrs by the Catholic Church, and a number of them were canonized as the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales . In

3977-469: The Pope has temporal as well as spiritual jurisdiction in the realm). Those taking this oath were exempted from some of the provisions of the Popery Act. The section as to taking and prosecuting priests were repealed, as also the penalty of perpetual imprisonment for keeping a school. Catholics were also enabled to inherit and purchase land, nor was a Protestant heir any longer empowered to enter and enjoy

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4074-741: The Program of Studies and the curriculum , exercises and practices, and staffing. The limits of this mandate are determined by the application of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , and judicial decisions. The different experience in Ontario as compared to Alberta and Saskatchewan is principally the result of the same constitutional provisions having effect on settlement at different stages in Canadian history. The Constitution of Canada does not establish separate school education as

4171-680: The Roman Catholic Relief Act enfranchised forty shilling freeholders in the counties, thus increasing the political value of Catholic tenants to landlords. In addition, Catholics began to enter the linen weaving trade, thus depressing Protestant wage rates. From the 1780s the Protestant Peep O'Day Boys grouping began attacking Catholic homes and smashing their looms. In addition, the Peep O'Day Boys disarmed Catholics of any weapons they were holding. A Catholic group called

4268-601: The Scottish economy, with the decline of manufacturing industries where sectarian prejudices were ingrained; the increase of foreign investment in high-tech industry in Silicon Glen and the post-war expansion of the public sector; the construction of the welfare state and growth of educational opportunities, which provided avenues for social mobility and increased interfaith marriages with Catholics. In 1937, ten young men and boys, aged from 13 to 23, burned to death in

4365-572: The Town of St. Paul ( Glen Avon Protestant Separate School District ). One anomaly of the system is that the Town of Morinville has only a public Catholic high school (part of the Greater St. Albert Catholic Regional Division ), and no secular or Protestant high schools of any kind. In Alberta and Saskatchewan, there continues to be large areas of the province where separate school education has never been established. In these two provinces, there

4462-446: The United Kingdom Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom dates back to the martyrdom of Saint Alban in the Roman era . Attacks on the Church from a Protestant angle mostly began with the English and Irish Reformations which were launched by King Henry VIII and the Scottish Reformation which was led by John Knox . Within England, the Act of Supremacy 1534 declared the English crown to be "the only supreme head on earth of

4559-414: The United Kingdom, particularly in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Anti-Catholicism among many of the English was grounded in the fact that the Holy See sought not only to regain its traditional religious and spiritual authority over the English Church, but was also covertly backing regime change in alliance with Philip II of Spain as a means to ending the religious persecution of Catholics throughout

4656-414: The allied tradition of burning an effigy of the Pope on this day has been discontinued – except in the town of Lewes , Sussex. The " Calvinistic Methodists " represented a militant core of anti-Catholics. As a result of the 1701 Act of Settlement , any member of the British royal family who joins the Catholic Church must renounce the throne. The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 allows members to marry

4753-405: The battle Daniel Winter, James Wilson , and James Sloan changed the name of the Peep O' Day Boys to the Orange Order devoted to maintaining the Protestant ascendency. Although more of the Penal Laws were repealed, and Catholic Emancipation in 1829 ensured political representation at Westminster, significant anti-Catholic hostility remained especially in Belfast where the Catholic population

4850-411: The beginning of the English Reformation . Since the Glorious Revolution of 1688, however, Protestantism had been the official religion of the British state as evidenced by the Act of Settlement 1701 which forbade Catholics to become monarch. This was the beginning of a long period of anti-Catholic laws and policies in the British Empire , most famously expressed through the Irish "Penal" Laws . In

4947-461: The book very popular among Puritan and Low Church families, Anglican and nonconformist Protestant, down to the nineteenth century. In a period of extreme partisanship on all sides of the religious debate, the partisan church history of the earlier portion of the book, with its grotesque stories of popes and monks, contributed to anti-Catholic prejudices in England, as did the story of the sufferings of several hundred reformers who had been burned at

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5044-413: The case of the New World French there was also the fear that the new population was potentially more loyal to a foreign king, that of France, than to Britain. The first French colony to fall to the British was Acadia on the Atlantic coast in 1713 (invaded in 1710). Here the problem of dealing with a French Catholic community was solved through the simple but brutal method of expulsion. The Expulsion of

5141-434: The constitutional negotiations surrounding Canadian Confederation in the 1860s. At the Confederation conferences, Roman Catholic Archbishop Connolly of Halifax argued for separate Catholic and Protestant school systems across the entire federation, administered by the central government. This was forcefully rejected by French Canadian delegates from Canada East, who demanded provincial control over education. The compromise

5238-405: The course of later medieval and early modern history violence against Catholics has broken out, often resulting in deaths, such as the torture and execution of Jesuit Saint John Ogilvie . In the last 150 years, Irish migration to Scotland increased dramatically. As time has gone on Scotland has become much more open to other religions and Catholics have seen the nationalisation of their schools and

5335-442: The effect that the condition of education in each colony (or territory) at the time it entered Confederation would be continued thereafter. Consequently, the provinces of British Columbia , New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island have never had an education system that included "separate schools". Up until 1997 the Quebec education system was also separated, with Protestant and Catholic school boards. The system

5432-477: The election and the issue was not raised again in the subsequent election. In Alberta and Saskatchewan, the extent of separate school education is more limited, and Protestant separate schools are slightly more present. For example, in Alberta, about 40% of the land area of the province is included in separate school jurisdictions and there are two Protestant Separate School Districts, in the City of St. Albert ( St. Albert Protestant Separate School District ) and in

5529-416: The end of the nineteenth century one contemporary wrote that "the prevailing opinion of the religious people I knew and loved was that Roman Catholic worship is idolatry, and that it was better to be an Atheist than a Papist". The Liberal party leader William Ewart Gladstone had a complex ambivalence about Catholicism. He was attracted by its international success in majestic traditions. More important, he

5626-417: The estate of his Catholic kinsman. However, the passing of this act was the occasion of the anti-Catholic Gordon riots (1780) in which the violence of the mob was especially directed against Lord Mansfield who had balked at various prosecutions under the statutes now repealed. The anti-clerical excesses of the French Revolution and the consequent emigration to England of Catholic priests from France led to

5723-420: The first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , said, "Since we took up office we have tried to be absolutely fair towards all the citizens of Northern Ireland... They still boast of Southern Ireland being a Catholic State. All I boast of is that we are a Protestant Parliament and a Protestant State." In 1957, Harry Midgley , the Minister of Education in Northern Ireland, said, in Portadown Orange Hall, "All

5820-473: The first meeting of an Archbishop of Canterbury with a Pope since the Reformation when Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher visited Rome in 1960. Since then, dialogue has continued through envoys and standing conferences. Residual anti-Catholicism in England is represented by the burning of an effigy of the Catholic conspirator Guy Fawkes at local celebrations on Guy Fawkes Night every 5 November. This celebration has, however, largely lost any sectarian connotation and

5917-544: The latter province in the 1890s prompted a national crisis known as the Manitoba Schools Question , and led to Pope Leo XIII 's papal encyclical Affari Vos . Separate school rights have often been criticized as contrary to the spirit of official multiculturalism , primarily, but not exclusively, because only adherents of the Protestant or Roman Catholic faith have these constitutional rights and only in some provinces and territories. In addition, where separate school systems exist, employees or prospective employees who are of

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6014-552: The long-time Conservative leader, wrote many novels. One of the last was Lothair (1870) – it was "Disraeli's ideological Pilgrim's Progress ". It tells a story of political life with particular regard to the roles of the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches. It reflected anti-Catholicism of the sort that was popular in Britain, and which fuelled support for Italian unification (the "Risorgimento"). Since World War II anti-Catholic feeling in England has much abated. Ecumenical dialogue between Anglicans and Catholics culminated in

6111-507: The majority of Catholics in Upper Canada were of Irish extraction as well as English speaking. In the 1840s Methodist minister and Reformist politician Egerton Ryerson championed "common schools" that would educate the children of all faiths under one system. He became Chief Superintendent of Education for Upper Canada in 1844. However, Ryerson was not able to convince the Catholic minority and grudgingly agreed to clauses in his education reforms that allowed for minority-faith schools within

6208-416: The majority of the minority vote in favour of establishment, the establishment becomes a fact. If the majority of the minority vote against establishment, it does not proceed. The process is civil, democratic, and binding on the minority of the minority. A decision at the meeting against establishment precludes a number of the minority faith who may have favoured establishment from continuing for themselves. (At

6305-444: The minority are traitors and have always been traitors to the Government of Northern Ireland." The first Catholic to be appointed a minister in Northern Ireland was Gerard Newe , in 1971. In 1986, at the annual conference of the Democratic Unionist Party , MP for Mid Ulster William McCrea interrupted councillor Ethel Smyth when she said she regretted the death of Sean Downes, a 24-year-old Catholic civilian who had been killed by

6402-418: The minority faith have more employment opportunities. (All other things being equal, a member of the minority faith can be employed by either the public board or by the separate board, while anyone else can be excluded from employment by the separate system.) On November 5, 1999, the United Nations Human Rights Committee condemned Canada and Ontario for having violated the equality provisions (Article 26) of

6499-406: The minority faith locally. When the census confirms minority status, a meeting must be widely advertised. The purpose of meeting is to provide a venue at which all of the local members of the minority faith can debate the pros and cons of leaving the public school jurisdiction and creating a separate school district. At the end of the meeting, a vote may be held on the question of establishment. If

6596-420: The minority faith must establish that they wish to leave the public school system and create a separate school system. When France's colonies in North America were conquered by Britain during the 18th century, British authorities were faced with the dilemma of ruling over a large Roman Catholic community. This was significant, as Catholic-Protestant violence in England and Ireland had been nearly constant since

6693-478: The most savage attacks were perpetrated by a Protestant gang dubbed the Shankill Butchers , led by Lenny Murphy who was described as a psychopath and a sadist. The gang gained notoriety by torturing and murdering an estimated thirty Catholics between 1972 and 1982. Most of their victims had no connection to the Provisional Irish Republican Army or any other republican groups but were killed for no other reason than their religious affiliation. Murphy's killing spree

6790-412: The population. The state of Northern Ireland came into existence in 1921, following the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Though Catholics were a majority on the island of Ireland, comprising 73.8% of the population in 1911, they were a third of the population in Northern Ireland. On 21 July 1920, rioting broke out in Belfast, starting in the shipyards and spreading to residential areas. The violence

6887-416: The public school system except by leaving the minority faith. In Saskatchewan and Ontario, members of the minority faith may choose to be supporters of the public school system, notwithstanding their faith. Retention of separate school boards with public funding was a major issue of contention in the negotiations that led to Canadian confederation , chiefly as a result of ethnic and religious tension between

6984-593: The publicly funded system. The Catholic case was strengthened by the fact that the Protestant minority in Lower Canada had already won the right to a separate system. The institutionalization of separate schools in Canada West (Upper Canada before 1840) was secured by the Scott Act of 1863, but with the caveat that rural Catholic schools could only serve an area with a radius of 3 miles (4.8 km). In

7081-657: The relevant provision is s. 93(1), as amended by the Alberta Act and the Saskatchewan Act , respectively. As held by the Supreme Court of Canada in Adler v. Ontario , the provincial education power under section 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867 is plenary , and is not subject to Charter attack. As Iacobucci J. noted, it is the product of a historical compromise crucial to Confederation and forms

7178-673: The rites of the Romish church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit. His Britannick Majesty farther agrees, that the French inhabitants, or others who had been subjects of the Most Christian King in Canada, may retire with all safety and freedom wherever they shall think proper... This guarantee was later threatened on several occasions by assimilationist legislation such as the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , but this

7275-415: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Scott Act . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Act&oldid=1022343516 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

7372-493: The same time, any decision against establishment has no term: proponents can begin almost immediately to organize a subsequent effort.) In Alberta, wherever a separate school system exists, individuals who are of the minority faith that established the separate school system must be residents, electors, and ratepayers of the separate school system (the Schmidt decision ). There is no way by which they could opt to be supporters of

7469-433: The schooling for children of many members of so-called "mainstream" Protestant denominations. All of these schools received grants from the provincial government for their operation. Ownership of the schools ranged from parochial (owned and operated directly by a church) to ownership and operation by a separate not-for-profit society. The constitutional obligation on the province to maintain this system of confessional schools

7566-648: The slogan "Home Rule means Rome Rule ". In the 16th century, the Scottish Reformation resulted in Scotland's conversion to Presbyterianism through the Church of Scotland . The revolution resulted in a powerful hatred of the Roman Church. High Anglicanism also came under intense persecution after Charles I attempted to reform the Church of Scotland. The attempted reforms caused chaos, however, because they were seen as being overly Catholic in form, being based heavily on sacraments and ritual. Over

7663-652: The stake under Mary and Bishop Bonner . Later several accusations fuelled strong anti-Catholicism in England including the Gunpowder Plot , in which Guy Fawkes and other Catholic conspirators were found guilty of planning to blow up the English Parliament on the day the King was to open it. The Great Fire of London in 1666 was blamed on the Catholics and an inscription ascribing it to 'Popish frenzy'

7760-706: The torture and execution of many Catholics, both clergy and laity. Since then, many have been canonised and beatified by the Vatican , such as Saint Oliver Plunkett , Blessed Dermot O'Hurley , and Blessed Margaret Ball . Although some of the Penal Laws restricting Catholic access to landed property were repealed between 1778 and 1782, this did not end anti-Catholic agitation and violence. Catholic competition with Protestants in County Armagh for leases intensified, driving up prices and provoking resentment of Anglicans and Nonconformist Protestants alike. Then in 1793,

7857-531: The way for a large Irish Catholic contingent. Lord Shaftesbury (1801–1885), a prominent philanthropist, was a pre-millennial evangelical Anglican who believed in the imminent second coming of Christ, and became a leader in anti-Catholicism. He strongly opposed the Oxford movement in the Church of England, fearful of its high church Catholics features. In 1845, he denounced the Maynooth Grant which funded

7954-487: Was added in each of the next two years. The right to have a publicly funded separate denominational school system continues to be guaranteed to Roman Catholics in Ontario by s. 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867 . The issue of extending public funding to other religious schools was raised by the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario in the 2007 Ontario general election ; however they lost

8051-553: Was appropriated either by the conversion of native Anglo-Irish aristocrats or by forcible seizure. Many Catholics were dispossessed and their lands given to Anglican and Nonconformist Protestant settlers from Britain. However, the first plantation in Ireland was a Catholic plantation under Queen Mary I; for more see Plantations of Ireland . To cement the power of the Anglican Ascendancy , political and land-owning rights were denied to Ireland's Catholics by law, following

8148-665: Was banned in the late 1980s by a decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal. Since the 19th century, funding for the Roman Catholic separate school system was provided up to Grade 10 under the British North America (BNA) Act . In 1984, the government of Premier William Davis extended full funding to include the last three (Grades 11–13 ( OAC )) years of Roman Catholic secondary schools after having rejected that proposal fifteen years earlier. The first funded academic year occurred in 1985–86, as grade 11, and one grade

8245-561: Was eliminated by the Constitution Amendment, 1998 (Newfoundland Act) , following a provincial referendum in 1997. The province then established a single non-denominational public school system. The question of separate schools has been most controversial in Ontario and Manitoba . In the former, the issue of separate schools aggravated tensions between anglophones and francophones , both Protestant and Catholic . The ending of public support for separate schools in

8342-521: Was engraved on the Monument to the Great Fire of London , which marked the location where the fire started (this inscription was only removed in 1831). The ' Popish Plot ' involving Titus Oates further exacerbated Anglican-Catholic relations. The beliefs that underlie the sort of strong anti-Catholicism once seen in the United Kingdom were summarized by William Blackstone in his Commentaries on

8439-599: Was eventually signalled by the Papists Act 1778 in the reign of King George III . Under this Act, an oath was imposed, which besides being a declaration of loyalty to the reigning sovereign, contained an abjuration of Charles Edward Stuart , the Pretender to the British throne, and of certain doctrines attributed to Roman Catholics (doctrines such as those stating that excommunicated princes may lawfully be murdered, that no faith should be kept with heretics, and that

8536-466: Was grounded in the fear that the Pope sought to reimpose not just religio-spiritual authority but also secular power over England, a view which was vindicated by hostile actions of the Vatican. In 1570, Pope Pius V sought to depose Elizabeth with the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis , declaring her a heretic and dissolving Catholics' duty of allegiance to her. This engendered a state of war between

8633-739: Was in the minority. In the same year, the Presbyterians reaffirmed at the Synod of Ulster that the Pope was the anti-Christ, and joined the Orange Order in large numbers when the latter organisation opened its doors to all non-Catholics in 1834. As the Orange order grew, violence against Catholics became a regular feature of Belfast life. Towards the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century when Irish Home Rule became imminent, Protestant fears and opposition towards it were articulated under

8730-608: Was largely reversed by the Quebec Act of 1774. After the American Revolution , the new colony was flooded with Anglo-Protestant refugees. The colony was then divided by Constitutional Act of 1791 , with the Anglican Church becoming the established religion in Upper Canada (now Ontario) while Lower Canada remained legally secular but dominated by the Catholic church. Inevitably, some people ended up on

8827-786: Was partly in response to the IRA killing in Cork of a northern RIC police officer Gerald Smyth, and also because of competition for jobs due to the high unemployment rates. Protestant Loyalists marched on the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast and forced over 11,000 Catholic and left-wing Protestant workers from their jobs. This sectarian action is often referred to as the Belfast Pogrom. The sectarian rioting that followed resulted in about 20 deaths in just three days. In 1934, Sir James Craig ,

8924-623: Was replaced by a linguistically based secular school system, after the passage of a constitutional amendment The province of Newfoundland and Labrador had a separate school system until 1997. At the time that the Dominion of Newfoundland joined Canada on March 31, 1949, the Newfoundland schools were all organized on a confessional basis with separate denominational schools for Roman Catholics , Seventh-day Adventists , Salvationists , Pentecostals , and an integrated stream which oversaw

9021-734: Was run independently by its board of trustees, and most schools boards were dominated by partisans from one religion or another. Textbooks were not standardized; Protestant-majority regions used the textbooks of the Irish National Schools while the English-speaking Catholic areas used the books of the Irish Christian Brothers . The few Acadian schools used French-language textbooks from Canada East (Lower Canada). These pre-existing rights for tax-funded minority faith schools were then part of

9118-484: Was section 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867 which allows the federal government to intervene only to protect minority schools which are established after Confederation. Apart from that caveat, section 93 provides that education is a matter of exclusive provincial jurisdiction. The relevant provision for Ontario is s. 93(1) of the Constitution Act, 1867 as originally enacted. For Alberta and Saskatchewan,

9215-471: Was seen as less practical. Instead British officials promised to allow French Canadians to keep their religion and customs: His Britannick Majesty, on his side, agrees to grant the liberty of the Catholick religion to the inhabitants of Canada: he will, in consequence, give the most precise and most effectual orders, that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess the worship of their religion according to

9312-485: Was strongly opposed to the authoritarianism of its pope and bishops, its profound public opposition to liberalism, and its refusal to distinguish between secular allegiance on the one hand and spiritual obedience on the other. The danger came when the pope or bishops attempted to exert temporal power, as in the Vatican decrees of 1870 as the climax of the papal attempt to control churches in different nations, despite their independent nationalism. His polemical pamphlet against

9409-405: Was under this act that Thomas More and John Fisher were executed and became martyrs to the Catholic faith. The Act of Supremacy (which asserted England's independence from papal authority) was repealed in 1554 by Henry's devoutly Catholic daughter Queen Mary I when she reinstituted Catholicism as England's state religion. She executed many Protestants by burning. Her actions were reversed by

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