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35-525: Sendlinger Tor (located at Sendlinger Str 49) lies at the southern end of Sendlingerstrasse, the north-south thoroughfare through Munich's old town. Sendlinger Tor thus separates the old city from the Isar suburb. Sendlinger Tor is at an altitude of 525 metres (1,722 ft) above sea level. As part of the great urban expansion by Ludwig the Bavarian (from 1285 to 1337), a second city wall with four town gates

70-595: A few years later submitted to Pope John XXII. In the meantime, Robert, King of Naples had sent both a fleet and an army against Louis and his ally Frederick II of Sicily . Louis spent the winter 1328/29 in Pisa and stayed then in Northern Italy. When his co-ruler Frederick of Habsburg died in 1330, Louis returned from Italy. In fulfillment of an oath, Louis founded Ettal Abbey on 28 April 1330. Franciscan theologians Michael of Cesena and William of Ockham , and

105-454: A retaliation campaign against his father's murderers. He converged with the royal House of Luxembourg and accompanied King Henry VII on his Italian campaign. In 1311, he helped to suppress a Guelph uprising in Milan under Guido della Torre , and to lay siege to the city of Brescia . Upon Emperor Henry's death, he strongly supported his brother Frederick in the 1314 election as King of

140-736: A stroke suffered during a bear-hunt in Puch near Fürstenfeldbruck . He is buried in the Frauenkirche in Munich. The sons of Louis supported Günther von Schwarzburg as new rival king to Charles but finally joined the Luxemburg party after Günther's early death in 1349 and divided the Wittelsbach possessions amongst themselves again. In continuance of the conflict of the House of Wittelsbach with

175-528: The Ampfing Heath, where Frederick and 1300 nobles from Austria and Salzburg were captured. Louis held Frederick captive in Trausnitz Castle ( Schwandorf ) for three years, but the determined resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat of John of Bohemia from his alliance, and a ban by Pope John XXII , who excommunicated Louis in 1324, induced Louis to release Frederick in

210-607: The Battle of Mühldorf in 1322, Leopold struggled for their release. He entered into negotiations with King Louis IV and even surrendered the Imperial Regalia he had kept at Kyburg Castle . The parleys failed and Leopold continued to attack the Bavarian forces of Louis, who unsuccessfully laid siege to the Swabian town of Burgau in 1324. After the king had failed to reach the approval of his election by Pope John XXII and

245-626: The Imperial Free Cities and the knights and successfully resisted Charles, who was widely regarded as a papal puppet ("rex clericorum" as William of Ockham called him). Also the Habsburg dukes stayed loyal to Louis. In the Battle of Crécy Charles' father John of Luxemburg was killed; Charles himself also took part in the battle but escaped. But then Louis' sudden death avoided a longer civil war. Louis died in October 1347 from

280-524: The Treaty of Trausnitz of 13 March 1325. In this agreement, Frederick recognized Louis as legitimate ruler and undertook to return to captivity should he not succeed in convincing his brothers to submit to Louis. As he did not manage to overcome Leopold's obstinacy, Frederick returned to Munich as a prisoner, even though the Pope had released him from his oath. Louis, who was impressed by such nobility, renewed

315-810: The Herzog-Wilhelm-Str. It gives its name to the Sendlinger Tor U-Bahn station. 48°08′02″N 11°34′03″E  /  48.133965°N 11.567624°E  / 48.133965; 11.567624 Ludwig the Bavarian Louis IV (German: Ludwig ; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian ( Ludwig der Bayer , Latin : Ludovicus Bavarus ), was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328 until his death in 1347. Louis' election as king of Germany in 1314

350-467: The House of Luxembourg – Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg and Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg , who contested Rudolph of Wittenberg's claim to the electoral vote. This double election was quickly followed by two coronations: Louis was crowned at Aachen  – the customary site of coronations – by Archbishop Peter of Mainz, while the Archbishop of Cologne, who by custom had

385-557: The House of Luxemburg, the Wittelsbach family returned to power in the Holy Roman Empire in 1400 with King Rupert of Germany , a great-grandnephew of Louis. In 1308 Louis married his first wife, Beatrice of Silesia (1290–1322). Their children were: In 1324, Louis married his second wife, Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut and Holland (1308–1356). Their children were: Leopold I, Duke of Austria Leopold I (c. 1290 – 28 February 1326), called The Glorious ,

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420-701: The Palatinate , who objected to the election of his younger brother, Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg , and Henry of Carinthia , whom the Luxembourgs had deposed as King of Bohemia . These four electors chose Frederick as King. The Luxembourg party did not accept this election and the next day a second election was held. Upon the instigation of Peter of Aspelt , Archbishop of Mainz , five different electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Louis as King. These electors were Archbishop Peter himself, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier and King John of Bohemia – both of

455-711: The Rhine, and Matilda , a daughter of King Rudolph I . Though Louis was partly educated in Vienna and became co-regent of his brother Rudolf I in Upper Bavaria in 1301 with the support of his Habsburg mother and her brother, King Albert I , he quarreled with the Habsburgs from 1307 over possessions in Lower Bavaria . A civil war against his brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands

490-563: The Romans . Despite all efforts, the Habsburgs only gained the votes of four prince-electors , while Louis IV of Bavaria , with support of the Luxembourgs, was elected by five. In the following armed conflict between the rivals, the forces of Leopold were supportive of his brother's claims. In his ancestral homeland however, he incurred a decisive defeat by the Swiss Confederacy at the 1315 Battle of Morgarten . When Frederick and their younger brother Henry had been captured at

525-516: The Teutonic Order a privilege to conquer Lithuania and Russia, although the Order had only petitioned for three small territories. Later he forbade the Order to stand trial before foreign courts in their territorial conflicts with foreign rulers. Louis concentrated his energies also on the economic development of the cities of the empire, so his name can be found in many city chronicles for

560-544: The central tower was demolished. In 1860 a restoration of the two remaining Medieval flanking towers and the wall with three arches took place. In 1906, these original three arches were replaced by the one large single arch. In the Second World War , the gate was barely damaged. It was refurbished in the 1980s. On the Sendlinger Tor, a remnant of the old city wall can still be seen, which previously went up

595-552: The duchy of Bavaria. John's mother , a member of the Luxemburg dynasty, had to return to Bohemia. In 1342 Louis also acquired Tyrol for the Wittelsbach by voiding the first marriage of Margarete Maultasch with John Henry of Bohemia and marrying her to his own son Louis V, thus alienating the House of Luxemburg even more. In 1345 the emperor further antagonized the lay princes by conferring Hainaut , Holland , Zeeland , and Friesland upon his wife, Margaret II of Hainaut . The hereditary titles of Margaret's sisters, one of whom

630-586: The emperor reconciled the sons of his late brother Rudolph and returned the Palatinate to his nephews Rudolf and Rupert . After the death of Henry of Bohemia , the duchy of Carinthia was released as an imperial fief on 2 May 1335 in Linz to his Habsburg cousins Albert II, Duke of Austria , and Otto, Duke of Austria , while Tyrol was first placed into Luxemburg hands. With the death of duke John I in 1340 Louis inherited Lower Bavaria and then reunited

665-567: The late Duke Otto III , the former King of Hungary, had chosen Louis. On 9 November 1313, Frederick was defeated by Louis in the Battle of Gammelsdorf and had to renounce the tutelage . This victory caused a stir within the Holy Roman Empire and increased the reputation of the Bavarian Duke. The death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII in August 1313 necessitated the election of a successor. Henry's son John , King of Bohemia since 1310,

700-513: The new Pope Benedict XII in Avignon . King Philip VI had prevented any agreement between the Emperor and the Pope. Thus, the failure of negotiations with the papacy led to the declaration at Rhense in 1338 by six electors to the effect that election by all or the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation. King Edward III

735-517: The old friendship with Frederick, and they agreed to rule the Empire jointly. Since the Pope and the electors strongly objected to this agreement, another treaty was signed at Ulm on 7 January 1326, according to which Frederick would administer Germany as King of the Romans , while Louis would be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in Italy. However, after Leopold's death in 1326, Frederick withdrew from

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770-456: The philosopher Marsilius of Padua , who were all on bad terms with the Pope as well, joined Emperor Louis in Italy and accompanied him to his court at Alter Hof in Munich which became the first imperial residence of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1333, Emperor Louis sought to counter French influence in the southwest of the empire so he offered Humbert II of Viennois the Kingdom of Arles which

805-650: The privileges he granted. In 1330 the emperor for example permitted the Frankfurt Trade Fair , and in 1340 Lübeck , as the leading member of the Hanseatic League , received the coinage prerogative for golden gulden . In 1323 Louis gave Brandenburg as a fiefdom to his eldest son Louis V after the Brandenburg branch of the House of Ascania had died out. With the Treaty of Pavia in 1329

840-584: The regency of the Empire and returned to rule only Austria. He died on 13 January 1330. After the reconciliation with the Habsburgs in 1326, Louis marched to Italy and was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1327. Already in 1323, Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the Kingdom of Naples , which was together with France the strongest ally of the papacy. But now the Lord of Milan Galeazzo I Visconti

875-440: The right to crown the new king, crowned Frederick at Bonn . In the following conflict between the kings, Louis recognized in 1316 the independence of Switzerland from the Habsburg dynasty. After several years of bloody war, victory finally seemed within the grasp of Frederick, who was strongly supported by his brother Leopold . However, Frederick's army was decisively defeated in the Battle of Mühldorf on 28 September 1322 on

910-570: Was Duke of Austria and Styria – as co-ruler with his elder brother Frederick the Fair – from 1308 until his death. A member of the House of Habsburg , he was the third son of Albert I of Germany and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol , a scion of the Meinhardiner dynasty. After the death of his eldest brother Duke Rudolph III in 1307 and the assassination of King Albert in 1308, Leopold became administrator of Further Austria , where he started

945-469: Was Margrave of Brandenburg until 1323, and Count Palatine of the Rhine until 1329, and became Duke of Lower Bavaria in 1340. He was the last Bavarian to be a king of Germany until 1742. He became Count of Hainaut , Holland , Zeeland , and Friesland in 1345 when his wife Margaret inherited those domains. Louis was born in Munich , the son of Louis II , Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of

980-404: Was an opportunity to gain full authority over Savoy, Provence, and its surrounding territories. Humbert was reluctant to take the crown due to the conflict that would follow with all around him, so he declined, telling the emperor that he should make peace with the church first. Emperor Louis also allied with King Edward III of England in 1337 against King Philip VI of France, the protector of

1015-414: Was built, of which Sendlinger Tor was one. In 1318, Sendlinger Tor was first mentioned as a starting point for the road to Italy, but probably existed earlier. Originally, there was only the distinctive central tower gate (typical of the Munich city gates of the time). In 1420 that was supplemented by the two flanking towers , which were required to terminate the end of the outer city wall properly. In 1808

1050-532: Was considered by many prince-electors to be too young, and by others to be already too powerful. One alternative was Frederick the Fair, the son of Henry's predecessor, Albert I , of the House of Habsburg . In reaction, the pro- Luxembourg party among the prince electors settled on Louis as its candidate to prevent Frederick's election. On 19 October 1314, Archbishop Henry II of Cologne chaired an assembly of four electors at Sachsenhausen , south of Frankfurt . Participants were Louis' brother, Rudolph I of

1085-592: Was controversial, as his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair was simultaneously elected king by a separate set of electors. Louis defeated Frederick in the Battle of Mühldorf in 1322, and the two eventually reconciled. Louis was opposed and excommunicated by the French Pope John XXII ; Louis in turn attempted to depose the pope and install an anti-pope. Louis IV was Duke of Upper Bavaria from 1294 to 1301 together with his elder brother Rudolf I ,

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1120-526: Was deposed since he was suspected of conspiring with the pope. In January 1328, Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna , called captain of the Roman people . Three months later, Louis published a decree declaring Pope John XXII ( Jacques Duèze ), who resided in Avignon , deposed on grounds of heresy . He then installed a Spiritual Franciscan , Pietro Rainalducci as antipope Nicholas V , who soon left Rome and

1155-429: Was ended in 1313, when peace was made at Munich. In the same year, on November 9, Louis defeated his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair who was further aided by duke Leopold I . Originally, he was a friend of Frederick, with whom he had been raised. However, armed conflict arose when the guardianship over the young Dukes of Lower Bavaria ( Henry XIV , Otto IV , and Henry XV ) was entrusted to Frederick, even though

1190-639: Was the Emperor's guest at the Imperial Diet in the Kastorkirche at Coblence in 1338 and was named Vicar-General of the Holy Roman Empire. However in 1341, the Emperor deserted Edward III but came to terms with Philip VI only temporarily. For the expected English payments were missing and Louis intended to reach an agreement with the Pope one more time. Louis IV was a protector of the Teutonic Knights . In 1337 he allegedly bestowed upon

1225-606: Was the queen of England, were ignored. Because of the dangerous hostility of the Luxemburgs, Louis had increased his power base ruthlessly. The acquisition of these territories and his restless foreign policy had earned Louis many enemies among the German princes. In the summer of 1346 the Luxemburg Charles IV was elected rival king, with the support of Pope Clement VI . Louis himself obtained much support from

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