Zhou loyalists
62-598: Three Guards, separatists and Shang loyalists Dongyi and Huaiyi The Rebellion of the Three Guards ( simplified Chinese : 三监之乱 ; traditional Chinese : 三監之亂 ; pinyin : Sān Jiàn zhī Luàn ), or less commonly the Wu Geng Rebellion ( simplified Chinese : 武庚之乱 ; traditional Chinese : 武庚之亂 ), was a civil war , instigated by an alliance of discontent Zhou princes, Shang loyalists, vassal states and other non-Zhou peoples against
124-799: A "corpse"' with two bent legs or a "barbarian" custom of sitting with one's legs stretched out instead of the Chinese norm of squatting on one's heels . The early China historian Li Feng says the Western Zhou bronze graph for Yí was "differentiated from rén 人 (human) by its kneeling gesture, clearly implying a population that was deemed a potential source of slaves or servants", thus meaning "foreign conquerable". Axel Schuessler hypothesizes an Old Chinese etymological development from * li 夷 "extend; expose; display; set out; spread out" to * lhi 尸 "to spread out; lie down flat (in order to sleep); motionless; to set forth (sacrificial dishes)", to "personator of
186-460: A dead ancestor", and to "corpse". Historical linguists have tentatively reconstructed yí 夷's ancient pronunciations and etymology . The Modern Standard Chinese pronunciation yí descends from (c. 6th–9th centuries CE) Middle Chinese and (c. 6th–3rd centuries BCE) Old Chinese . Middle and Old Chinese reconstructions of yí 夷 "barbarian; spread out" include i < * djər , yij < * ljɨj , jiɪ < * lil , and ji < * ləi . As to
248-885: A passage in The Analects that reads, "The Master (i.e., Confucius ) desired to live among the Nine Yi." The term "Dongyi" is not used for this period. Shang dynasty oracle shell and bone writings record yi but not Dongyi . Shima Kunio's concordance of oracle inscriptions lists twenty occurrences of the script for 夷 or 尸, most frequently (6 times) in the compound zhishi 祉尸 "bless the personator; blessed personator". Michael Carr notes some contexts are ambiguous, but suggests, "Three compounds refer to 'barbarians' (in modern characters, fayi 伐夷 'attack barbarians', zhengyi 征夷 'punish barbarians', and yifang 夷方 'barbarian regions')." Oracle inscriptions record that Shang King Wu Ding (r. c. 1250–1192 BCE) made military expeditions on
310-526: A person wrapped with something, and in the earliest oracle bone script as a person with a bent back and legs. The (121 CE) Shuowen Jiezi character dictionary, defines yí 夷 as "people of the east, big 大 bow 弓" 東方 之 人 也 從 大 從 弓 . Elsewhere in the Shuowen Jiezi , under the entry of qiang 羌 , the term yí is associated with benevolence and human longevity. Yí countries are therefore virtuous places where people live long lives. This
372-542: A ruling triumvirate with himself as de facto leader. In the East, however, the Duke of Zhou's takeover caused great resentment among the Three Guards, as Guanshu and Caishu suspected their brother of usurpation. Furthermore, Guanshu was older than Dan, and the traditional line of seniority would have favored him as regent. According to Li Feng , communication in the Western Zhou period would also take forty to sixty days to traverse
434-543: A single or two cities were built. The land redistribution, government reform, and colonization program strengthened and stabilized the Zhou government, while the Duke of Zhou expounded the Mandate of Heaven in response to the rebellion. As a propaganda tool, the Mandate was used to legitimize the new dynasty morally and spiritually. Greatly empowered, the Zhou dynasty entered an era of prosperity and expansion that lasted until it
496-548: A threat to the central kingdom. The fiefs that were given to members of the royal family were generally placed at strategic points all along the two main geographic axes of north China, the Yellow River and the Taihang Mountains . The "Fengjian enfeoffment system would become the foundation of Zhou rule and the dynasty's crowning achievement". The rebel states of Guan , Yan, Pugu, and Cai were dissolved, though
558-726: A twin capital, with Feng continuing to serve the rituals of the Zhou ancestral shrine and gardens and Hao containing the royal palace and government administration. Both were abandoned in 771 BC during the Quanrong invasion that drove the Zhou out of the Wei River Valley and brought an end to its Western dynasty. The capital of the Eastern Zhou was located at Chengzhou . The ruins of Fenghao lie in present-day southwest Xi'an in Shaanxi Province . The site
620-708: Is the modern name of the twin city formed by the Western Zhou capitals of Feng and Hao on opposite banks of the Feng River near its confluence with the Wei River in Shaanxi , China . As King Wen (ruled c. 1099 –1050 BCE) expanded the territory of the Predynastic Zhou east into Shanxi in preparation for an assault on his nominal Shang overlords, he constructed a new capital on
682-666: Is why Confucius wanted to go to yí countries when the dao could not be realized in the central states . The scholar Léon Wieger provided multiple definitions to the term yí : "The men 大 armed with bows 弓, the primitive inhabitants, barbarians, borderers of the Eastern Sea, inhabitants of the South-West countries." Bernhard Karlgren says that in the bronze script for yí inscribed on Zhou dynasty (c. 1045 BCE – c. 256 BCE) Chinese bronze inscriptions , "The graph has 'man' and 'arrow', or 'arrow' with something wound around
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#1732765635512744-570: The Huai River region and had little connection to either the Zhou or the Shang, joined the rebel forces. Among them was the state of Xu , which would grow into one of the Zhou dynasty's greatest enemies. Some vassal states in the east remained loyal, however, such as Song under Weizi Qi , and Northern Yan under the Marquis Ke, son of the Duke of Shao. Among the eastern loyalists was also
806-678: The Warring States period , owing to cultural changes in Chinese concepts of Self and Other. When the (c. 4th BCE) Classic of Rites recorded stereotypes about the Siyi "Four Barbarians" ( Dongyi , Xirong , Nanman , and Beidi ) in the four directions, Dongyi had acquired a clearly pejorative nuance. The people of those five regions – the Middle states, and the [Rong], [Yi], (and other wild tribes around them) – had all their several natures, which they could not be made to alter. The tribes on
868-412: The Wei River valley under King Wen. Following his death, his son King Wu of Zhou defeated the Shang dynasty and conquered the latter's capital of Yin in 1046 BC. The Zhou dynasty supplanted the old Shang rule, but uncertainty and unrest remained. Most of the eastern vassal states remained loyal to the fallen Shang dynasty and resented the new "barbarian" rulers. King Wu recognized this, and appointed
930-479: The Western Zhou government under the Duke of Zhou 's regency in late 11th century BC. After the fall of the Shang dynasty, King Wu of Zhou had appointed his younger brothers Guanshu, Caishu and Huoshu as the "Three Guards" of the East to secure the newly conquered Shang lands. After his death and his young son King Cheng 's coronation, King Wu's brother Dan, the Duke of Zhou , declared himself regent and took over
992-399: The Western Zhou in 771 BC. The Duke of Zhou also recognized that the kingdom was too large to be ruled from the western court at Fenghao, so that he decided that "the construction of an eastern administrative center seemed inevitable if [the Zhou kings] were to maintain their rule in the east". The second capital (Chengzhou/ Wangcheng ) was located near Luoyang, though it is still unclear if
1054-664: The Yi might have been a certain tribe or group of people that was neighboring the Shang." During the Spring and Autumn period , Jin , Zheng , Qi and Song tried to seize control of the Huai River basin, which the Huaiyi occupied. Still, the region ultimately fell under the influence of Chu to the south. Simultaneously, people in the east and south ceased to be called Dongyi as they founded their own states. These Yifang states included
1116-697: The character Yi . As for the Xià dynasty, some groups of people are referred to as the Yi. For example, the Yu Gong chapter of the Shu Ji or Book of Documents terms people in Qingzhou and Xuzhou Laiyi ( 萊夷 ), Yuyi ( 嵎夷 ) and Huaiyi ( 淮夷 ). Another Yi-related term is Jiu-Yi ( 九夷 ), literally Nine Yi , which could have also had the connotation The Numerous Yi or The Many Different Kinds of Yi , and which appears in
1178-591: The Dongyi and collapsed afterward. Oracle bone inscriptions from the early 11th century BCE refer to campaigns by the late Shang king Di Yi against the Rénfāng ( 人方 ), a group occupying the area of southern Shandong and Jianghuai (northern Anhui and Jiangsu ). Many Chinese archaeologists apply the historical name "Dongyi" to the archaeological Yueshi culture (1900–1500 BCE). Other scholars, such as Fang Hui, consider this identification problematic because of
1240-481: The Duke of Zhou personally commanding the conquest of Feng and Pugu. Yan was also attacked by loyalist forces, but managed to hold out. In the war's third year, the Zhou royal army led by King Cheng and the Duke of Zhou conducted a punitive expedition against the Huai peoples and thereupon attacked Yan again, finally defeating it. Overall, Dan's forces brought several peoples of the eastern seaboard under Zhou rule, expanding
1302-597: The Earl of Ge, and possibly fought for the restoration of the Shang dynasty. Nevertheless, such uprisings remained local and weak, so that Shang loyalism never again posed a serious threat to the Zhou dynasty. As the Duke of Zhou was later "revered as paragon of wisdom and humility" and respected as "great example" by Confucius , the revolt against his regency was consequently vilified. The Three Guards were considered as "evil men of old", over whom Duke Dan's virtue had triumphed. This interpretation dominated moralistic renditions of
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#17327656355121364-580: The Rebellion of the Three Guards with the Three Rebellions in Shouchun , regarding the rebels as dutiful men fighting against usurping regents (the Duke of Zhou and Sima Yi , respectively). Dongyi The Dongyi or Eastern Yi ( Chinese : 東夷 ; pinyin : Dōngyí ) was a collective term for ancient peoples found in Chinese records. The definition of Dongyi varied across
1426-540: The Shang dynasty's restoration. Despite this and the proclamation of the Mandate of Heaven which delegitimized the Shang rule, militant Shang loyalism and resistance against the Zhou regime persisted well after the Rebellion of the Three Guards. Around 979 BC, sixty years after the rebellion, war broke out between the Zhou kingdom under King Kang , Chang's successor, and the Guifang of Shanxi and northern Shaanxi . The latter were reportedly supported by Shang diehards under
1488-409: The Shang people. In line with the creation of several new states, a program of rapid colonization was initiated by settling Zhou people and building new cities in the East in order to subjugate the hostile Dongyi and Huaiyi. As result, the Rebellion of the Three Guards began the military conflict between the Zhou dynasty and the independent tribes and states of the East, which would last until the fall of
1550-485: The Spring and Autumn period. At the same time, it continued to have a specific reference, denoting especially the Yi of the Huai River region, who constituted a recognized political entity. Paradoxically the Yi was considered the most 'civilized' of the non-Chinese peoples." It is not easy to determine people's times that a Classical Chinese document reflects. Literature describing a pre- Xia dynasty period does not use
1612-420: The Yi under its control. The most notable example is the successful campaign against the Huaiyi and the Dongyi led by the Duke of Zhou . On the other hand, historian Huang Yang notes that in the Shang period, "the term Yi probably did not carry the sense of 'barbarian'. Rather it simply denoted one of the many tribes or regions that were the target of the Shang military campaigns ... Therefore, we see that
1674-404: The Yi were Austroasiatic speakers. Laurent Sagart (2008) instead suggested that the Yi languages were ancestral to Austronesian languages and formed a sister-group to Sino-Tibetan . The sinologist Edwin G. Pulleyblank describes how Yi usages semantically changed. "Their name furnished the primary Chinese term for 'barbarian' and is sometimes used in such a generalized sense as early as
1736-553: The Yi, and King Di Xin (r. c. 1075–1046 BCE) waged a massive campaign against the Yifang 夷方 "barbarian regions". It appears that the Yifang (夷方) were the same people as Huaiyi (淮夷 Huai River Yi), Nanhuaiyi (南淮夷 Southern Huai Yi ), Nanyi (南夷 Southern Yi in Yangtze River Delta ) and Dongyi (東夷 Eastern Yi / Shandong Yi) according to bronzeware inscriptions of the Western Zhou dynasty. The Zhou dynasty attempted to keep
1798-405: The Zhou dynasty, as it had long fought the Shang for independence. After ordering the eastern lands, King Wu returned west to his capital Fenghao , where he appointed his other brothers, Dan, the Duke of Zhou and Shi, the Duke of Shao , royal chancellor and "Grand Protector", respectively. These two quickly became the two most powerful figures at the court. King Wu died around 1043 BC, leaving
1860-639: The aforementioned Dongyi state of Xue, which had no desire for the restoration of the Shang dynasty. The Records of the Grand Historian reported the existence of two more loyalist states in Shandong at the time, Qi and Lu , but this is not supported by other textual or archaeological sources. After being informed of the revolt, King Cheng allegedly performed turtle shell divination in an attempt to determine whether or not to attack his uncles. The oracles regarding such an attack were auspicious, but
1922-592: The ages, but in most cases referred to inhabitants of eastern China, then later, the Korean peninsula and Japanese Archipelago. Dongyi refers to different group of people in different periods. As such, the name "Yí" 夷 was something of a catch-all and was applied to different groups over time. According to the earliest Chinese record, the Zuo Zhuan , the Shang dynasty was attacked by King Wu of Zhou while attacking
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1984-453: The authority of Zhou kingdom into East China , transforming it into an empire using the new Fengjian system. Edward L. Shaughnessy called the rebellion "a succession crisis that has come to be seen as defining moment not only for the Western Zhou dynasty but for the entire history of Chinese statecraft". In 1059 BC, an extremely rare planetary conjunction occurred as Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn were visible in
2046-465: The civil war for centuries. Despite the generally negative view towards the rebels, there have been scholars who attempted a reassessment of the Three Guards. Ji Kang , a famous author of the Three Kingdoms period, wrote an essay about Guanshu and Caishu, in which he argued that the rebellious brothers had "sincere reasons to doubt the wisdom" of Duke Dan's regency. As a Cao loyalist he linked
2108-499: The court. This aroused the anger of the Three Guards who suspected Dan of usurpation and believed that they should serve as regents. The Three Guards allied with many separatist eastern nobles, Shang loyalists under Prince Wu Geng , and several Dongyi and Huaiyi ( 淮夷 ) states in rebellion. The Duke of Zhou then launched a second "eastern campaign" to put down the rebellion, and defeated the rebels in three years, killing or disempowering their leaders. In doing so, he also further expanded
2170-414: The difficult mountain roads in western Henan , causing "a problem of miscommunication and therefore mistrust between the Zhou commanders stationed on the eastern plain and the new leadership in the capital." In 1042 BC, the second year of the Duke of Zhou's regency, Guanshu and Caishu finally instigated Wu Geng and his followers to rise in rebellion. The two rebellious brothers quickly convinced Huoshu of
2232-437: The east were called [Yi]. They had their hair unbound and tattooed their bodies. Some of them ate their food without it being cooked. Those on the south were called Man. They tattooed their foreheads and had their feet turned in towards each other. Some of them (also) ate their food without it being cooked. Those on the west were called [Rong]. They had their hair unbound and wore skins. Some of them did not eat grain-food. Those on
2294-430: The ethnonym might have referred to a people living by the sea, When analyzing possible Austroasiatic loanwords into Old Chinese, Schuessler noticed that one layer of loanwords, from one or more Austroasiatic language(s) into Old Chinese spoken in the Yellow River basin, showed affinities to modern Khmeric and Khmuic languages , and occasionally to Monic . Earlier, Edwin G. Pulleyblank (1983, 1999) also proposed that
2356-594: The exit of the Ying River valley connecting with the Luoyang plain and right at the entrance to the Nanyang Basin , controlling the road to the middle Yangtze region". Furthermore, the rebels were able to gain several external allies. Led by the states of Pugu and Yan , powerful Shang sympathizers, most of the Dongyi polities of Shandong rallied to the rebel cause. Even some Huaiyi tribes, which controlled
2418-424: The fighting, as the government needed not only much time to mobilize its forces, but also at least two months to move them out of the Wei River valley and deploy them on the eastern plain. As result, the rebels remained largely unchallenged for almost a year. After the long preparations, however, the dukes of Zhou and Shao finally launched the second "eastern campaign" to put down the rebellion. Bronze inscriptions of
2480-457: The high frequency of migrations in prehistoric populations of the region. The Chinese word yí in Dōngyí has a long history and complex semantics. The modern Chinese regular script character 夷 for yí combines radicals (recurring character elements) da 大 "big" and gong 弓 "bow", which are also seen in the seal script . However, yí was written in the earlier bronze script as
2542-404: The king's advisors all urged him to disregard them in the face of the difficulty of an offensive and the unrest among the people. The king acknowledged this difficulty and disquietude, but refused to go against the apparent will of Heaven . The Duke of Zhou, eager to regain the east, probably supported the king's decision. At first, the remaining loyalist states in the East had to bear the bulk of
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2604-437: The kingdom greatly. Following the rebellion, the Duke of Zhou established the new Fengjian system in order to consolidate the Zhou rule and to stabilize the kingdom. The vassal states of the Zhou kingdom were reorganized: Two thirds of the states were bestowed to members of the royal family and families loyal to them, while members of the house of Shang and their allies were transferred to distant fiefs where they could not pose
2666-418: The last Shang king Di Xin 's son Wu Geng as the deputy ruler of the east. He hoped that by doing so, the Zhou could rule the eastern lands through a Shang prince. Still wary of possible revolts against his rule, King Wu left his three brothers Guanshu Xian , Caishu Du , and Huoshu Chu ( 霍叔處 [ zh ] ) as the "Three Overseers" of the newly conquered lands and ordered them to watch over Wu Geng and
2728-491: The late Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BCE). This oracle bone script was used interchangeably for yí 夷, rén 人 "human", and shī 尸 "corpse; personator of the dead ; inactive; lay out". The archeologist and scholar Guo Moruo believed the oracle graph for yi denotes "a dead body, i.e., the killed enemy", while the bronze graph denotes "a man bound by a rope, i.e., a prisoner or slave". The historical linguist Xu Zhongshu explains this oracle character depicts either
2790-428: The latter was later revived. The territories of Yan and Pugu were annexed into the newly founded states of Lu and Qi, respectively. The Shang royal domain at Yin was dismantled and integrated into Wey, which was given to Kangshu Feng, a loyalist uncle of King Cheng. Meanwhile, Weizi Qi, who was Wu Geng's uncle but had remained loyal throughout the revolt, was enfeoffed with the state of Song , an ancient cultural center of
2852-543: The most recent reconstruction, William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart (2014) reconstruct the Old Chinese name of yí 夷 as * ləj . As Yuèjuèshū ( 越絕書 ) states that the Yue word for "sea" is also 夷 (* li → yí ), Sinologist Axel Schuessler proposes an Austroasiatic etymology for the ethnonym * li by comparing to Khmer ทะเล dhle "sea", from Pre-Angkorian Old Khmer ទន្លេ danle(y) "large expanse of water"; thus
2914-490: The north were called [Di]. They wore skins of animals and birds and dwelt in caves. Some of them also did not eat grain-food. The people of the Middle States, and of those [Yi], Man, [Rong], and [Di], all had their dwellings, where they lived at ease; their flavors which they preferred; the clothes suitable for them; their proper implements for use; and their vessels which they prepared in abundance. In those five regions,
2976-464: The northwestern sky over northern China, grouped closely together. This was taken by the Zhou people as sign of great importance, showcasing that their ruler had been granted the " Mandate of Heaven ". Declaring himself king, Wen of Zhou broke away from his previous overlords, the Shang dynasty, and launched a war for dominance over China. The Zhou consolidated the territories surrounding their homeland in
3038-462: The other eastern nobles. But not only the states of the Central Plain wanted to restore the Shang dynasty. Many Dongyi tribes and states of Shandong were "Shang strongholds" with strong cultural and political ties to the fallen regime, as they had served as the late dynasty's allies and vassals for over two centuries. Among them, only the state of Xue in southern Shandong welcomed the rise of
3100-402: The people's languages were not mutually intelligible, and their likings and desires were different. To make what was in their minds apprehended, and to communicate their likings and desires, (there were officers) – in the east, called transmitters; in the south, representations; in the west, [Di-dis]; and in the north, interpreters. The more " China " expanded, the further east the term "Dongyi"
3162-419: The power should remain with the royal family to prevent usurpation. Possibly as result of this debate, the Duke of Zhou finally retired from court politics in 1036 BC, returning the official power to King Cheng and leaving the Duke of Shao as the most powerful man in the kingdom. At the same time, the failure of Wu Geng's rebellion and the following dismantlement of the Shang state ended any realistic chances for
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#17327656355123224-416: The rightfulness of their cause, uniting the Three Guards against the Duke of Zhou. They and the Shang loyalists were soon joined by many independent-minded nobles, especially from the southeast. Large swaths of the Zhou dynasty's eastern realm rose against the official government at Fenghao, including some states that controlled crucial passes and routes. The rebel state of Ying , for example, "was located near
3286-765: The section of "Siyi" (barbarians in four directions) along with "Xirong", "Nanman", and "Beidi". The Book of Sui , the Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang adopt the section of "Dongyi" and covers eastern Manchuria, Korea, Japan, and, optionally, Sakhalin and Taiwan. During the Song dynasty, the official history books replaced Dongyi with Waiguo ( 外國 ) and Waiyi ( 外夷 ). Fenghao 34°13′N 108°43′E / 34.21°N 108.72°E / 34.21; 108.72 Fenghao ( simplified Chinese : 沣 镐 ; traditional Chinese : 灃 鎬 ; pinyin : Fēnghào )
3348-632: The shaft." The Yi, or Dongyi, are associated with the bow and arrow: K. C. Wu says the modern character 夷 designating the historical "Yí peoples", is composed of the characters for 大 "big (person)" and 弓 "bow"; which implies a big person carrying a bow, and also that this old form of this Chinese Character was composed with an association of a particular group of people with the use of the bow in mind. Some classic Chinese history records like Zuo Zhuan , Shuowen Jiezi , Classic of Rites , all have some similar records about this. The earliest records of yi were inscribed on oracle bones dating from
3410-505: The states of Xu , Lai , Zhongli, Ju and Jiang. The small state of Jie was based around present-day Jiaozhou . The state of Xu occupied large areas of modern Jiangsu and Anhui provinces between the Huai and Yangtze Rivers. Eventually, after warring with Chu and Wu, it was conquered by the State of Wu in 512 BCE. Chu annexed the State of Jiang, destroyed the State of Ju, whose territory
3472-457: The throne to his eldest son, Song, to be known as King Cheng of Zhou. The Duke of Zhou, however, claimed that King Cheng was too young to rule, which was probably untrue. Either way, he declared himself regent for Cheng and took over the court. Despite some initial criticism, Dan managed to win over the most important court members, and firmly established his position at the capital. Together with his half-brother Duke of Shao and King Cheng, he formed
3534-428: The time suggest that King Cheng himself participated in the counter-insurgency campaign as commander, further disproving the later claim that he was a child at the time. Aided by the military strategists Lü Shang , the loyalists exterminated the Shang loyalists in the second year of the rebellion after hard fighting that saw the complete destruction of Yin and the death of Prince Wu Geng . The Three Guards' main force
3596-561: The west bank of the Feng about 100 kilometres (62 mi) downstream from Zhou's original capital on the Wei River below Mount Qi . This city was called Feng, Fengxi, or Fengjing ( 灃 京 , Fēngjīng ). After his son Fa defeated the Shang at Muye and ascended the throne as King Wu (ruled c. 1046 –1043 BCE) of the Zhou dynasty , the capital was moved to a new establishment on the east bank called Hao or Haojing . The two formed
3658-437: Was also defeated, and Guanshu Xian and Huoshu Chu were captured, while Caishu Du fled into exile or was banished. Guanshu was executed and Huoshu stripped of his titles and demoted to a commoner. Despite his victory, the Duke of Zhou pressed on and further campaigned against the eastern rebel allies that were located beyond the Zhou kingdom's borders. Shortly after the Three Guards' defeat, the loyalists advanced into Shandong, with
3720-431: Was annexed by the State of Qi. Recent archaeological excavations reveal that the State of Xu's presence extended to western Jiangxi in modern Jing'an County. This includes bronzeware inscriptions about the State of Xu and a tomb with many nanmu coffins containing sacrificial female victims. Dongyi customs include burials with many sacrificial victims and veneration of the sun. References to Dongyi became ideological during
3782-685: Was applied to. The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian uses the term "Manyi" ( 蠻夷 ), but not "Dongyi". It puts the section of "Xinanyi (southwestern Yi) liezhuan (biographies)", but not "Dongyi liezhuan". The Book of Han does not put this section either but calls a Dongye ( 濊 ) chief in the Korean Peninsula as Dongyi. The Book of Later Han puts the section of "Dongyi liezhuan (東夷列傳)" and covers Buyeo , Yilou , Goguryeo , Eastern Okjeo , Hui, Samhan and Wa , in other words, eastern Manchuria , Korea , Japan and some other islands. The Book of Jin positioned Dongyi inside
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#17327656355123844-422: Was severely weakened by the war with Chu 961–957 BC. The triumvirate of Duke Dan of Zhou, King Cheng, and Duke Shi of Shao continued to rule the Zhou kingdom for three more years after the civil war. Eventually, however, Dan and his half-brother Shi fell out about the right form of government. Duke Dan, his own position as royal chancellor and regent in mind, opted for a meritocracy , while Duke Shi believed that
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