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33-403: Urban-type settlement since 1938. A local newspaper is published here since May 1946. In August 1953 the urban-type settlement Katyk became a city Shakhtyorsk. Ukrainian : Шахтар is a coal miner. (The word comes from German : Schacht , which means shaft .) In 1964, a trade college was opened here. In 1985, the population of the city was 72 thousand people, the basis of the economy

66-864: A city district of a city of federal subject significance . This kind of administrative division is equal in status to the towns of district significance and selsoviets , and is normally centered on an inhabited locality with urban-type settlement status. As of 2013, the following types of such entities are recognized: As of January 1, 2018, there were 57 urban-type settlements in Tajikistan . As of February 1, 2016, there were 76 urban-type settlements in Turkmenistan . As of January 1, 2011, 1,065 settlements have urban-type settlement status in Uzbekistan . Urban-type settlements existed in Armenia until

99-539: A mecca for curiosity seekers who believe it is haunted. Because of its dry climate, Colorado Springs was home to several sanatoria . A. G. Holley Hospital in Lantana, Florida , was the last remaining freestanding tuberculosis sanatorium in the United States until it closed on July 2, 2012. In 1907, Stannington Sanatorium was opened in the northeast of England to treat tuberculosis in children. The sanatorium

132-608: A graduate student at Rutgers University , discovered streptomycin , an antibiotic and the first cure for tuberculosis, sanatoria began to close. As in the case of the Paimio Sanatorium, many were transformed into general hospitals. By the 1950s, tuberculosis was no longer a major public health threat in the developed world; it was controlled by antibiotics rather than extended rest. Most sanatoria had been demolished years before. Some, however, have been adapted for new medical roles. The Tambaram Sanatorium in south India

165-528: A healthy climate, usually in the countryside . The idea of healing was an important reason for the historical wave of establishments of sanatoria, especially at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. One sought, for instance, the healing of consumptives especially tuberculosis (before the discovery of antibiotics ) or alcoholism , but also of more obscure addictions and longings of hysteria , masturbation , fatigue and emotional exhaustion . Facility operators were often charitable associations, such as

198-528: A new word which instead of being derived from the Latin noun sanitas , meaning health, would emphasize the need for scientific healing or treatment. Accordingly, they took the Latin verb root sano , meaning to heal, and adopted the new word sanatorium." Switzerland used to have many sanatoria, as health professionals believed that clean, cold mountain air was the best treatment for lung diseases . In Finland ,

231-410: A recreational potential with population of at least 2,000. In exceptional cases, administrative, economic and cultural centers with a potential of economical development and population growth can be classified as urban-type settlements. In modern Russia , the task of deciding whether an inhabited locality meets the criteria of urban-type settlements is delegated to the federal subjects . In most cases,

264-534: A series of tuberculosis sanatoria were built throughout the country in isolated forest areas during the early 1900s. The most famous was the Paimio Sanatorium , completed in 1933 and designed by world-renowned architect Alvar Aalto . It had both sun-balconies and a rooftop terrace where the patients would lie all day either in beds or on specially designed chairs, the Paimio Chair . In Portugal ,

297-599: A single country. However, the criteria generally focus on the presence of urban infrastructure or resort facilities for urban residents. In the Soviet Union , the criteria of urban-type settlements were set independently by the Soviet republics. Those criteria, however, only differed very slightly from one republic to another. In the Russian SFSR , urban-type settlements were subdivided into three types: In 1981,

330-634: A state housing provided to no less than 2,000 inhabitants. The term was introduced in Ukraine in 1920s and became official since the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine of October 28, 1925 replacing all towns (mistechko) as urban-type settlement. As of 2011, there were 256 urban-type settlements in Azerbaijan . According to a 1998 law of Belarus , there are three categories of urban-type settlement in

363-602: The Brehmersche Heilanstalt für Lungenkranke in Görbersdorf (Sokołowsko) , Silesia (now Poland), for the treatment of tuberculosis. Patients were exposed to plentiful amounts of high altitude, fresh air, and good nutrition. Tuberculosis sanatoria became common throughout Europe from the late-19th century onward. The Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium , established in Saranac Lake, New York , in 1885,

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396-481: The DPR militia resumed control of the city. According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census : Urban-type settlement Urban-type settlement is an official designation for lesser urbanized settlements, used in several Central and Eastern European countries. The term was primarily used in the Soviet Union and later also for a short time in socialist Bulgaria and socialist Poland . It remains in use today in nine of

429-662: The Order of St. John and the newly founded social welfare insurance companies. Sanatoriums should not be confused with the Russian sanatoriums from the time of the Soviet Union, which were a type of sanatorium resort residence for workers. The first suggestion of sanatoria in the modern sense was likely made by George Bodington , who opened a sanatorium in Sutton Coldfield in 1836 and later published his essay "On

462-630: The Polish People's Republic from 1954 to 1972. Nowadays, Poland has cities, villages and settlements. Ukraine formerly used the urban-type settlement ( Ukrainian : селище міського типу, с.м.т.) system until 2023. In 1991 there were 921 urban-type settlements in Ukraine. On 24 October 2023 President Volodymyr Zelenskyy signed Law No. 8263 that abolished the concepts of "urban-type settlement" and " rural-type settlement " in Ukraine . The law came into an effect on January 26, 2024. The law

495-523: The post-Soviet states . The designation was used in all 15 member republics of the Soviet Union from 1922. It was introduced later in Poland (1954) and Bulgaria (1964). All the urban-type settlements in Poland were transformed into other types of settlement (town or village) in 1972. In Bulgaria and five of the post-Soviet republics ( Armenia , Moldova , and the three Baltic states ), they were changed in

528-524: The "healing climate". Medical experts reported that at 2,200 feet (670 m) above sea level, air pressure was equal to that in blood vessels, and activities, scenery, and lack of stress also helped. In the early 1900s, Arizona's sunshine and dry desert air attracted many people (called "lungers") who had tuberculosis, rheumatism, asthma, and numerous other diseases. Wealthier people chose to recuperate in exclusive TB resorts, while others used their savings to journey to Arizona and arrived penniless. TB camps in

561-600: The 1990s. Currently, all of them have been converted into cities or villages. In Estonia, the urban-type settlements were created in 1945 during the Estonian SSR . In the 1990s most of them were transformed into cities. The urban-type settlements existed in Latvia from 1949 to 1993, when they were converted into cities and rural settlements. Lithuania formerly used the urban-type settlement ( Lithuanian : miesto tipo gyvenvietė , m.t.g. ) system until 1995. In Bulgaria,

594-717: The Heliantia Sanatorium in Valadares was used for the treatment of bone tuberculosis between the 1930s and 1960s. In the early 20th century, tuberculosis sanatoria became common in the United States . The first of several in Asheville, North Carolina was established by Dr. Horatio Page Gatchell in 1871, before the cause of tuberculosis (then called "phthisis" or "consumption") was even known. Fifty years earlier, Dr. J.F.E. Hardy had reportedly been cured in

627-739: The Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR defined an urban-type settlement as follows: "To the category of an urban-type settlement may be included any settlement located near industrial enterprises, buildings, railroad connections, hydro-technical constructions, and enterprises in production and refining of agrarian products as well as settlements that include higher or middle occupation educational establishments, science-researching institutions, sanatoria , and other stationary treatment and recreation establishments that have

660-587: The Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption" in 1840. His novel approach was dismissed as "very crude ideas and unsupported assertions" by reviewers in the Lancet , and his sanatorium was converted to an asylum soon after. The rationale for sanatoria in the pre- antibiotic era was that a regimen of rest and good nutrition offered the best chance that the patient's immune system would "wall off" pockets of pulmonary TB infection. In 1863, Hermann Brehmer opened

693-454: The West that not enough housing was available. In 1910, tent cities began to pop up in different areas; one was described as a place of squalor and shunned by most citizens. Many of the infected slept in the open desert. The area adjacent to what was then central Phoenix, called Sunnyslope, was home to another large TB encampment. The residents primarily lived in tents pitched along the hillsides of

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726-480: The beginning of the economic crisis in 2008 , the mechanical-repair plant became bankrupt and was closed. In 2013, the population was 51 007 people. Starting mid-April 2014 , the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic occupied towns in Donetsk Oblast; including Shakhtarsk. On 27 July 2014, Ukrainian forces and pro-Russian local militia claimed Ukrainian troops had entered Shakhtarsk. On 30 July 2014,

759-773: The country: As of 2014, there were 47 urban-type settlements in Georgia . Eight of them are located on the territory of the partially recognized states of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and are de facto not under the control of the Georgian government. As of 2019, there were 48 urban-type settlements in Kazakhstan . In accordance with the 2008 Law on Administrative and Territorial Subdivision of Kyrgyzstan , urban-type settlements are those that comprise economically significant facilities such as industrial plants, railway stations, construction sites, etc., as well as settlements with

792-670: The desert were formed by pitching tents and building cabins. During the tuberculosis epidemic, cities in Arizona advertised the state as an ideal place for treating TB. Many sanatoria in Arizona were modeled after European away-from-city resorts of the time, boasting courtyards and individual rooms. Each sanatorium was equipped to take care of about 120 people. The first sanatorium in the Pacific Northwest opened in Milwaukie Heights, Oregon , in 1905, followed closely by

825-572: The early 1990s, while Ukraine followed suit in 2023. Today, this term is still used in the other nine post-Soviet republics – Azerbaijan , Belarus , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan . It is also used in Transnistria , an unrecognised breakaway state in Moldova. What counts as an urban-type settlement differs between time periods and countries and often between different divisions of

858-430: The federal subject's legislative body is responsible for all administrative and territorial changes, including granting and revoking of the urban-type settlement and town status. Apart from being used to refer to a type of inhabited locality , the term "urban-type settlement" and its variations is also used to refer to a division of an administrative district , and sometimes to a division administratively subordinated to

891-670: The first state-owned TB hospital in Salem, Oregon , in 1910. Oregon was the first state on the West Coast to enact legislation stating that the government was to supply proper housing for people with TB who could not receive adequate care at home. The West Coast became a popular spot for sanatoriums. The greatest area for sanatoria was in Tucson with over twelve hotel-style facilities in the city. By 1920, Tucson had 7,000 people who had come for treatment of tuberculosis. So many people came to

924-463: The first urban-type settlements ( Bulgarian : селище от градски тип) were formed in 1964. In the 1990s they were transformed into villages and cities. The urban-type settlement system was used on the territory of Moldova since 1924. In the 1990s they were converted either into cities or rural settlements. The disputed and unrecognized Transnistria continues to use this system. The urban-type settlements ( Polish : osiedle typu miejskiego ) were used in

957-545: The mountains that rise to the north of the city. Several sanatoria also opened in southern California in the early 20th century due to the dry, warm climate. The first tuberculosis sanatorium for Black Americans in the segregated South was the Piedmont Sanatorium in Burkeville, Virginia . Waverly Hills Sanatorium , a Louisville, Kentucky , tuberculosis sanatorium, was founded in 1911. It has become

990-453: Was coal mining. In 1989, the population of the city was 73 854 people, the basis of the economy were coal mining, manufacture of clothes and knitwear. Since Soviet times until 1997, there were four vocational schools (№ 70, № 71, № 97 and № 98) and one college (a college of commerce and trade); in May 1997, the vocational school № 71 was closed. In 2000, a textile factory went bankrupt. After

1023-424: Was meant to facilitate "de-Sovietization of the procedure for solving certain issues of the administrative and territorial system of Ukraine". Sanatorium A sanatorium (from Latin sānāre 'to heal, make healthy'), also sanitarium or sanitorium , is a historic name for a specialised hospital for the treatment of specific diseases , related ailments, and convalescence . Sanatoriums are often in

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1056-482: Was opened using funds raised by a local charity, the Poor Children's Holiday Association, now the region's oldest children's charity, Children North East . The largest U.S. tuberculosis sanatorium was located on the site of Chicago's present-day North Park Village. Chicago's Peterson Park fieldhouse housed the lab and morgue of Chicago's Municipal Tuberculosis Sanatorium. After 1943, when Albert Schatz , then

1089-686: Was the first such establishment in North America. According to the Saskatchewan Lung Association, when the National Anti-Tuberculosis Association (Canada) was founded in 1904, its members, including renowned pioneer in the fight against tuberculosis Dr. R.G. Ferguson , believed that a distinction should be made between the health resorts with which people were familiar and the new tuberculosis treatment hospitals: "So they decided to use

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