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66-646: There were several accounts of the Seven Grievances, one from the "Veritable Records of the Manchus", another from the "Qing Veritable Records", and the one from Nurhaci's successor Hong Taiji . According to the last account, the seven grievances are: Shortly after the announcement of the Seven Grievances , the attack against the Ming on Fushun started. Han defectors played a very important role in

132-458: A pin , they were considered equivalents of convenience rather than actual official ranks. Historically, Chinese noble titles were usually created with a shiyi ( 食邑 ; shíyì ; fief ) each, although the fief could be only nominal. The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty enfeoffed cadet branch princes and other nobles in different regions of China. The Qing dynasty ended this tradition; with only

198-442: A yunjiwei who received another grant of yunjiwei became a jiduwei . A first-class duke plus yunjiwei was the equivalent of 23 grants of yunjiwei . The Qing dynasty, much like previous dynasties, used an "official rank" system ( 品 ; pǐn ). This system had nine numbered ranks, each subdivided into upper and lower levels, in addition to the lowest "unranked" rank: from upper first pin ( 正一品 ), to lower ninth pin ( 從九品 ), to

264-465: A 1623 revolt, Nurhaci came to mistrust his Nikan ( Manchu : ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ , "Han people") followers so Hong Taiji began their assimilation into the country and government. A mass marriage of Han Chinese officers and officials to Manchu women numbering 1,000 couples was arranged by Prince Yoto and Hong Taiji in 1632 to promote harmony between the two ethnic groups. It is the predecessor of Mongol Yamen ( ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ 蒙古衙門, monggo jurgan ) which

330-560: A deal with the Ming dynasty. If the Ming was willing to give support and money that would be beneficial to the Qing's economy, the Qing in exchange would not only be willing to not attack the borders, but also admit itself as a country one level lower than the Ming dynasty; however, since Ming court officials were reminded of the deal that preceded the Song dynasty 's wars with the Jin Empire ,

396-472: A discussion concerning the possible naming of Nurhaci's heir apparent, a title that the document refers to as taise . Tatiana Pang and Giovanni Stary, two specialists of early Manchu history, consider this document as "further evidence" that Hong Taiji was his real name, "not being at all connected with the Chinese title huang taizi ". Historian Mark Elliott views this as persuasive evidence that Hong Taiji

462-838: A few exceptions, no fief was ever named. No Qing prince was enfeoffed with territory. Instead, noble titles were created without a name, or were bestowed a meihao ( 美號 ; meǐhào ; titular name). These names were usually descriptive of the peer's merit, virtue, or the circumstances leading to his ennoblement. The Dukes Yansheng kept their traditional fief in Shandong under Qing rule. Titular names were unique for imperial princes, while non-imperial peers' titular names may overlap. Following Ming dynasty tradition, single-character names were reserved for qinwang s, while junwang s used two-character names. All other peers normally had two-character names, but could receive up to four characters. Since noble titles were primarily awarded for military service,

528-873: A lower title. Whether imperial or not, the inheritance or bestowal was never automatic, and had to be approved by the Emperor, the Ministry of Personnel , or the Imperial Clan Court . Imperial princes, upon reaching adulthood at the age of 20, had to pass tests in horse-riding, archery and the Manchu language before they were eligible for titles. Imperial princesses, other than the Emperor's daughters, were usually granted titles upon marriage, regardless of age. Princesses' titles were also usually fixed after they were granted, and were not affected by changes in their fathers' nobility ranks. Yunjiwei ("sub-commander of

594-409: A peer could be granted the privilege of shixi wangti ( 世襲罔替 ; shìxí wǎngtì ; "perpetual heritability"), which allowed the title to be passed down without downgrading. Throughout the Qing dynasty, there were 12 imperial princely families that had this privilege. They were known as the " iron-cap princes ". The noble titles were inherited through a system of loose primogeniture : The eldest son from

660-574: A piece of red fruit near Fekulen, who ate it. She then became pregnant with Bukūri Yongšon. However, another older version of the story by the Hurha (Hurka) tribe member Muksike recorded in 1635 contradicts Hongtaiji's version on location, claiming that it was in Heilongjiang province close to the Amur river where Bulhuri lake was located where the "heavenly maidens" took their bath. This was recorded in

726-599: A prince, ex. Wang Yuying , Yongxuan 's servant was promoted to secondary consort. Remaining spouses could be promoted to higher positions in special circumstances, ex. lady Wanyan , Yongcheng 's unranked spouse was given a title of secondary consort. If imperial prince ascended the throne, his primary consort was named as empress, secondary consorts were named as noble consorts, consorts or concubines and mistresses were granted titles from first class female attendant to concubine or consort and given honorific names. Princess consorts held titles according to their husbands. If

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792-518: A successor. "Hong Taiji" was very rarely used in Manchu sources, because they observed a taboo on the personal names of emperors. In redacted documents, Hong Taiji was simply called the " Fourth Beile " or "fourth prince" ( duici beile ), indicating that he was the fourth ranked among the eight beile Nurhaci had designated from among his sons. However, an archival document rediscovered in 1996 and recounting events from 1621 calls him "Hong Taiji" in

858-475: Is unclear whether " Hong Taiji " was a title or a personal name. Written Hong taiji in Manchu , it was borrowed from the Mongolian title Khong Tayiji . That Mongolian term was itself derived from the Chinese huang taizi 皇太子 ("crown prince", "imperial prince"), but in Mongolian it meant, among other things, something like "respected son". Alternatively, historian Pamela Crossley argues that "Hung Taiji"

924-658: The Jiu Manzhou Dang and his much shorter and simpler in addition to being older. This is believed to be the original version and Hongtaiji changed it to Changbai mountain. It shows that the Aisin Gioro clan originated in the Amur area and the Heje ( Hezhen ) and other Amur valley Jurchen tribes had an oral version of the same tale. It also fits with Jurchen history since some ancestors of the Manchus originated north before

990-647: The Hongwu Emperor , and the Yongle Emperor . His political abilities were paralleled only by Genghis Khan , Emperor Taizong of Tang , and Emperor Guangwu of Han . In this sense, Hong Taiji is considered by some historians as the true first emperor for the Qing dynasty. Some historians suspect Hong Taiji was overall underrated and overlooked as a great emperor because he was a Manchu. Empress Primary Consort Secondary Consort Concubine Enthroned in 1626 as Khan , Hong Taiji changed

1056-701: The Qing conquest of Ming China . Han Chinese generals who defected to the Manchu were often given women from the Imperial Aisin Gioro family in marriage while the ordinary soldiers who defected were often given non-royal Manchu women as wives. The Manchu leader Nurhaci married one of his granddaughters to the Ming General Li Yongfang ( 李永芳 ) after he surrendered Fushun in Liaoning to the Manchu in 1618. The offspring of Li received

1122-652: The Qing dynasty rule in China. This article related to the history of China is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hong Taiji Hong Taiji (28 November 1592 – 21 September 1643), also rendered as Huang Taiji and sometimes referred to as Abahai in Western literature, also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizong of Qing , was the second khan of the Later Jin dynasty and

1188-451: The Qing dynasty . Also during this period, Hong Taiji took over Inner Mongolia in three major wars, each of them victorious. From 1636 until 1644, he sent 4 major expeditions into the Amur region. In 1640 he completed the conquest of the Evenks , when he defeated and captured their leader Bombogor . By 1644, the entire region was under his control. Huang Taji's plan at first was to make

1254-449: The "Third Class Viscount" ( 三等子爵 ; Sān-děng Zǐjué ) title. In retaliation, a year later, a Ming punitive force of about 100,000 men, which included Korean and Yehe troops, approached Nurhaci's Manchus along four different routes. The Manchus scored successive victories, the most decisive being the battle of Sarhu in which Nurhaci defeated Ming dynasty and Korean troops that were far superior in numbers and armaments. The Ming dynasty

1320-479: The 14th-15th centuries in the Amur and only later moved south. Before Hong Taiji was emperor, he controlled the two White banners. Upon Nurhaci's death, Hong Taiji immediately switched his two White Banners with Nurhaci's two Yellow Banners, which should have been passed on to Dorgon and his brothers. As emperor, he was the holder of three banners out of eight. He controlled the Upper Three Banners or

1386-710: The Bodhisattva Manjusri , the Bodhisattva of Wisdom, of whom Nurhaci claimed to be an incarnation. The dynastic name Later Jin was a direct reference to the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchen people, who ruled northern China from 1115 to 1234. As such, the name was likely to be viewed as closely tied to the Jurchens and would perhaps evoke hostility from ethnic Han who viewed the Song dynasty , rival state to

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1452-749: The Elite banners which at the time were the Plain/Bordered Yellow Banners and Plain Blue Banner. Later the Plain Blue Banner was switched by Dorgon to the Plain White Banner as the third Elite Banner. At the end of his reign, Hong Taiji gave the two Yellow Banners to his eldest son Hooge. Daisan, who was the second son of Nurhaci, and his son controlled the two Red Banners. Dorgon and his two brothers controlled

1518-783: The Han people, then it was not too much to change it. At the same time, Hong Taiji conquered the territory north of Shanhai pass by Ming Dynasty and Ligdan Khan in Inner Mongolia. He won one of the Yuan dynasty's imperial jade seal (Chinese: 制 誥 之 寶 ) and a golden Buddha called "Mahakala". In April 1636, Mongol nobility of Inner Mongolia, Manchu nobility and the Han mandarin held the Kurultai in Shenyang, recommended khan of Later Jin to be

1584-514: The Jehol Pass, then in 1632 and 1634 he sent raids into Shanxi . In 1636, Hong Taiji invaded Joseon Korea, as the latter did not accept that Hong Taiji had become emperor and refused to assist in operations against the Ming. With the Joseon dynasty surrendered in 1637, Hong Taiji succeeded in making them cut off relations with the Ming dynasty and force them to submit as tributary state of

1650-479: The Jin, as the legitimate rulers of China at that time. Hong Taiji's ambition was to conquer China proper and overthrow the Ming dynasty , and to do that required not only a powerful military force but also an effective bureaucratic administration. For this, he used the obvious model, that of the Ming government, and recruited Ming officials to his cause. If the name of Later Jin would prove an impediment to his goal among

1716-415: The Manchus needed Han defectors in order to assist in the conquest of the Ming, and thus explained to other Manchus why he also needed to be lenient to recent defectors like Ming general Hong Chengchou, who surrendered to the Qing in 1642. When Hong Taiji came into power, the military was composed of entirely Mongol and Manchu companies. By 1636, Hong Taiji created the first of many Chinese companies. Before

1782-506: The Ming refused the exchange. Huang Taiji rejected the comparison, saying that, "Neither is your Ming ruler a descendant of the Song nor are we heir to the Jin. That was another time." Hong Taiji had not wanted to conquer the Ming. The Ming's refusal ultimately led him to take the offensive. The people who first encouraged him to invade the Ming dynasty were his ethnic Han advisors Fan Wencheng, Ma Guozhu, and Ning Wanwo. Hong Taiji recognized that

1848-568: The Tibetans' and Mongols' belief in the religion. Hong Taiji started his conquest by subduing the potent Ming ally in Korea. February 1627 his forces crossed the Yalu River which had frozen. In 1628, he attempted to invade the Ming dynasty, but was defeated by Yuan Chonghuan and his use of artillery. During the next five years, Hong Taiji spent resources in training his artillery to offset

1914-524: The cloud cavalry") was originally a military rank created in the Sui dynasty , but it was later turned into a military honour in the Tang dynasty as part of the xun guan ( 勳官 ; xūn guān ) system. The Qing dynasty abolished the separate military honour system and merged it into the nobility rank system, using yunjiwei as the lowest grantable rank of nobility, and the basic unit of rank progression. For example,

1980-442: The conquest of the Ming dynasty, the number of companies organized by him and his successor was 278 Manchus, 120 Mongols, and 165 Han. By the time of Hong Taiji's death there were more ethnic Han than Manchus and he had realized the need for there to be control exerted whilst getting approval from the Han majority. Not only did he incorporate the Han into the military, but also into the government. The Council of Deliberative Officials

2046-544: The dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor. In 1644, the Shunzhi Emperor began to rule over China proper , replacing the Ming dynasty . Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty#Pre-standard non-imperial titles The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) of China developed a complicated peerage system for royal and noble ranks . In principle, titles were downgraded one grade for each generation of inheritance. Occasionally,

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2112-603: The emperor could be posthumously honoured as empress, ex. Lady Niohuru, primary consort of Minning, Prince Zhi of the First Rank was honoured as Empress Xiaomucheng , Lady Sakda, primary consort of Yizhu was honoured as Empress Xiaodexian . The same rule was for primary consort of the imperial prince who died before the marriage, e.g. Lady Nara, primary consort of Yongkui, Prince Li of the First Rank. Palace maids from prince's residence could be promoted in case of princess consort's death or in case when they had children with

2178-413: The emperor of Great Qing empire. Russian archive contains translations of the 1636 year Hong Taiji decree with the provision that after the fall of the Qing dynasty Mongols will return to their previous laws, i.e. independence. Whatever the precise motivation, Hong Taiji proclaimed the establishment of the Qing dynasty and also changed his era name to Chóngdé in 1636. The reasons for the choice of Qing as

2244-468: The founding emperor of the Qing dynasty . He was responsible for consolidating the empire that his father Nurhaci had founded and laid the groundwork for the conquest of the Ming dynasty , although he died before this was accomplished. He was also responsible for changing the name of the Jurchens to " Manchu " in 1635, and changing the name of his dynasty from "Great Jin" to "Great Qing" in 1636. It

2310-596: The highest class banners — the Plain and Bordered Yellow Banners — and the most influence. From there, he slowly got rid of his competitors' powers. Later, he would also receive the Plain Blue Banner from his fifth brother Manggūltai , which was the third strongest banner. Those three banners would officially become the Upper Three Banners during the early years of the Qing dynasty. During his reign, Hong Taiji started recruitment of Han Chinese officials. After

2376-631: The military-civil administration known as the Eight Banners or Banner system . This system was well-suited to accept the different peoples, primarily Han and Mongols , who joined the Later Jin state either following negotiated agreements or military defeat. Although Hong Taiji patronized Tibetan Buddhism in public, in private he disdained the Buddhist belief of the Mongols and thought it

2442-419: The name of his people from Jurchen ( Manchu : [REDACTED] jušen ) to Manchu, or [REDACTED] manju in the Manchu language . The original meaning of Manju is not known and so the reasons for its adoption remain opaque. There are many theories as to the reason for the choice of name but two of the most commonly cited are its sounding similar to the Manchu word for "brave" and a possible connection with

2508-534: The new name are likewise unclear, although it has been speculated that the sound – Jin and Qing are pronounced similarly in Manchu – or wuxing theory – traditional ideas held that fire, associated with the character for Ming, was overcome by water, associated with the character for Qing – may have influenced the choice. Another possible reason may be that Hong Taiji changed the name of the dynasty from (Later) Jin to Qing in 1636 because of internecine fraternal struggle and skirmish between brothers and half brothers for

2574-460: The peer's first wife was usually the heir apparent, but inheritance by a younger son, a son of a concubine, or brother of the peer was not uncommon. According to their birth (by the chief consort, secondary consort or concubines) and their father's rank, non-heir sons of imperial princes were also entitled to petition for a lower title than the one they would have received had they been the heir. Non-heir sons of other peers were also occasionally granted

2640-489: The prince was demoted, princess consort could be treated appropriately. After the demotion of prince, princess consort returned her regalias to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. If the prince was born in a non-iron cap cadet line, his future title depended on the position of his consort. Nevertheless, they addressed themselves as "qie". On the other hand, princess consort was mainly addressed as "fujin" or "furen" according to

2706-750: The prince. The supervisor of princely manor held lower 4 rank in 9-pin system. The four ranks above were granted solely to direct male-line descendants of the Emperor. These titles below were granted to cadet lines of the imperial clan. The above six ranks are titles that enjoy the "Eight Privileges". The titles below do not enjoy the "Eight Privileges" and have no imperial duties. All of the above titles are chaopin ( 超品 ; chāopǐn ), outranking official ranks. The ranks below are ranked first to fourth pin respectively. The first three jiangjun ranks are each further subdivided into four classes: first class plus yunjiwei , first class , second class , and third class . Regardless of title and rank, an imperial prince

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2772-537: The princess remained his primary spouse – even after her death. However, if an efu remarried or promoted a consort to be his primary spouse, he lost all rights obtained from his marriage to the princess. The following titles were granted to consorts of imperial princes: If the princess consort divorced a prince or died, the second princess consort held the title of "step consort" (继福晋, pinyin: jì fújìn). Divorced princess consorts were stripped of their privileges and returned to their maiden manors. Dead primary consorts of

2838-491: The rank of beizi and direct imperial clansmen. The "Eight Privileges" entitled the prince to participate in state councils and share the spoils of war. However, the prince was also bound to reside in the capital and render service to the imperial court. In 1816, the princes were forbidden from reporting matters via eunuchs. Thus, most of the princes employed officials as managers of domestic affairs. The range of tasks of those officials included conveyance of memorials on behalf of

2904-523: The second ruler of the Later Jin dynasty in 1626. He might have had Mongolian ancestry as the son of Yehe-Nara Monggo Jerjer , and he might have been genetically related to the Mongolic Daur people as a member of the Aisin-Gioro clan . Although it has always been regarded as gossip, he was said to have been involved in the suicide of Dorgon 's mother, Lady Abahai , in order to block

2970-607: The strength of the Ming artillery. Hong Taiji upgraded the weapons of the Empire. He realized the advantage of the Red Cannons and later also bought the Red Cannons into the army. Though the Ming dynasty still had more cannons, Hong Taiji now possessed the cannons of equal might and Asia's strongest cavalry. Also during this time, he sent several probing raids into northern China which were defeated. First attack went through

3036-435: The succession of his younger brother. This is speculated because at the time of Nurhaci's death, there were four Lords/Beile with Hong Taiji holding the lowest rank, but also being the most fit one. Originally, at the end of Nurhaci's reign, Hong Taiji controlled the two White Banners , but after Lady Abahai's death, he switched his two banners with Dorgon and Dodo 's two Yellow banners. In the end, Hong Taiji had control over

3102-433: The throne to Hong Taiji's half-brother Dorgon  – a proven military leader – or to Hong Taiji's eldest son Hooge . As a compromise, Hong Taiji's five-year-old ninth son Fulin was chosen, while Dorgon – alongside Nurhaci's nephew Jirgalang  – was given the title of "prince regent". Fulin was officially crowned emperor of the Qing dynasty on 8 October 1643 and it

3168-494: The throne. According to Taoist philosophy, the name Jin has the meaning of metal and fire in its constituent, thereby igniting the tempers of the brothers of the Manchu Royal household into open conflicts and wars. Hong Taiji therefore adopted the new name of Great Qing (大清), the Chinese character of which has the water symbol [3 strokes] on its left hand side. The name, which means clear and transparent, with its water symbol

3234-426: The title of her husband. All princess consorts regardless of rank were listed in imperial genealogy (Jade Tables). Princess consorts could wear chaofu befitting imperial consorts on solemn ceremonies, but were prohibited from wearing yellow-grounded robes. The crown of princess consort had peacocks instead of phoenixes and no tiers on the finial. Princess consort wore jifu with roundels of dragons matching patterns on

3300-581: The titular names predominantly described martial virtues, e.g., zhongyong gong ( 忠勇公 ; zhōngyǒng gōng ; "loyal and brave duke"). However, a particularly common titular name was cheng'en gong ( 承恩公 ; chéng'ēn gōng ; "duke who receives grace"), which was frequently granted to the Empress's family members. At the top of the imperial hierarchy, the highest six ranks enjoyed the "Eight Privileges" ( 八分 ; bafen ; jakūn ubu ). These privileges were: Peacock feathers, however, were prohibited for princes above

3366-440: The two White Banners and Šurhaci's son Jirgalang controlled the remaining Bordered Blue Banner. Hong Taiji died on 21 September 1643 just as the Qing was preparing to attack Shanhai Pass , the last Ming fortification guarding access to the north China plains. Because he died without having named an heir, the Qing state now faced a succession crisis. The Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers debated on whether to grant

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3432-430: The unranked ( 未入流 ), for a total of 19 ranks. All government personnel, from the highest chancellors to the lowest clerk, held an official rank ex officio , which determined their salary, uniform, privileges and order of precedence. This pin system existed in parallel to the noble ranks detailed in this article. Many higher noble titles ranked above this system ( 超品 ; chāopǐn ). And while some titles corresponded to

3498-469: Was "emperor's charioteer". It was usually granted to the spouse of a princess above the rank of zongnü . The efu s were separated into seven ranks corresponding to the rank of the princesses the efu married. Efu s who married gulun gongzhu s and heshuo gongzhu s held ranks equivalent to the beizi s and dukes respectively. The remaining efu s had equivalent official rank from the first to fifth pin . An efu retained his title and privileges as long as

3564-461: Was Hong Taiji's era name in the Manchu language . Though "Abahai" is indeed "unattested in Manchu sources", it might also have derived from the Mongol word Abaġai , an honorary name given to the younger sons of hereditary monarchs. According to another view, Hong Taiji was mistakenly referred to as Abahai as a result of a confusion with the name of Nurhaci's main consort Lady Abahai . Hong Taiji

3630-484: Was a title "of Mongolian inspiration" derived from hung , a word that appeared in other Mongolian titles at the time. Early seventeenth-century Chinese and Korean sources rendered his name as "Hong Taiji" ( 洪台極 ). The modern Chinese rendering " Huang Taiji " ( 皇太極 ), which uses the character huang ("imperial"), misleadingly implies that Hong Taiji once held the title of "imperial prince" or heir apparent, even though his father and predecessor Nurhaci never designated

3696-787: Was addressed as " A-ge " ( ᠠᡤᡝ ; age ; 阿哥 ; À-gē ), which means "lord" or "commander" in Manchu. of the First Rank the Second Rank the Third Rank the Fourth Rank Rank's Consort Second Rank's Consort Rank's Consort The following titles were granted to female members of the imperial clan: Comparison of titles for imperial princesses Rank Second Rank Third Rank Fourth Rank Shizi First Rank Zhangzi Second Rank Third Rank Efu ( ᡝᡶᡠ 额驸 ; 額駙 ; éfù ), also known Fuma ( 驸马 ; 駙馬 ; fùmǎ ), translated as "Prince Consort". Its original meaning

3762-653: Was buried in Zhaoling , located in northern Shenyang . As the emperor, he is commonly recognized as having abilities similar to the best emperors such as Yongle , Emperor Taizong of Tang due to his effective rule, use of talent, and warring skills. According to historian Jin Yong , Hong Taiji had the broad and wise views of Qin Shi Huang , Emperor Gaozu of Han , Emperor Guangwu of Han , Emperor Wen of Sui , Emperor Taizong of Tang , Emperor Taizu of Song , Kublai Khan ,

3828-410: Was decided that he would reign under the era name " Shunzhi ." A few months later, Qing armies led by Dorgon seized Beijing , and the young Shunzhi Emperor became the first Qing emperor to rule from that new capital. That the Qing state succeeded not only in conquering China but also in establishing a capable administration was due in large measure to the foresight and policies of Hong Taiji. His body

3894-495: Was destructive of Mongol identity. He is quoted to have said that, "The Mongolian princes are abandoning the Mongolian language; their names are all in imitation of the lamas ." The Manchus themselves such as Hong Taiji did not personally believe in Tibetan Buddhism and few wanted to convert. Hong Taiji described some Tibetan Buddhist lamas as "incorrigibles" and "liars", but still patronized Buddhism in order to harness

3960-673: Was established for indirect government of Inner Mongolia after the Mongols were conquered by Hong Taiji. In 1638 it was renamed to Lifanyuan . Initially, the ministerial affairs were settled, while vice-ministers were set up as vice-ministers. He continued the expansion of the Later Jin dynasty in Manchuria , pushing deeper into the Mongolian Plateau and raiding the Joseon dynasty and the Ming dynasty . His personal military abilities were widely praised and he effectively developed

4026-578: Was formed as the highest level of policy-making and was composed entirely of Manchu. However, Hong Taiji adopted from the Ming such institutions as the Six Ministries , the Censorate and others. Each of these lower ministries was headed by a Manchu prince, but had four presidents: two were Manchu, one was Mongol, and one was Han. This basic framework remained, even though the details fluctuated over time, for some time. In 1635, Hong Taiji changed

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4092-525: Was hoped to put out the feud among the brothers of the Manchu Royal household. Hongtaiji claimed that the progenitor of his Aisin Gioro clan, Bukūri Yongšon (布庫里雍順), was conceived from a virgin birth. According to the legend, three heavenly maidens, namely Enggulen (恩古倫), Jenggulen (正古倫) and Fekulen (佛庫倫), were bathing at a lake called Bulhūri Omo near the Changbai Mountains . A magpie dropped

4158-468: Was not a title, but a personal name. Western scholars used to refer to Hong Taiji as " Abahai ", but this appellation is now considered mistaken. Hong Taiji was never mentioned under this name in Manchu and Chinese sources; it was a mistake first made by Russian clergyman G.V. Gorsky and later repeated by sinologists starting in the early twentieth century. Giovanni Stary states that this name may have originated by confusing "Abkai" with Abkai sure , which

4224-649: Was the second Khan of the Later Jin and then Emperor of the Qing dynasty , after he changed its name. His title as Great Khan was Bogd Sécén Khaan (Manchu: Gosin Onco Hūwaliyasun Enduringge Han), and he was referred to as Bogda Khan by his Mongol subjects. His reign names , which were used in his lifetime to record dates, were Tiancong 天聰 ("heavenly wisdom"; Manchu: Abka-i sure ) from 1627 to 1636, and Chongde 崇德 ("lofty virtue"; Manchu: Wesihun erdemungge , Mongolian: Degedü Erdemtü ) from 1636 to 1643. Hong Taiji's temple name , by which he

4290-512: Was wearied by a combination of internal strife and constant harassment by the Manchu. On May 26, 1644, Beijing fell to a peasant rebel army led by Li Zicheng . During the turmoil, the last Ming emperor Zhu Youjian hanged himself on a tree in the imperial garden outside the Forbidden City . The Manchus then allied with Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li Zicheng's short-lived Shun dynasty , establishing

4356-479: Was worshipped at the Imperial Ancestral Temple , was Taizong 太宗, the name that was conventionally given to the second emperor of a dynasty. His posthumous name , which was chosen to reflect his style of rule, was " Wen Huangdi " 文皇帝 (Manchu: šu hūwangdi ), which means "the culturing emperor" or "the emperor of letters". Hong Taiji was the eighth son of Nurhaci , whom he succeeded as

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