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66-570: Shaanbei, referring to the northern portion of Shaanxi , includes the prefecture-level cities of Yulin and Yan'an . The region's physical geography is largely characterized by the presence of the Loess Plateau . Shaanbei is located in the northern edge of the Loess Plateau with a general elevation range of 800–1,300 metres (2,600–4,300 ft), occupying approximately 45% of the total area of Shaanxi. Elevation tends to increase from northwest to southeast. The northern portions degrade into

132-481: A sub-provincial city ): The ten prefecture-level cities of Shaanxi are subdivided into 107 county-level divisions (30 districts , four county-level cities , and 73 counties ). The politics of Shaanxi is structured in a triple party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Shaanxi is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Shaanxi. However, in

198-402: A line or a circle formation. Some dancers dress up in red, green, or other colorful costumes, and typically use a red silk ribbon around the waist. They will swing their bodies to music played by drum, trumpet, and gong . More people will join in as they see Yang Ge going on and dance along. Some dancers use props like the waistdrum, dancing fan, fake donkey, or litter. In different areas Yangge

264-581: A major role in China's burgeoning aircraft and aerospace industries, producing more than 50% of the R&;D and manufacturing equipment for the country's domestic commercial air industry. Nominal GDP for 2011 was 1,239 billion RMB ( US$ 196.7 billion) and GDP per capita was 21,729 RMB (US$ 3,179), ranking 17th in the PRC. In the first half of 2019, Shaanxi's total production value reached 1,162.557 billion yuan,

330-420: A scene featuring over 150 real drummers from the region. Qinqiang opera, native to Shaanxi, is popular in the region. Qinqiang opera was historically performed predominantly by professional troupes, although some semi-professional troupes devoted to it existed. Shanxi opera is also popular throughout the region, due to its proximity to neighboring Shanxi (not to be confused with the similar sounding Shaanxi,

396-441: A symbol of love and fertility during marriage, can be used to pay respects to various religious figures, incorporated into embroidery, or simply serve as toys. Shaanbei farmer painting is a tradition hundreds of years old, dating back to dynastic promotion of painting. These types of paintings often feature bright colors and depictions of animals. Key characteristics of farmer painting is that it commonly takes on subjects specific to

462-629: A variety of climates. Under the Köppen climate classification , the northern parts , including the Loess Plateau, have either a cold arid (Köppen BWk ) or cold semi-arid (Köppen BSk ), with cold and very dry winters, dry springs and autumns, and hot, humid summers. The area known as Guanzhong is mostly semi-arid, though there are a few areas with a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa ), with cool to cold winters, and hot, humid summers that often see early-season heatwaves. The southern portion

528-547: A year-on-year increase of 5.4%. The added value of the primary industry was 55.319 billion yuan, an increase of 4.5%; the second industry was 557.935 billion yuan, an increase of 4.2%; the tertiary industry was 549.303 billion yuan, an increase of 6.8%. Established in 1992, Baoji Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was approved as a national hi-tech zone by the State Council. It has a long-term planned area of 40 km (15 sq mi). The transportation system around

594-840: Is Jin Chinese , with the southern areas being a transition zone into Guanzhong dialect . During the time of the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region , a number of prominent intellectuals within China moved to the Shaanbei region to flee from the Japanese invasion of China . There, the Communist Party encouraged them to embed themselves in the rural culture of the region, in an effort to bolster support for its efforts. Renown folk artists from throughout China were also invited to Yan'an , its capital, and other parts of

660-453: Is a form of Chinese folk dance developed from a dance known in the Song dynasty as Village Music ( 村田樂 ). It is very popular in northern China and is one of the most representative form of folk arts. It is popular in both the countryside and cities in northern China. It is especially popular among older people. Crowds of people will go out into the street in the evening and dance together in

726-469: Is a national high-tech zone. It is surrounded by national highways and it is 30 minutes from Xi'an-Xianyang International Airport. Furthermore, it is ranked in the top three high-tech zones in China. Xi'an Software Park, established in December 1998, is the professional park for Xi'an to develop scale software and service outsourcing industries. The park has been appraised as a software industry base under

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792-459: Is a new economic zone composing the three major city-level economies of Western China: Xi'an , Chongqing and Chengdu . It is believed that the addition of Xi'an to the Triangle will spur economic growth in the region and allow the city an opportunity to capitalize on the commercial potential of its high-technology industries. Established in 1993, Xi'an Economic and Technology Development Zone

858-735: Is generally accepted among folk religion adherents, as are the beliefs that such deities should be venerated, that individuals can ask them for help, and that they can aid people. Major religious sites in Shaanbei include the Baiyunshan Temples  [ zh ] , Taihe Mountain (Chinese: 太和山 ) in Yan'an, and Helong Mountain (Chinese: 合龙山 ) in Suide County . Popular traditional deities among local adherents to Chinese folk religion include Zhenwu Zushi (Chinese: 真武祖师 ) and Guan Yu . Major festivals in Shaanbei include

924-535: Is geographically divided into three parts, namely Northern (or " Shaanbei "), Central ("Shaanzhong") and Southern Shaanxi (or " Shaannan "). Northern Shaanxi makes up the southeastern portion of the Ordos Basin and mainly comprises the two prefectural cities of Yulin and Yan'an on the northern Loess Plateau , demarcated from the Ordos Desert and the grasslands of Inner Mongolia 's Ordos City by

990-592: Is much more humid and lies in the humid subtropical zone, with more temperate winters and long, hot, humid summers. Annual mean temperature is roughly between 8 and 16 °C (46 and 61 °F), with January temperatures ranging from −11 to 3.5 °C (12.2 to 38.3 °F) and July temperatures ranging from 21 to 28 °C (70 to 82 °F). Besides the provincial capital of Xi'an, other cities include: Baoji , Hanzhong , Lintong , Tongchuan , Xianyang , Yan'an and Ankang . Shaanxi consists of ten prefecture-level divisions : all prefecture-level cities (including

1056-726: Is one of the four great ancient capitals of China and is the eastern terminus of the Silk Road , which leads to Europe, the Arabian Peninsula, and Africa. The region was briefly governed as the Three Qins after the fall of the Qin dynasty . This is the origin of one of Shaanxi's two abbreviations, 秦 ( Qin ), the other being 陝 ( Shaan ). Then it was conquered by Liu Bang during the Chu-Han Contention . Under

1122-531: Is one of the centers of ancient Chinese civilization. The central part of Shaanxi, known as Guanzhong , where the provincial capital Xi'an is located, is more populous compared to the others ( Shaannan and Shaanbei ), Religion in Shaanxi The predominant religions in Shaanxi are Chinese folk religions , Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism . According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 7.58% of

1188-484: Is performed in different styles, but all types express happiness. In the 1940s, the Chinese Communist Party launched the new yangge movement where the dance was adopted as a means of rallying village support. The dance was simplified into a pattern of three-quick-steps forward, one-step-backward, pause and repeat. This version of the dance incorporated socialist elements, for example the leader of

1254-497: The Gwoyeu Romatzyh transcription (1928) for 陝 , "Sh aa n". Nonetheless, the vowels and consonants of shǎn 陝 and shān 山 are distinguished in the more conservative Jin Chinese languages native to the two provinces, as shown on the chart to the right (refer to IPA for Jin Chinese for further information). This conservative phonology is reflected in the historical spelling of Shaanxi, " Shensi ", known to

1320-773: The Ming Great Wall . Central Shaanxi is also known as the Guanzhong region, and comprises the drainage basin of lower Wei River east of Mount Liupan and north of the Qinling Mountains , where the majority of Shaanxi's population reside. Southern Shaanxi comprises the three prefectural cities in the edge of the historical Bashu region south of the Qinling Mountains and includes the three mountainous cities of Hanzhong , Ankang and Shangluo . The area comprising Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Henan formed

1386-755: The Ordos Desert , while the southern portions slope up into hills. The Guanzhong region, also in Shaanxi, is located to the south of Shaanbei. Shaanbei culture includes a number of distinct art forms, such as its Northern Shaanxi folk singing  [ zh ] , waist-drums, paper-cutting , and a distinct form of painting known as "farmer painting". Other forms of Chinese art are also present in Shaanbei, including traditional Chinese theater , shadow puppetry , yangge dance troupes, and traditional storytellers . Historically, cultural activities in Shaanbei have been organized both by professional troupes and amateur groups, and typically performed for all audiences, regardless of status. The predominant language of Shaanbei

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1452-721: The Tangut -led Western Xia contested their border in Shaanxi. Western Xia found the Luōwùchéng (罗兀城) frontier fort in 1071 but was taken by Song in 1081. Under the Ming dynasty , Shaanxi was established with the founding of the Shaanxi Provincial Administration Commission in 1376, whose administration also included the modern provinces of Gansu , Ningxia , and part of Qinghai . During this dynasty, most visitors from Central and West Asia entered

1518-643: The Warlord Era of the 1910s and 1920s, some local warlords would destroy temples, or convert them into barracks for their soldiers. Subsequently, traditional religions continued to face suppression when the Kuomintang established firmer control of the area during the 1930s. Local conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party resulted in unsafe conditions for religious pilgrimages in

1584-655: The oldest cities in China and the oldest of the Four Ancient Capitals , being the capital for the Western Zhou , Western Han , Jin , Sui and Tang dynasties . Xianyang , which served as the capital of the Qin dynasty (221–202 BC), is just north across the Wei River. The other prefecture -level cities into which the province is divided are Ankang , Baoji , Hanzhong , Shangluo , Tongchuan , Weinan , Yan'an and Yulin . The province

1650-538: The santou in a single file to form a large simple circle, and later then forms other more intricate patterns. The Shandong yangge is thought to be the purest forms of yangge. There are three major types of yangge in the Shandong province, the Haiyang yangge, Jiaozhou yangge, and the guzi ( 鼓子 "drum") yangge. In guzi yangge each dancer takes one of five roles - "Umbrella", "Drum", "Stick", "Flower", "Clown" -

1716-453: The 1940s. Yangge , a traditional costumed dance occasionally accompanied by music and short sketches, has traditionally been used in Shaanxi as a post- Lunar New Year celebration. Yangge varies widely from place to place within Shaanxi. Paper cutting is another art-form traditional to the Shaanbei region, serving a number of different purposes. In addition to beautifying the environment during important festivals, paper cut art also serves as

1782-523: The Border Region, to intermingle with other artists and the urban intellectuals who fled to the region. The Communist Party had a mixed perspective on folk art in the region at the time, as it served as a cultural expression for the region's rural peasantry, but did so through a pre-modern Confucian lens, and was often reliant on the patronage of wealthy landlords . By the early 1940s, some folk artists had taken steps to make certain folk arts, like

1848-672: The Dukes of Shao and Zhou marked their borders along Shan plateau ( 陝塬 , now Zhanbian plateau). In Chinese typing , the toponym 陝 often got mixed up with "valley" 陜 (note: distinguish 㚒 and 夾 ). Simplified characters merged the two as 陕 . The alphabet rendering of Shaanxi 陝西 and its neighboring province Shanxi 山西 are troublesome in Beijing Mandarin because their pronunciation differs only in tone (rendered as Sh ǎ nxī and Sh ā nxī in pinyin transcription, 1958). To avoid confusion, mainland China recognized

1914-681: The Europeans in the 18th century. "Shensi" was recognized in the 1906 Chinese postal romanization . "Shensi" continued to be popular until 1987 when the PRC banned pre-PRC romanizations. Shaanxi is considered one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. Thirteen feudal dynasties established their capitals in the province during a span of more than 1,100 years, from the Zhou dynasty to the Tang dynasty. The province's principal city and current capital, Xi'an ,

1980-876: The Han dynasty, the Northern Silk Road was expanded to advance exploration and military purposes to the west. This Northern Silk Road is the northernmost of the Silk Roads and is about 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) in length. It connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an to the west over the Wushao Ling Pass to Wuwei and emerging in Kashgar before linking to ancient Parthia . The Xiongnu -led kingdom Northern Xia (407–431) set its capital in Tongwancheng . The Northern Song dynasty and

2046-550: The Lunar New Year, and during the birthdays of various locally-venerated deities. Such festivals are typically organized by local temple associations. 37°24′N 109°36′E  /  37.4°N 109.6°E  / 37.4; 109.6 Shaanxi Shaanxi is a province in Northwestern China . It borders the province-level divisions of Inner Mongolia to the north, Shanxi and Henan to

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2112-568: The National Torch Program, national software industry base, national software export base, city demonstrational area of national service outsourcing base. It is one of the four parks with "double bases" of software in China. Xi'an Software Park assembles 90% of enterprises engaging in software and service outsourcing in Xi'an. There were nearly 780 companies, of which foreign-funded enterprises account for 170, and over 71,000 jobholders in

2178-521: The People's Government of Shaanxi was established in Xi'an . Ma Minfang was then appointed as the first Governor of Shaanxi. As of the mid-19th century, Shaanxi exported animal skins, wine, liquor, and musk . Money loans were also common, with Shaanxi business people involved in the Guangzhou loan business. Shaanxi commonly imported European animal skins, watches, Chinese language books, and cloth. Shaanxi

2244-692: The Shaanxi Lu (circuit), governed from modern Xi'an in 997. The Yuan dynasty established Shaanxi Province (Yuan dynasty) , governed by a Branch Secretariat in 1286. After the founding of the Qing dynasty, Gansu was split from Shaanxi, but both provinces were governed under the Viceroy of Shaan-Gan . The Lantian Man site, with hominin fossils from approximately one million years ago, was found in Lantian County in northwestern Shaanxi province, near

2310-501: The area, and resulted in more damage and destruction to local temples. Under the Communist Party's Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region, Communist Party forces made a concentrated effort to neuter local shamans and mediums, which it denounced as backward and feudal. Organized religion saw a revival during the 1950s, when firm Communist Party control led to peace and economic recovery. While traditional religious leaders had much of their property redistributed during this time, ordinary peasants were on

2376-535: The city of Xi'an. Scientists classify Lantian Man as a subspecies of Homo erectus . The fossils are displayed at the Shaanxi History Museum , Xi'an, China. The geography of the area is described as being part of the Ordos Desert in the north along the border with Inner Mongolia, the Loess Plateau in the central part of the province, the Qin Mountains (Qinling) running east to west in

2442-650: The country via Shaanxi. One of the most devastating earthquakes in history occurred near Hua Shan in southeastern Shaanxi on January 23, 1556, killing an estimated 830,000 people (see 1556 Shaanxi earthquake ). The end of the short-lived Jiangxi Soviet signaled the beginning of the Long March by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communists to the Shaanxi Soviet at Yan'an. The administrative evolution of Shaanxi: The Northern Song established

2508-807: The cradle of Chinese civilization. During the Republican era , the city of Yan'an was near the endpoint of the Long March by the Chinese Red Army , who fled from Jiangxi after the Chinese Soviet Republic were destroyed by the Kuomintang armies, and became the birthplace of the Chinese Communist Revolution from late 1935 to early 1947 and the Communists formed the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region in constituent parts of Shaanxi. The vast majority of

2574-541: The dance group would hold a sickle instead of umbrella, and it is also known as "Struggle Yangge" ( 斗争秧歌 ; Dòuzhēng yānggē ) or "reform yangge". The new struggle yangge had roots in the traditional folk rite yangge that was performed in the rural parts of Northern China prior to the Japanese invasion of 1937. The folk rite was performative and was often associated with New Year’s celebrations, incorporating spirited dance, garish costumes, and loud music. The dance troupe

2640-487: The east, Hubei , Chongqing , and Sichuan to the south, and Gansu and Ningxia to the west. Shaanxi covers an area of over 205,000 km (79,000 sq mi) with about 37 million people, the 16th-largest in China. Xi'an  – which includes the sites of the former capitals Fenghao and Chang'an  – is the provincial capital and largest city in Northwest China and also one of

2706-399: The end of the 1970s, and underwent a revival during the 1980s and 1990s. By the 21st century, government institutions to support certain religious organizations had emerged, although said organizations must provide a certain level of political and financial support to the government. While there is a great deal of variety among Chinese folk religions within Shaanbei, the presence of deities

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2772-409: The first three are named after the props the dancer holds, while the fourth refers to a female dancer. In Liaoning and Beijing , a popular form is the stilt yangge where the dancers perform on stilts. There are many types of stilt yangge, for example "Jietang" is a group dance performed in the street; "Jiaxiang" involves the formation of a pyramid of different poses; "Dachang" is group dance done in

2838-523: The joy”. Struggle yangge’s purpose was to tell a story about the success of the CCP developments, of how the Communists came to power, about the valor and strength of the People’s Liberation Army, the undying support of the Chinese people, the righteous leadership of the CCP, and the bright socialist future of China. The story was told in three musical performances, consisting of song and dance, with

2904-591: The local region, its emphasis on expression rather than adhering to specific rules, use of thick outlines of shapes, use of artist's conception , heavy usage of symbolism , and bright colors. Traditional religion in Shaanbei underwent a major decline throughout the 20th century. Some within the May Fourth Movement during the early years of the Republic of China vandalized temples, converted temples to schools , and condemned traditional shamans. During

2970-566: The middle tier among China's administrative divisions. The fossil fuel and high technology sectors compose the two largest industries in Shaanxi Province. The high technology sector includes aircraft and aerospace industries and Shaanxi produces more than 50% of the R&;D and manufacturing equipment for the country's domestic commercial aviation industry. The meaning of the province, "Shan's west", traces to circa 1000 BC when

3036-446: The park by the end of 2008. Yangling Agriculture Hi-Tech Industrial Zone was approved as a national-level hi-tech development zone by State Council in 1997. It is 82 km (51 mi) from Xi'an to the east and 70 km (43 mi) from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport. Nearly all the people in Shaanxi are ethnic Han Chinese , with pockets of Hui population in the northwestern region (adjacent to Ningxia). Shaanxi province

3102-541: The population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration , while 1.57% of the population identifies as Christian. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 90.85% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism, Confucianism , Taoism, folk religious sects , and small minorities of Muslims . Professional sports teams based in Shaanxi include: Yangge Yangge ( Chinese : 秧歌 ; pinyin : yānggē ; lit. 'Rice Sprout Song')

3168-413: The population of Shaanxi is Han Chinese , with Hui , Manchu and Mongol being the more significant ethnic minorities . Mandarin Chinese is the main spoken language in Shaanxi, including Central Plains Mandarin and Southwestern Mandarin dialects; another variety of Chinese , Jin Chinese , is also spoken in the regions neighboring Shanxi. Shaanxi is China's 15th largest economy , ranking within

3234-688: The portrayal of ghosts, deities, Buddhist monks, and Daoist priests (elements that were common in rural yangge); no vulgarity or negative portrayals of the working class in the dances, and dancers were not permitted to wear excessive makeup. The power of the struggle yangge came from the dance’s simplicity and visibility, aimed at reaching a larger and wider audience. Unlike rural yangge with its complex and vast dance patterns, struggle yangge utilized simpler dance moves such as Double Cabbage Heart (spiraling move) and Dragon Waves Its Tail (snakelike movement) to, as one yangge dancer puts it, “to express an exuberant mood and to invite as many people as possible to share in

3300-581: The production of these performances in chronological order to achieve maximum impact. The first was The Great Yangge of the Celebration of Liberation (庆祝解放大秧歌), which told the war of liberation from the Nationalists. The second piece was The Great Musical of Long Live the People’s Victory (人民胜利万岁大歌舞), which illustrated the remembrance of the people’s victory in the revolution. The last musical

3366-405: The province in which Shaanbei is located in). Daoqing is a local form of shadow puppetry indigenous to Shaanbei. It emerged in the region in the 19th century, and has historically been performed by small, amateur and unorganized troupes. However, there have been records of professional daoqing troupes as early as the late 1930s, and activists began to form formal organizations for daoqing troupes by

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3432-837: The province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is considered to have less power than the Shaanxi Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary ( 中共陕西省委书记 ), colloquially termed the "Shaanxi CCP Party Chief "; since the Governor is always ranked as the First-Deputy Secretary in the Shaanxi Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee. Shaanxi was established as a provincial government since Qing dynasty . On 10 January 1950,

3498-474: The receiving end of this, and used a significant amount of the resources to further inclusionary religious activities, and reconstruct previously damaged and destroyed religious sites. Religious activity would face a period of mild repression beginning in the mid-1960s, and then a heightened period of suppression during the Cultural Revolution . Organized religion began to emerge from the shadows by

3564-647: The seven pioneer EPZs with the function of bonded logistics in China. XEPZ is under the leadership of the Administrative Committee of Xi'an Economic and Technological Development Zone (XETDZ), which is designated by Xi'an municipal government to exercise economic and administrative power within the zone. XEPZ is a special economic zone. By now, there are more than 40 enterprises home and abroad settled in XEPZ. The pillar industries feature aviation, machinery, electronics and new energy. The Western Triangle

3630-624: The south central part, and subtropical climate south of the Qinling. In between the Loess Plateau and the Qinling lies the Wei River Valley, or Guanzhong , a cradle of early Chinese civilization. Going clockwise, Shaanxi borders Shanxi (E, NE), Henan (E), Hubei (SE), Chongqing (S), Sichuan (SW), Gansu (W), Ningxia (NW), and Inner Mongolia (N). In terms of number of bordering provincial-level divisions, Shaanxi ties Inner Mongolia. Due to its large span in latitude, Shaanxi has

3696-428: The struggles of rural life, such as poverty and arranged marriages . Many of these folks songs are hundreds of years old, and passed down from generation to generation. Certain celebrations in Shaanbei are accompanied by dancers hoisting Ansai waist-drums called yaogu ( 腰鼓 ), small drums strapped to the front of the dancers' waist. This tradition gained national notoriety through the film Yellow Earth, which included

3762-402: The town. The leader of the procession of dancers is called the santou or "Umbrella" who wields an umbrella to lead the movement of the group. He also sings, usually improvised, while the others will repeat his last line. Various characters may appear in the procession, such as the two comic characters Big-Headed Monk and Liu Cui ( 柳翠 ), and the Eight Immortals . The procession first follows

3828-402: The traditional yangge dance, more accessible for the masses. By the mid-1940s, some traditional performing arts began to incorporate explicit pro-Communist political messaging. Shaanbei's style of folk-singing is distinct from other types of folk singing throughout China, and has gained fame via a number of media depictions, such as in the 1984 film Yellow Earth . The songs are typically about

3894-399: The yangge is the village play, an anthology of which was published by Sidney D. Gamble in 1970, based on transcriptions made by Li Jinghan as part of the Ding Xian Experiment 's surveys in the 1930s. The Yangge drama or Yangge opera ( 秧歌剧 ) usually consists of a quatrain of seven stanzas or long and short sentences. An example is the founding piece of the China National Opera when it

3960-462: The zone includes Xi'an-Xianyang International Airport and National Highway 310, and industries operating within the zone include auto parts, electronics, IT, pharmaceuticals and bioengineering industries and new materials. Shaanxi Xi'an Export Processing Zone (XEPZ) was approved on 21 June 2002 by the State Council for its establishment and was put on 5 April 2004. As the first state-level export processing zone in northwest China, XEPZ has become one of

4026-445: Was The Great Yangge of Building the Motherland (建设祖国大秧歌), which depicts the construction of a new socialist country under the leadership of the CCP. The production of each performance was elaborate and complex, with shows lasting four to five hours. There are two major types of yangge, one is Stilt Yangge which is performed on stilts, the other is Ground Yangge which is more common and is performed without stilts. Another version of

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4092-426: Was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign. The fossil fuel and high technology sectors compose the two largest industries in Shaanxi province. During 2009, the province ranked third in China for production of coal, natural gas and crude oil. As the home of several of the leading universities and research institutes in Western China, Shaanxi province also plays

4158-526: Was approved as a national zone in 2000. The zone is 20 minutes from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport, and national highways pass through. It has formed four pillar industries: automotive, electronics, food, and new materials industries. So far, the zone has attracted more than 1,700 enterprises. Xi'an HTDZ opened its gates in 1991. It was established as a "pivotal location" for investment by high-tech industry companies in central and northwest China. Established in 1991, Xi'an Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

4224-404: Was founded in Yan'an in 1942, which was with a performance of a Yangge drama Brothers and Sisters Opening up the Wasteland ( 兄妹开荒 ). The Yangko owed something to normal huaju spoken drama, but with dance, and songs added. The dance may be in large groups of a dozen to a hundred people, or in two or three-person groups. The dancers move from location to location, visiting different parts of

4290-466: Was led by a leader dancer known as santou (umbrella head) and consisted of dancers, ranging from a few dozen to more than one hundred dancers. Simple plays were enacted during the dance, mostly about everyday life in rural China. The songs that accompanied the folk rite were conversations between young men and women about love or congratulatory greetings, and the swinging movements of the dances were generally sexually suggestive. The struggle yangge that

4356-420: Was popularized by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in urban settings from 1949 to 1951 was a political instrument used to communicate the socialist ideals of the CCP to the people. In fact, the dance limited artistic freedom and improvisation with specific guidelines that the dance must adhere to including: prohibition of male performers to dress as women; elimination of any flirtatious or erotic moves; forbiddened

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