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28-491: The region received its name from the Severians , an East Slavic tribe which inhabited the territory in the late 1st millennium A.D.; their name is Slavic meaning "Northerners". Their main settlements included seven cities of modern Russia ( Kursk , Rylsk , Starodub , Trubchevsk , Sevsk , Bryansk , Belgorod ) and five cities of modern Ukraine ( Liubech , Novhorod-Siverskyi, Chernihiv , Putyvl , Hlukhiv ). According to

56-736: A tribe or tribal confederation of early East Slavs occupying areas to the east of the middle Dnieper River and southeast of the Danube River. They are mentioned by the Bavarian Geographer (9th century), Emperor Constantine VII (956–959), the Khazar ruler Joseph (c. 955), and in the Primary Chronicle (1113). The etymology of the name "Severian" is uncertain. The name of the Severia region originated from

84-615: A large Severian Principality, which stretched as far as the upper reaches of the Oka River . Until the end of the century, the principality served as a buffer state against Cuman attacks. Its most celebrated ruler was Prince Igor (1150–1202), whose exploits are recounted in the 12th century epic The Tale of Igor's Campaign . After the Mongol invasion of Rus' , the principality became largely ruined; however, it remained intact throughout repeated Tatar invasions . Unfortunately, not much

112-789: A significant impact on the victory at the Battle of Listven (1024), especially against the Varangians . Scholars disagree about the abovementioned dates. Some place Oleg's conquest in the 920–930s; the Khazar ruler Joseph (c. 955) mentioned that his empire ruled over the " Sever , Slaviun , and Ventit "; while Constantine VII wrote that the Severians paid tribute to the Rus and not the Khazars c. 950. The Severians eventually came to be known as

140-505: Is a historical and cultural complex created in 2007–2011 by Olha Bohomolets , a Ukrainian doctor and public activist. The castle's center is an old flour mill built in the town of Radomyshl ( Zhytomyr Oblast , Ukraine ) in the late 19th century by Polish engineer Piekarski. The mill was constructed upon the ruins of a paper mill built in 1612 by the order of the archimandrite ( abbot ) of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Yelysei Pletenetskyi (1550–1624). During research conducted during

168-491: Is based upon Olha Bohomolets ' private collection of icons, which she has been collecting since 1996. This is perhaps the first and only museum of its kind in Ukraine and in the entire world (despite museum on Supraśl and Sanok , Poland). The collection comprises more than 5000 icons and sculptures ( Orthodox , Catholic , and Greek-Catholic ), created between the 16th and 20th centuries in different parts of Ukraine. One of

196-436: Is considered that trade was not very developed, and they offered honey , wax , furs , and slaves . According to Constantine VII, they provided not only tribute but also transport via boats dug out from single hollowed trees . The Severians were a patriarchial culture ruled by clan or tribal leaders, who held political authority in the commune ( zadruga ) and convened tribal councils. The centers of political power were

224-485: Is known about this period as Severia was rarely mentioned in written accounts of the 13th century. By the mid 14th century, it was already part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as appanage duchy, whose Gediminid princes ( Ruthenian -speaking and Orthodox by religion) established their capitals in the cities of Novhorod-Siverskyi, Starodub , and Trubchevsk . During the 1501-1503 Lithuanian-Muscovite wars, an ally of

252-463: Is probably the only concert hall in Europe with its own natural water spring. The Castle's refectory is also a small museum. On its walls hang fine copies of old maps from the 15th–19th centuries. Its big oven can be used both to cook food, and as a fireplace. Radomysl Castle's landscape park was created in accordance with modern environmental requirements. Human interference in the environment

280-802: The Primary Chronicle , the Severians paid tribute to the Khazars , along with the neighboring Polans . Prince Oleg of Novgorod (reigned 879–912) conquered them and incorporated their lands into the new principality of Kievan Rus' . By the time of Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054) the Severian peoples had lost most of their distinctness, and the areas of Severia along the upper course of the Desna River became controlled by Chernihiv. In 1096, Oleg I of Chernigov (also referred to as Oleh ) created

308-572: The Baroque epoch: volume and emotions were almost absent. The collection of Severian icons is preserved in the Museum of Ukrainian home icons of the Radomysl Castle . Severians The Severians , also Severyans , Siverians , or Siverianians ( Belarusian : Севяране ; Bulgarian : Севери ; Russian : Северяне ; Ukrainian : Сiверяни , romanized :  Siveriany ) were

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336-726: The Byzantines kidnapped the Severian prince Slavun, who had made trouble in Thrace , indicating they retained a tributary relationship with the Bulgars. The other Severians had as neighbors the Radimichs , Krivichs , and Vyatichs in the north and the Derevlians and Polianians in the west. Those tribes had to pay tribute to the Khazars in 859 in the form of squirrel and beaver skins, which suggests they lived in or near

364-534: The Late Medieval and Early Modern periods. One of the halls in the museum exhibition is the Ceremonial Hall. It is a place for special events, especially weddings. There is also a concert hall which seats 150 for classical music , chamber music , folk and jazz . Nina Matviyenko , a popular Ukrainian folk singer, performed there. The Castle Radomysl's concert hall has another unique feature, it

392-478: The Ukrainian and Russian Soviet republics , finally dividing the land of the former Severians. Since the 16th and 17th centuries, the specific Severian icon-painting style had been forming. It was much influenced by conservative Byzantine specimens which dominated in the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Severian icons are characterized by internal restraint, severeness and asceticism . These features survived during

420-701: The Zeriuani realm was said to be so great that all Slavs traced their origins to it, Henryk Łowmiański believed that the Ruthenian Severians were the Slavic mother tribe. Professor Traian Stoianovich described the Severian Slavs as mix of Slavs and Slavicized formerly Turkic speaking Huns . Some Severians settled in the territory of present-day northeastern Bulgaria , ( Moesia Inferior , and Scythia Minor ). According to Theophanes

448-525: The 10th century, in his De Administrando Imperio , Constantine VII wrote that in winter, the Rus princes ( archontes ) moved to and were maintained in the lands of their Severian and Krivich tributaries. Eventually, Severian territory became part of the Grand Principality of Chernigov , and the last reference to them is from 1024, when they are mentioned as part of the troops recruited by Mstislav of Chernigov for his druzhina . They had

476-486: The Chernihovians and gave their name to the region of Severia . Archaeologists have found numerous rural settlements associated with the Severians, including burial mounds with cremated bodies, from the 8th–10th centuries. Like other East Slavs , the Severians were mostly engaged in agriculture ; cattle breeding ; hunting ; and different handicrafts such as pottery , weaving , and metalworking . It

504-767: The Confessor , the Bulgars subjugated the so-called Seven Slavic tribes . One of these tribes, the Severeis , were resettled in the east "from the klisuras before Veregava" ( ἀπό τῆς ἔμπροσθεν κλεισȣ́ρας Βερεγάβων ), most likely the Rish Pass of the Balkan Mountains ; while the other six tribes were resettled in the southern and western regions, as far the boundary with the Pannonian Avars . In 767,

532-650: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Khan of Great Horde Sheikh Ahmed destroyed the duchy's capital Novgorod-Siverskyi which by that time was controlled by Muscovites. After the Lithuanian defeat at the Battle of Vedrosha , the Severian Principality was acquired by Muscovy . After the war the duchy was controlled by Muscovite subject Prince Vasiliy Shemiachich (after he was imprisoned in Moscow in 1523,

560-757: The Slavic tribes. One theory proposes derivation from the Slavic word for "north" ( sěver ; men of the north ), but the Severians never were the northernmost tribe of Slavs. Another theory proposes an Iranic derivation, from the name of the Sarmatian Seuer tribe ( seu meaning "black"). Some scholars have argued that Jews called this tribe the Sawarta, based on the Kievan Letter (c. 930), written in Hebrew as SWRTH (read either as Sur'ata or Sever'ata ), derived from Slavic sirota (" orphan "; in

588-538: The duchy was governed by Muscovite voivodes (capetanus)). During the 18th century, the Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks established residences in the towns of Baturyn , Hlukhiv , and Pochep . Hlukhiv, in particular, developed into a veritable capital of 18th-century Ukraine . Following the October Revolution , the Severian lands, populated by a mixture of Ukrainians and Russians , were divided between

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616-563: The fortified grady , which were built in forests or on elevations, around which villages developed. Some Saltovo-Mayaki forts were situated on Severian land. In the Primary Chronicle , it is recorded that the Drevlians , Radimichs , Vyatichi , and Severians all lived violent lifestyles, and they did not enter monogamous marriages but practiced polygamy , specifically polygyny , instead. Museum of Ukrainian home icons Radomysl Castle ( Ukrainian : Замок Радомисль )

644-651: The letter, possibly meaning "convert"); or that the name "Severian" comes from the Magyar Savarti ("black"; possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic swartaz ) . Based on the writings of the Bavarian Geographer , some scholars connect the ethnonym to the Zuierani , Zeriuani , or Sebbirozi (most probably the Sabirs ). The Severians are believed to have continued the East Slavic tribal union along

672-634: The middle Dnieper valley, after the political disappearance of the Antae and Dulebes , either independently or under Khazar policy. It is presumed they inhabited the lower Desna and upper Sejm and Sula rivers. They were thought to have been centered in Chernihiv ("black city" ). However, as the Severians in the historical sources inhabited both the Dnieper valley and a part of the Danube valley, and as

700-466: The museum's highlights is an icon of St. Nicholas carved in stone. This is probably the oldest icon in the collection of Radomysl Castle, dated from the 12th century. Some icons retain traces of the Soviet aggressive atheism . Among the exhibits is a box made of headless icons. Some of the icons were rescued from burning, but they are impossible to restore. The Castle's interior combines the features of

728-556: The northern forests. In 884, Oleg of Novgorod annexed their territory to the Kievan Rus' . The Severians had to pay a "light tribute." According to Oleg, he had acted not against the Severians but against the Khazars. It is possible that the Severians accepted Oleg's rule because he imposed lower taxes on them. Together with other East Slavic tribes, Severians participated in the Oleg's campaign against Constantinople in 907. In

756-513: The reconstruction of this building, it was discovered that it had been planned to be used as a fortress. Since 2011, Radomysl Castle has been part of the Council of Europe 's cultural project, Via Regia . Its purpose is to promote cultural exchanges by means of tourism between European countries. The main attraction of Radomysl Castle is the Museum of Ukrainian home icons. The Museum's collection

784-540: Was minimal. There are some natural fresh water springs in the park, which provide a very refreshing drink. The vast majority of trees and flowers growing in the park are rare species. Among them are iris , pink and white lilies , English garden roses, magnolias , and Trapa rossica , a water caltrop , which is listed in Ukraine's Red Book of endangered species. The park is inhabited by animals like beavers , otters , minks , and water voles . The Castle and its park are decorated with sculptures of St. Michael , dated to

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