Others
43-612: In terms of Ihsan : The Shafi'i school or Shafi'ism ( Arabic : ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلشَّافِعِيّ , romanized : al-madhhab al-shāfiʿī ) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . It was founded by the Muslim scholar , jurist , and traditionist al-Shafi'i ( c. 767–820 CE ), "the father of Muslim jurisprudence", in the early 9th century. The other three schools of Sunnī jurisprudence are Ḥanafī , Mālikī and Ḥanbalī . Like
86-978: A righteous person, a doer of good ( muhsin ), but a truly good and righteous person is both a Muslim and a true person of faith. Some Islamic scholars explain ihsan as being the inner dimension of Islam whereas shariah is often described as the outer dimension. Ihsan "constitutes the highest form of worship" ( ibadah ). It is excellence in work and in social interactions. For example, ihsan includes sincerity during Muslim prayers and being grateful to parents, family, and God. Madhhab Others In terms of Ihsan : A madhhab ( Arabic : مَذْهَب , romanized : madhhab , lit. 'way to act', IPA: [ˈmaðhab] , pl. مَذَاهِب , madhāhib , [ˈmaðaːhib] ) refers to any school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence . The major Sunni madhāhib are Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i and Hanbali . They emerged in
129-520: A school named after him. In the 12th century Jariri and Zahiri schools were absorbed by the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools respectively. Ibn Khaldun defined only three Sunni madhahib : Hanafi, Zahiri, and one encompassing the Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali schools as existing initially, noting that by the 14th-century historian the Zahiri school had become extinct, only for it to be revived again in parts of
172-878: A total of four independent judicial positions , thus solidifying the Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi'i and Hanbali schools. During the era of the Islamic Gunpowders , the Ottoman Empire reaffirmed the official status of these four schools as a reaction to Shi'ite Persia. Some are of the view that Sunni jurisprudence falls into two groups: Ahl al-Ra'i ("people of opinions", emphasizing scholarly judgment and reason) and Ahl al-Hadith ("people of traditions", emphasizing strict interpretation of scripture). 10th century Shi'ite scholar Ibn al-Nadim named eight groups: Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi'i, Zahiri, Imami Shi'ite , Ahl al-Hadith, Jariri and Kharijite . Abu Thawr also had
215-599: Is an Arabic term meaning "to do beautiful things", "beautification", "perfection", or "excellence" (Arabic: husn , lit. ' beauty ' ). Ihsan is a matter of taking one's inner faith ( iman ) and showing it in both deed and action, a sense of social responsibility borne from religious convictions. In Islam , Ihsan is the Muslim responsibility to obtain perfection, or excellence, in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe that He
258-531: Is constantly watching over them. That definition comes from the Hadith of Gabriel in which Muhammad states, "[Ihsan is] to worship God as though you see Him, and if you cannot see Him, then indeed He sees you". ( Al-Bukhari and Al-Muslim ). According to Muhammad's hadith "God has written ihsan on everything". Ihsan is one of the three dimensions of the Islamic religion ( ad-din ): In contrast to
301-607: Is currently lost. Al-Shāfiʿī fundamentally criticised the concept of judicial conformism (the Istiḥsan ). Al-Shāfiʿī ( c. 767 –820 AD) visited most of the great centres of Islamic jurisprudence in the Middle East during the course of his travels and amassed a comprehensive knowledge of the different ways of legal theory. He was a student of Mālik ibn Anas , the founder of the Mālikī school of law, and of Muḥammad Shaybānī ,
344-624: Is followed by Muslims in Qatar , most of Saudi Arabia and minority communities in Syria and Iraq . There are movements that are highly influenced by Hanbali fiqh such as Salafism and Wahhabism concentrated in Saudi Arabia . The Zahiri school was founded by Dawud al-Zahiri (815–883). It is followed by minority communities in Morocco and Pakistan . In the past, it was also followed by
387-1008: Is mostly practiced in Oman , with Oman being the only country in the world where Ibadis form a sizable minority of the population. Other populations of Ibadis also reside in Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Zanzibar in Tanzania. The Amman Message was a statement, signed in 2005 in Jordan by nearly 200 prominent Islamic jurists, which served as a "counter-fatwa" against a widespread use of takfir (excommunication) by jihadist groups to justify jihad against rulers of Muslim-majority countries. The Amman Message recognized eight legitimate schools of Islamic law and prohibited declarations of apostasy against them. The statement also asserted that fatwas can be issued only by properly trained muftis, thereby seeking to delegitimize fatwas issued by militants who lack
430-868: The Balkans and by most of the Muslim communities of Russia and China . There are movements within this school such as Barelvis and Deobandi , which are concentrated in South Asia. The Maliki school is based on the jurisprudence of Imam Malik ibn Anas (c. 711–795). It has also been called "School of Medina" because the school was based in Medina and the Medinian community. It is followed by Muslims in Morocco , Nigeria , Algeria , North Africa , West Africa , United Arab Emirates , Kuwait , Bahrain , Upper Egypt , and in parts of Saudi Arabia . The Murabitun World Movement follows this school as well. In
473-625: The Mappilas of Kerala and the Konkani Muslims ). Most Chechens and Dagestani people also follow the Shafi'i school. It is the official school followed by the governments of Brunei and Malaysia . The Shafi'i school is also large in Iraq and Syria . The Hanbali school is based on the jurisprudence of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855) who had been a student of Imam al-Shafi . It
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#1732772381836516-562: The Philippines , Algeria , Libya , Saudi Arabia and multiple other countries. According to John Burton , "modern research shows" that fiqh was first "regionally organized" with "considerable disagreement and variety of view." In the second century of Islam, schools of fiqh were noted for the loyalty of their jurists to the legal practices of their local communities, whether Mecca , Kufa , Basra , Syria, etc. (Egypt's school in Fustat
559-630: The Salafi and Ahlus Sunnah wal jam'ah . In the 20th century many Islamic jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional schools of jurisprudence. Examples of the latter approach include networks of Indonesian ulema and Islamic scholars residing in Muslim-minority countries, who have advanced liberal interpretations of Islamic law. Generally, Sunnis will follow one particular madhhab which varies from region to region, but also believe that ijtihad must be exercised by
602-467: The Sufis have focused their attention on ihsan . Those who are muhsin are a subset of those who are mu'min , and those who are mu'min are a subset of muslims : From the preceding discussion it should be clear that not every Muslim is a man or woman of faith ( mu'min ), but every person of faith is a Muslim . Furthermore, a Muslim who believes in all the principles of Islam may not necessarily be
645-583: The Swahili Coast in Africa and coastal South Asia and Southeast Asia ). One who ascribes to the Shafi'i school is called a Shafi'i , Shafi'ite or Shafi'ist ( Arabic : ٱلشَّافِعِيّ , romanized : al-shāfiʿī , pl. ٱلشَّافِعِيَّة , al-shāfiʿiyya or ٱلشَّوَافِع , al-shawāfiʿ ). Including: The fundamental principle of the Shafiʽ;i thought depends on
688-812: The Baghdad Ḥanafī intellectual. The Shafiʽi school is presently predominant in the following parts of the world: The Shafiʽi school is one of the largest school of Sunni madhhabs by number of adherents. The demographic data by each fiqh, for each nation, is unavailable and the relative demographic size are estimates. In Hadith : In Tafsir : In Fiqh : In Usul al-Fiqh : In Arabic language studies : In Theology : In Philosophy : In Sufism In history Statesmen From Middle East and North Africa : From Southeast Asia : From South Asia : Primary sources Scholarly sources Ihsan Ihsan ( Arabic : إحسان ʾiḥsān , also romanized ehsan ),
731-737: The Maliki school is predominant in North and West Africa; the Hanafi school in South and Central Asia; the Shafi'i school in East Africa and Southeast Asia; and the Hanbali school in North and Central Arabia. The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni madhhabs . The Zahiri school, which is considered to be endangered, continues to exert influence over legal thought. The development of Shia legal schools occurred along
774-440: The Muslim world by the mid-20th century. Historically, the fiqh schools were often in political and academic conflict with one another, vying for favor with the ruling government in order to have their representatives appointed to legislative and especially judiciary positions. The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the madhhab system. Legal practice in most of
817-414: The Muslim world has come to be controlled by government policy and state law, so that the influence of the madhhabs beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly utilized the methods of takhayyur (selection of rulings without restriction to a particular madhhab ) and talfiq (combining parts of different rulings on
860-587: The books written by Imams Abu Hanifa and Imam Malik ibn Anas . Therefore, the Zaydis to this day and originally the Fatimids , used the Hanafi jurisprudence, as do most Sunnis. The Ibadi school of Islam is named after Abd-Allah ibn Ibadh , though he is not necessarily the main figure of the school in the eyes of its adherents. Ibadism is distinct from both Sunni and Shi'ite Islam not only in terms of its jurisprudence, but also its core beliefs. Ibadi Islam
903-513: The classical jurist who taught them. The four primary Sunni schools are the Hanafi , Shafi'i , Maliki and Hanbali rites. The Zahiri school remains in existence but outside of the mainstream, while the Jariri , Laythi , Awza'i , and Thawri schools have become extinct. The extant schools share most of their rulings, but differ on the particular practices which they may accept as authentic and
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#1732772381836946-493: The contemporary scholars capable of doing so. Most rely on taqlid , or acceptance of religious rulings and epistemology from a higher religious authority in deferring meanings of analysis and derivation of legal practices instead of relying on subjective readings. Experts and scholars of fiqh follow the usul (principles) of their own madhhab , but they also study the usul , evidences, and opinions of other madhahib . Sunni schools of jurisprudence are each named after
989-693: The decisive source of law (over traditional doctrines of earlier thoughts). In order of priority, the sources of jurisprudence according to the Shafiʽi thought, are: The school rejected dependence on local community practice as the source of legal precedent. The concept of Istishab was first introduced by the later Shafiʽi scholars. Al-Shafiʽi also postulated that "penal sanctions lapse in cases where repentance precedes punishment". Views on FGM The school does not differentiate male and female circumcision and considers female circumcision ( Female Genital Mutilation ) alongside male circumcision to be wajib (obligatory). This makes it unique among
1032-416: The emphases of islam (what one should do) and iman (why one should do), the concept of ihsan is primarily associated with intention. One who "does what is beautiful" is called a muhsin . It is generally held that a person can only achieve true Ihsan with the help and guidance of God , who governs all things. While traditionally Islamic jurists have concentrated on islam and theologians on iman ,
1075-590: The form of the Daim al-Islam , a book on the rulings of Islam. It describes manners and etiquette, including Ibadat in the light of guidance provided by the Ismaili Imams. The book emphasizes what importance Islam has given to manners and etiquette along with the worship of God, citing the traditions of the first four Imams of the Shi'a Ismaili Fatimid school of thought. Zaidi Muslims also follow their own school in
1118-732: The form of the teachings of Zayd ibn Ali and Imam Abu Hanifa . In terms of law, the Zaidi school is quite similar to the Hanafi school from Sunni Islam. This is likely due to the general trend of Sunni resemblance within Zaidi beliefs. After the passing of Muhammad, Imam Jafar al-Sadiq , Imam Zayd ibn Ali , Imams Abu Hanifa and Imam Malik ibn Anas worked together in Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina along with over 70 other leading jurists and scholars. Jafar al-Sadiq and Zayd ibn Ali did not themselves write any books. But their views are Hadiths in
1161-626: The four primary Sunni schools of Jurisprudence as the only one to fully require FGM. The groundwork legal text for the Shafiʽi law is al-Shafiʽi's al-Risala ("the Message"), composed in Egypt . It outlines the principles of Shafiʽi legal thought as well as the derived jurisprudence. A first version of the Risālah , al-Risalah al-Qadima , produced by al-Shafiʽi during his stay in Baghdad ,
1204-587: The four schools in all legal details. The Amman Message , which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four Sunni schools ( Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i , Hanbali ), two Shia schools ( Ja'fari , Zaidi ), the Ibadi school and the Zahiri school. Schools of Islamic jurisprudence are located in Pakistan , Iran , Bangladesh , India , Indonesia , Nigeria , Egypt , Turkey , Afghanistan , Kazakhstan , Russia , China ,
1247-763: The idea that "to every act performed by a believer who is subject to the Law there corresponds a statute belonging to the Revealed Law or the Shari'a ". This statute is either presented as such in the Qurʾān or the Sunnah or it is possible, by means of analogical reasoning ( Qiyas ), to infer it from the Qurʾān or the Sunnah. As-Shafiʽi was the first jurist to insist that Ḥadīth were
1290-727: The lines of theological differences and resulted in the formation of the Ja'fari madhhab amongst Twelver Shias , as well as the Isma'ili and Zaidi madhhabs amongst Isma'ilis and Zaidis respectively, whose differences from Sunni legal schools are roughly of the same order as the differences among Sunni schools. The Ibadi legal school, distinct from Sunni and Shia madhhabs , is predominant in Oman. Unlike Sunnis, Shias, and Ibadis, non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any madhhab . The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in
1333-656: The majority of Muslims in Mesopotamia , Portugal , the Balearic Islands , North Africa and parts of Spain . Twelver Shia adhere to the Ja'fari theological school associated with Ja'far al-Sadiq . In this school, the time and space bound rulings of early jurists are taken more seriously, and the Ja'fari school uses the intellect instead of analogy when establishing Islamic laws, as opposed to common Sunni practice. Ismaili Muslims follow their own school in
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1376-457: The modern era have had profound implications for the madhhab system. With the spread of codified state laws in the Muslim world, the influence of the madhhabs beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly drew on rulings from multiple madhhabs , and legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional ulama as interpreters of
1419-422: The ninth and tenth centuries CE and by the twelfth century almost all jurists aligned themselves with a particular madhab . These four schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries. Rulings of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world. For example,
1462-485: The other schools of fiqh, Shafiʽi recognize the First Four Caliphs as the Islamic prophet Muhammad 's rightful successors and relies on the Qurʾān and the "sound" books of Ḥadīths as primary sources of law. The Shafi'i school affirms the authority of both divine law-giving (the Qurʾān and the Sunnah ) and human speculation regarding the Law. Where passages of Qurʾān and/or the Ḥadīths are ambiguous,
1505-639: The past, it was also followed in parts of Europe under Islamic rule , particularly Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily . The Shafi'i school is based upon the jurisprudence of Imam Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i (767–820). It is followed by Muslims in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia , Upper Egypt , Ethiopia , Eritrea , Swahili coast , Indonesia , Malaysia , Jordan , Palestine , Philippines , Singapore , Somalia , Sri Lanka , Maldives , Thailand , Yemen , Kurdistan , and southern India (such as
1548-511: The resulting laws. In the 20th century, some Islamic jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional madhhabs . With the spread of Salafi influence and reformist currents in the 20th century; a handful of Salafi scholars have asserted independence from being strictly bound by the traditional legal mechanisms of the four schools. Nevertheless, the majority of Sunni scholarship continues to uphold post-classical creedal belief in rigorously adhering ( Taqlid ) to one of
1591-778: The rise of the Ottomans and the Safavids . Traders and merchants helped to spread Shafiʽi Islam across the Indian Ocean , as far as India and Southeast Asia . The Shafiʽi school is now predominantly found in parts of the Hejaz and the Levant , Lower Egypt , Somalia , Yemen and Indonesia , and among the Kurdish people , in the North Caucasus and generally all across the Indian Ocean ( Horn of Africa and
1634-532: The same question). Legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional ulema as interpreters of the resulting laws. Global Islamic movements have at times drawn on different madhhabs and at other times placed greater focus on the scriptural sources rather than classical jurisprudence. The Hanbali school, with its particularly strict adherence to the Quran and hadith, has inspired conservative currents of direct scriptural interpretation by
1677-560: The school seeks guidance of Qiyās (analogical reasoning). The Ijmā' (consensus of scholars or of the community) was "accepted but not stressed". The school rejected the dependence on local traditions as the source of legal precedent and rebuffed the Ahl al-Ra'y (personal opinion) and the Istiḥsān (juristic discretion). The Shafiʽi school was widely followed in the Middle East until
1720-707: The times at which the various schools emerged. One interpretation is that Sunni Islam was initially split into four groups: the Hanafites , Malikites , Shafi'ites and Zahirites . Later, the Hanbalites and Jarirites developed two more schools; then various dynasties effected the eventual exclusion of the Jarirites; eventually, the Zahirites were also excluded when the Mamluk Sultanate established
1763-562: The varying weights they give to analogical reason and pure reason. The 4 major and 1 minor schools of thought are accepted by majority of scholars in most parts of the world. The Zahiris were the 4th school before the Hanbalis established themselves as a separate school. The Hanafi school was founded by Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man (699–767). It is followed by Muslims in the Levant , Central Asia , Afghanistan , Pakistan , most of India , Bangladesh , Lower Egypt , Iraq and Turkey and
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1806-547: Was a branch of Medina's school of law and followed such practices—up until the end of the 8th century—as basing verdict on one single witness (not two) and the oath of the claimant. Its principal jurist in the second half of the 8th century was al-Layth b. Sa'd.) Al-Shafiʽi wrote that, "every capital of the Muslims is a seat of learning whose people follow the opinion of one of their countrymen in most of his teachings". The "real basis" of legal doctrine in these "ancient schools"
1849-475: Was not a body of reports of Muhammad's sayings, doings, silent approval (the ahadith) or even those of his Companions, but the "living tradition" of the school as "expressed in the consensus of the scholars", according to Joseph Schacht. It has been asserted that madhahib were consolidated in the 9th and 10th centuries as a means of excluding dogmatic theologians, government officials and non-Sunni sects from religious discourse. Historians have differed regarding
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