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52-567: Szeged ( / ˈ s ɛ ɡ ɛ d / SEG -ed , Hungarian: [ˈsɛɡɛd] ; see also other alternative names ) is the third largest city of Hungary , the largest city and regional centre of the Southern Great Plain and the county seat of Csongrád-Csanád county . The University of Szeged is one of the most distinguished universities in Hungary. The Szeged Open Air (Theatre) Festival (first held in 1931)

104-445: A bey or sanjakbey . The Tanzimat reforms initially placed some sanjaks under kaymakams and others under mutasarrifs ; a sanjak under a mutasarrif was known as a mutasarriflik . The districts of each sanjak were known as kazas . These were initially overseen by Islamic judges ( kadi ) and thus identical to their kadiluks . During the 1864 round of reforms, their administrative duties were given to kaymakams instead. Under

156-629: A ghetto together with the Jews from surrounding villages. In June, 1944, the ghetto was liquidated. The Nazis murdered the larger part of the 8,500 and some were forced into forced labor in Strasshof Labor camp, Austria. Szeged was captured by Soviet troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front on 11 October 1944 in the course of the Battle of Debrecen . During the communist era, Szeged became a centre of light industry and food industry . In 1965, oil

208-742: A home to many well known conferences and continues to make contributions to the world of science. The Szent-Györgyi Albert Agóra is a cultural scientific centre of Szeged which gives home to laboratories of the Biological Research Centre and to exhibitions of the John von Neumann Computer Society especially their IT historical exposition. In 2018 the new scientific institution, the ELI Attosecond Light Pulse Source (ELI-ALPS) opened in Szeged establishing

260-637: A reference to the color of the water where the rivers Tisza and Maros merge. Szeged has a variety of names in languages other than Hungarian. These are usually formed by the addition of a suffix -in to the Hungarian name: Romanian : Seghedin ; German : Szegedin or Segedin ; Serbo-Croatian : Segedin / Сегедин ; Italian : Seghedino ; Latvian : Segeda ; Lithuanian : Segedas ; Polish : Segedyn ; Slovak and Czech : Segedín ; Turkish : Segedin . Szeged and its area have been inhabited since ancient times. Ptolemy mentions

312-473: A result Szeged became a city close to the border , and its importance lessened, but as it took over roles that formerly belonged to the now lost cities, it slowly recovered. Following the Loss of Transylvania to Romania, University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca ), moved to Szeged in 1921 (see University of Szeged ). In 1923 Szeged took over the role of episcopal seat from Temesvár (now Timișoara , Romania). It

364-477: A unique facility which provides light sources within an extremely broad frequency range in the form of ultrashort pulses with high repetition rate which is needed for different kinds of physical experiments especially in the field of attosecond physics . It is also one of the main options for medical students who come from all around Europe to study Medicine in their recognized international campus. Ethnic groups (2001 census): Religions (2001 census): Szeged

416-423: Is László Botka (Association for Szeged). The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections , is made up of 33 members (1 Mayor, 23 Individual constituencies MEPs and 9 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances: List of City Mayors from 1990: The city offers a wide range of media – television and radio stations, and print and online newspapers. Szeged

468-779: Is twinned with: List of cities and towns of Hungary#Largest cities in Hungary Hungary has 3,152 municipalities as of July 15, 2013: 346 towns (Hungarian term: város [ˈvaːroʃ] , plural: városok [ˈvaːroʃok] ; the terminology does not distinguish between cities and towns – the term town is used in official translations) and 2,806 villages (Hungarian: község [ˈkøʃːeːɡ] , plural: községek [ˈkøʃːeːɡɛk] ) of which 126 are classified as large villages (Hungarian: nagyközség [ˈnɒckøʃːeːɡ] , plural: nagyközségek ). The number of towns can change, since villages can be elevated to town status by act of

520-421: Is also the basis of the city's Greek name Παρτίσκον Partiskon . However, Szeged might instead have originated (or been influenced by) an old Hungarian word for "corner" ( szeg ), pointing to the turn of the river Tisza that flows through the city. Others say it derives from the Hungarian word sziget which means "island". Others still contend that szeg means "dark blond" ( sötétszőkés ) –

572-489: Is an important rail connection, as well as the railway lines 121 (to Makó), 135 (to Hódmezővásárhely), 136 (to Röszke) and 140 (to Kiskunfélegyháza). A tram-train system was constructed and inaugurated in November 2021, connecting Szeged with the neighbouring Hódmezővásárhely , thus creating the second most populous urban agglomeration in the country, after the capital. There was a proposal for its extension, even through

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624-456: Is one of the centres of food industry in Hungary, especially known for its paprika and companies like Pick Szeged , Sole-Mizo , Bonafarm etc. Other notable companies having their headquarters in Szeged are AMSY International , RRE – Szeged, Optiwella, Generál Printing House, RotaPack, Sanex Pro, Agroplanta, Karotin, Florin, Quadrotex and Szeplast. Others, like ContiTech , Duna-Dráva Cement , Szatmári Malom and Europe Match, are not based in

676-520: Is one of the main attractions, held every summer and celebrated as the Day of the City on 21 May. It is possible that the name Szeged is a mutated and truncated form of the final syllables of Partiscum , the name of a Roman colony founded in the 2nd century, on or near the site of modern Szeged. In Latin language contexts, Partiscum has long been assumed to be synonymous with Szeged . The Latin name

728-443: Is the capital, Budapest, while the smallest town is Pálháza with 1038 inhabitants (2010). The largest village is Solymár (population: 10,123 as of 2010). There are more than 100 villages with fewer than 100 inhabitants while the smallest villages have fewer than 20 inhabitants. Bold : City with county rights . Italics : Capital city . Sources: Sources: 24,000 – 15,000 15,000 – 5,000 < 5,000 In 1910,

780-577: The timar system of the early empire, fiefs held by timariot sipahis were also an important feature of each sanjak. Sanjaks were initially carried over into the Republic of Turkey before being reorganized as provinces ( Turkish : il ) in the 1920s. Sanjak ( / ˈ s æ n dʒ æ k / ) is one English transcription of the Ottoman Turkish name sancak ( سنجاق ). The modern transcription varies as modern Turkish uses

832-514: The Baghdad , Al-Hasa , Egypt , Tripoli , Tunis and Algiers . He adds to the list Yemen , with the note that ‘at the moment the Imams have usurped control’. These eyalets were, however, exceptional: the typical pattern was the eyalet subdivided into sanjaks. By the 16th century, these presented a rational administrative pattern of territories, based usually around the town or settlement from which

884-894: The Nemzeti Bajnokság II . Motorcycle speedway has had a long association with the city. The first track was at the SZEAC athletics stadium (also known as the Felső Tisza-parti Stadion or Városi stadion), which was located where the Pick Aréna is today. The venue hosted finals of the Hungarian Individual Speedway Championship . From 1978, the Volán speedway club moved to a new track built on Napos út at Béke telepi. This venue held important events, including qualifying rounds of

936-585: The Speedway World Championship in 1983 and 1984 and a qualifying round of the Speedway World Team Cup in 1988 and 1990. The track closed, partly because of noise issues in a residential area, resulting in the speedway moving out of the city, 25 kilometres west, near to Mórahalom ( 46°10′14″N 19°54′49″E  /  46.17056°N 19.91361°E  / 46.17056; 19.91361 ). The current mayor of Szeged

988-627: The Van Eyalet where the Khans of Bitlis ruled independently until the 19th century. There were other areas, too, which enjoyed autonomy or semi-autonomy. In the second half of the 16th century, Kilis came under the hereditary governorship of the Janbulad family, while Adana remained under the rule of the pre-Ottoman dynasty of Ramazanoghlu . In Lebanon, Ayn Ali refers to the Druze chieftains with

1040-586: The President. The capital Budapest has a special status and is not included in any county while 25 of the towns are so-called cities with county rights . All county seats except Budapest are cities with county rights. Four of the cities ( Budapest , Miskolc , Győr , and Pécs ) have agglomerations, and the Hungarian Statistical Office distinguishes seventeen other areas in earlier stages of agglomeration development. The largest city

1092-709: The Serbian border, to Subotica . The city is also a common stop for national and international long-distance buses. Szeged Airport is the international airport of Szeged. Public transport in Szeged is provided by Szeged Transport Ltd. ( Hungarian : Szegedi Közlekdési Társaság or SZKT ), owned by the municipal government, and Volánbusz , owned by the national government. Forming the backbone of SZKT's network are 5 tram lines and 6 trolleybus lines, which are supplemented by 38 bus lines. Hungarian State Railways operates regional and intercity trains, as well as international trains to Subotica . The most popular sport in

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1144-735: The Szegedi Nemzeti Színház. Szeged is situated near the southern border of Hungary , just to the south of the mouth of the Maros River , on both banks of the Tisza River , nearly in the centre of the Carpathian Basin . The Hungarian frontier with Serbia is just outside the town. Szeged's climate is transitional between humid subtropical ( Köppen Cfa ) and humid continental (Köppen Dfa ), with cold winters, hot summers, and fairly low precipitation. Due to

1196-619: The area. A sanjak was typically divided into kazas , each overseeing a major city and its surrounding hinterland. Initially, the civil administration was headed by an Islamic judge ( kadi ) and the area equivalent to his jurisdiction ( kadiluk ). During the Tanzimat reforms, the kadis were eventually restricted to judicial functions and administration ceded to a kaymakam and treasurer. The kazas were further divided into subdistricts ( nahiye ) and villages, each overseen by an appointed official or local council. Following World War I ,

1248-568: The city is handball . The city has one well-known club the 2013–14 EHF Cup -winner SC Pick Szeged playing in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I . They play at the Pick Aréna , opened in 2021. The second most popular sport is football in the city. Szeged had several clubs playing in the top level Hungarian league, the Nemzeti Bajnokság I . These are Szegedi AK , Szegedi Honvéd SE . The only currently operating club, Szeged 2011 play in

1300-577: The city, but have production facilities there. The Hangár Expo and Conference Centre provides space for international exhibitions and conferences. Szeged is the most important transportation hub in the Southern Great Plain . Two motorways, M5 and M43 , lie along the city border. Through the M5 Motorway Szeged is connected to Kecskemét , Kiskunfélegyháza and Budapest to the north and to Subotica , Novi Sad and Belgrade in Serbia to

1352-627: The command of a sanjak-bey . The number of sanjaks in each eyalet varied considerably. In 1609, Ayn Ali noted that Rumelia Eyalet had 24 sanjaks, but that six of these in the Peloponnesos had been detached to form the separate Morea Eyalet . Anatolia had 14 sanjaks and the Damascus Eyalet had 11. There were, in addition, several eyalets where there was no formal division into sanjaks. These, in Ayn Ali's list were Basra and part of

1404-508: The great flood of 1879, which wiped away the whole town (only 265 of the 5723 houses remained and 165 people died). Emperor Franz Joseph visited the town and promised that "Szeged will be more beautiful than it used to be". He kept his promise, and during the next years a new, modern city emerged from the ruins, with palaces and wide streets. After the First World War Hungary lost its southern territories to Serbia , as

1456-416: The high hours of sunlight reported annually, Szeged is often called City of Sunshine ( Napfény városa ). On 23 July 2022, a maximum temperature of 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) was registered in Szeged. The city of Szeged has 62 kindergartens , 32 elementary schools and 18 high schools. The two most prominent high schools ( Ságvári Endre Gyakorló Gimnázium and Radnóti Miklós Kísérleti Gimnázium ) are in

1508-852: The letter ⟨c⟩ for the sound [dʒ] . The name originally meant "flag" or "banner", derived from Proto-Turkic reconstructed as * sančgak ("lance", "spear") from the streamers attached by Turkish riders. Shared banners were a common organization for Eurasian nomads, were used similarly by the Byzantine Empire 's banda , and continue to be used as the name for administrative divisions in Inner Mongolia and Tuva . Alternative English spellings include sanjac , sanjack , sandjak , sanjaq , sinjaq , sangiaq , and zanzack , although these are now all obsolete or archaic. Sanjaks have also been known as sanjakships and sanjakates , although these more appropriately refer to

1560-475: The name for the initial first-level territorial divisions at the formation of the Ottoman Empire. Upon the empire's expansion and the establishment of eyalets as larger provinces, sanjaks were used as the second-level administrative divisions . They continued in this purpose after the eyalets were replaced by vilayets during the Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century. Sanjaks were typically headed by

1612-632: The names of the dynasties that had ruled there before the Ottoman conquest. In 1609, Ayn Ali made a note on their formal status. In listing the sanjaks in the Diyarbekir Eyalet , he notes that it had ten ‘Ottoman districts’ and, in addition, eight ‘districts of the Kurdish lords’. In these cases, when a lord died, the governorship did not go to an outsider, but to his son. In other respects, however, they resembled normal Ottoman sanjaks, in that

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1664-452: The note: ‘there are non-Muslim lords in the mountains.’ There were other autonomous enclaves in the Empire, whether or not they received formal recognition as sanjaks but, by the 16th century, these were exceptional. In the 1840s, the boundaries of sanjaks were redrawn to establish equal units of comparable population and wealth. Each of these sanjaks was headed by a muhassil . The sanjak

1716-1032: The office of a sanjakbey . Sanjaks were also known as livâ ( لوا ) from their name's calque in Arabic ( لواء , liwāʾ ) and Persian . In the other languages of the Ottoman Empire , they were known as nahang ( նահանգ , "province") in Armenian ; as okrǔg ( окръг , "province") in Bulgarian ; as santzáki ( σαντζάκι ), libás ( λιβάς ), dioikēsis ( Διοίκησις , "diocese"), eparchia ( επαρχία , "eparchy") in Greek ; and as sancak in Ladino . The first sanjaks appear to have been created by Orhan c.  1340 or earlier. These were Sultan-öyügü (later Sultan-önü), Hudavendigar-eli, Koca-eli and Karasi-eli. The districts which made up an eyalet were known as sanjaks, each under

1768-501: The oldest known name of the city: Partiscum ( Ancient Greek : Πάρτισκον) . It is possible that Attila , king of the Huns had his seat somewhere in this area. The name Szeged was first mentioned in 1183, in a document of King Béla III . In the second century AD there was a Roman trading post established on an island in the Tisza , and the foundations of the Szeged castle suggest that

1820-470: The plant was cultivated as an herb, and paprika as we know it. Szeged is also famous for their szekelygulyas , a goulash made with pork , sauerkraut and sour cream . And also famous for their halászlé , fish soup made of carp and catfish . The citizens of Szeged played an important part in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . Lajos Kossuth delivered his famous speech here. Szeged

1872-419: The revenues were registered and allocated to fief holders who went to war under their lord. In addition, however, Ayn Ali noted that there were five ‘sovereign sanjaks’, which their lords disposed of ‘as private property’, and which were outside the system of provincial government. Ayn Ali records similar independent or semi-independent districts in the Çıldır Eyalet in north-eastern Turkey and, most famously, in

1924-416: The sanjak took its name, and with a population of perhaps 100,000. However, this had not always been the case. It seems more likely that before the mid-15th century, the most important factor in determining the pattern of sanjaks was the existence of former lordships and principalities, and of areas where marcher lords had acquired territories for themselves and their followers. Some sanjaks in fact preserved

1976-517: The sanjaks were used as the basis for the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration . OETA South was formed from the sanjaks of Jerusalem , Nablus , and Acre . OETA North—later renamed OETA West—was formed from the sanjaks of Beirut , Lebanon , and Latakia , along with a number of surrounding subdistricts. OETA East was formed from the sanjaks of Syria Vilayet and Hejaz Vilayet . The Sanjak of Alexandretta

2028-567: The south. The M43 Motorway – which splits from the M5 Motorway near Szeged – connects the city via Makó to Arad and Timișoara in Romania . In addition, there are other roads running from the city to Makó and Nagylak (main road 43), to Röszke (main road 5), to Kiskunfélegyháza (main road 5), to Ásotthalom and Baja (main road 55) and to Hódmezővásárhely , Orosháza and Békéscsaba (main road 47). The Budapest-Szeged-rail line

2080-677: The strategic importance of Szeged grew. King Sigismund of Luxembourg had a wall built around the town. Szeged was raised to free royal town status in 1498. Szeged was first pillaged by the Ottoman Army on 28 September 1526, but was occupied only in 1543, and became an administrative centre of the Ottomans (see Ottoman Hungary ). The town was a sanjak centre first in Budin Eyaleti (1543–1596), after in Eğri Eyaleti . The town

2132-599: The structure may have been built over an even earlier fort. Today only one corner of the castle still remains standing. During the Mongol invasion the town was destroyed and its inhabitants fled to the nearby swamps, but they soon returned and rebuilt their town. In the 14th century, during the reign of Louis the Great , Szeged became the most important town of Southern Hungary, and – as the Turkish armies got closer to Hungary –

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2184-584: The ten largest cities in the Kingdom of Hungary (including Croatia-Slavonia ) were: Out of Hungary's ten largest cities in 1910, five are now located outside of the Kingdom of Hungary as a result of post-World War I border changes . Sanjak Banners were a common organization of nomadic groups on the Eurasian Steppe including the early Turks , Mongols , and Manchus and were used as

2236-524: The top 100 in Europe, it offers several programs on different fields of study. The Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , which was built with the help of UNESCO funds, has also been a considerable source of advanced research. Scientists at this laboratory were first in the world to produce artificial heredity material in the year 2000. The building has served as

2288-469: The top fifteen in the country. Szeged is the higher education centre of the Southern Great Plain and has built quite a reputation for itself. Thousands of students study here, many of whom are foreigners. The University of Szeged is according to the number of students the second largest and the 4th oldest university of Hungary being established in 1581. Ranked as the top university of the country on Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2005 , and in

2340-477: The town numbered about 13000 to 16000, while the number of the Serb inhabitants was 1300. The first printing press was established in 1801, and the old town hall and the civil hospital were built at the same time. Szeged is known as the home of paprika , a spice made from dried, powdered capsicum fruits. Paprika arrived in Hungary in the second half of the 16th century as an ornamental plant. About 100 years later

2392-509: The town, with the Szeged witch trials of 1728–29 perhaps being the largest. The witch trials were instigated by the authorities, who decided on this measure to remove the problem of the public complaints about the drought and its consequences of famine and epidemics by laying the responsibility on people among them, which had fraternized with the Devil. In 1720, the ethnic Hungarian population of

2444-720: Was briefly occupied by the Romanian army during Hungarian-Romanian War in 1919. It also became a center for right-wing forces which would install Miklós Horthy as the country's new leader after the overthrow of the Hungarian Soviet Republic . During the 1920s the Jewish population of Szeged grew and reached its zenith. Szeged suffered heavily during World War II . 6,000 inhabitants of the city were killed, In 1941, there were 4,161 Jews living in Szeged. After, March 19, 1944 German occupation , they were confined to

2496-574: Was ceded by the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon to Turkey in 1939, becoming its Hatay Province . After the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century, the liwa was used by some of its Arab successor states as an administrative divisions until it was gradually replaced by other terms like mintaqah . It is still used occasionally in Syria to refer specifically to

2548-511: Was found near the city. In 1962, Szeged became the county seat of Csongrád . Whole new districts were built, and many nearby villages (e.g. Tápé , Szőreg , Kiskundorozsma, Szentmihálytelek , Gyálarét ) were annexed to the city in 1973 (as was a tendency during the Communist era ). Today's Szeged is an important university town and a tourist attraction. The Szeged Symphony Orchestra (Szegedi Szimfonikus Zenekar) gives regular concerts at

2600-497: Was freed from Turkish rule on 23 October 1686, and regained the free royal town status in 1715. In 1719, Szeged received its coat of arms (still used today) from Charles III . During the next several years, Szeged grew and prospered. Piarist monks arrived in Szeged in 1719 and opened a new grammar school in 1721. Szeged also held scientific lectures and theatrical plays. These years brought not only prosperity but also enlightenment. Between 1728 and 1744 witch trials were frequent in

2652-605: Was governed as a vilayet, just on a smaller scale. The mutesarrif was appointed by Imperial decree and represented the vali , corresponding with the government through him except in some special circumstances where the sanjak was independent. In such cases, the mutesarrif then corresponded directly with the Ministry of the Interior . Most of the sanjaks throughout the Empire were under the rule of non-hereditary appointees, who had no permanent family of territorial connections with

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2704-464: Was the last seat of the revolutionary government in July 1849. The Habsburg rulers punished the leaders of the town, but later Szeged began to prosper again; the railway reached it in 1854, and the town got its free royal town status back in 1860. Mark Pick's shop – the predecessor of today's Pick Salami Factory – was opened in 1869. Today the inner city of Szeged has wide avenues. This is mainly due to

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