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40-650: The reserve was established in 2012 when the Shatskiy Biosphere Reserve in Ukraine, Polesie National Park in Poland, and Pribuzhskoye Polesie Biosphere Reserve in Belarus were combined to create a UNESCO-certified biosphere reserve. The former Shatskiy Biosphere Reserve , established by UNESCO in 2002, was absorbed into this new reserve and renamed. The region's administrative offices are located in

80-623: A free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings​ , FAO, FAO. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief​ , FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

120-602: A "Jewish reservation" in the area of today's Polesie National Park known for its swampy nature. Adolf Eichmann was assigned the task of removing all Jews from Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia to this reservation. The first short-term plan to be implemented was to concentrate the Jews around Nisko. Deportations began in October 1939. The " Nisko Plan " initially intended to remove 80,000 Jews from

160-609: A faculty at the Federal University of Paraná , in Curitiba. Today, forestry education typically includes training in general biology , ecology , botany , genetics , soil science , climatology , hydrology , economics and forest management . Education in the basics of sociology and political science is often considered an advantage. Professional skills in conflict resolution and communication are also important in training programs. In India, forestry education

200-455: A mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of different species , building and maintenance of roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire . The first dedicated forestry school was established by Georg Ludwig Hartig at Hungen in the Wetterau , Hesse , in 1787, though forestry had been taught earlier in central Europe, including at

240-455: A region. A related discipline is the study of sylvics, which focuses on the autecology of genera and species. The provenance of forest reproductive material used to plant forests has a great influence on how the trees develop, hence why it is important to use forest reproductive material of good quality and of high genetic diversity . More generally, all forest management practices, including in natural regeneration systems , may impact

280-552: A swampy terrain adjacent to the park. Currently, the park occupies 97.62 km (37.69 sq mi), of which forests make up 47.8 km , and water and wastelands 20.9 km . The idea of creating a national park in the Polish part of Polesie first appeared in 1959. Over the following years a few preserves were organized here, and in 1982 the government announced the creation of Poleski Park Krajobrazowy ( Polesie Landscape Park ). Currently, even though Polesie's infrastructure

320-504: Is a National Park in Lublin Voivodeship , eastern Poland , in the Polish part of the historical region of Polesia . Created in 1990 over an area of 48.13 square kilometres, it covers a number of former peat-bog preserves: Durne Marsh (Durne Bagno), Moszne Lake (Jezioro Moszne), Długie Lake (Jezioro Długie), Orłowskie Peatland (Torfowisko Orłowskie). In 1994 its size was augmented by the addition of Bubnów Marsh (Bagno Bubnów),

360-412: Is also a small scientific exhibition, connected with an asylum for disabled animals. Forestry Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands . The science of forestry has elements that belong to

400-929: Is an important economic segment in various industrial countries, as forests provide more than 86 million green jobs and support the livelihoods of many more people. For example, in Germany, forests cover nearly a third of the land area, wood is the most important renewable resource , and forestry supports more than a million jobs and about €181 billion of value to the German economy each year. Worldwide, an estimated 880 million people spend part of their time collecting fuelwood or producing charcoal, many of them women.  Human populations tend to be low in areas of low-income countries with high forest cover and high forest biodiversity, but poverty rates in these areas tend to be high. Some 252 million people living in forests and savannahs have incomes of less than US$ 1.25 per day. Over

440-644: Is imparted in the agricultural universities and in Forest Research Institutes (deemed universities). Four year degree programmes are conducted in these universities at the undergraduate level. Masters and Doctorate degrees are also available in these universities. In the United States, postsecondary forestry education leading to a Bachelor's degree or Master's degree is accredited by the Society of American Foresters . In Canada

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480-624: Is mainly suitable to regions with small-scale multi-functional forest management systems Forestry literature is the books, journals and other publications about forestry. The first major works about forestry in the English language included Roger Taverner 's Booke of Survey (1565), John Manwood 's A Brefe Collection of the Lawes of the Forrest (1592) and John Evelyn 's Sylva (1662). [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

520-520: Is no sharp boundary between plant taxonomy and dendrology; woody plants not only belong to many different plant families , but these families may be made up of both woody and non-woody members. Some families include only a few woody species . Dendrology, as a discipline of industrial forestry, tends to focus on identification of economically useful woody plants and their taxonomic interrelationships. As an academic course of study, dendrology will include all woody plants, native and non-native, that occur in

560-644: Is particularly rich with flora is the Bagno Bubnów. Animal life is abundant, including 21 species of fish, 12 species of amphibians, 6 species of reptiles and up to 150 species of birds (including several endangered eagles). Out of 35 species of mammals, one can point out otters , elks , beavers and bats . The ecosystems of swamps and peat-bogs, which dominate the park's landscape, are considered very delicate and can easily be influenced by several outside factors. Some unfortunate changes were made by draining swamps, which took place mainly during World War II, when

600-584: Is quite well developed, it is rarely visited by tourists. The national park and neighbouring areas form the West Polesie biosphere reserve , designated by UNESCO in 2002. The Shatsky National Natural Park is adjacent on the Ukrainian side of the border. The Park is also protected under the Ramsar convention as an important wetland site. After the invasion of Poland , Nazi Germany planned to set up

640-436: Is the biological science of studying forests and woodlands , incorporating the understanding of natural forest ecosystems , and the effects and development of silvicultural practices. The term complements silviculture , which deals with the art and practice of forest management. Silvology is seen as a single science for forestry and was first used by Professor Roelof A.A. Oldeman at Wageningen University . It integrates

680-482: Is the extraction of forest products, are planned and managed to utilize a mix of ecological and agroecological principles. In many regions of the world there is considerable conflict between forest practices and other societal priorities such as water quality, watershed preservation, sustainable fishing, conservation, and species preservation. Silvology ( Latin : silva or sylva , "forests and woods"; Ancient Greek : -λογία , -logia , "science of" or "study of")

720-431: Is the foundation of biological diversity at species and ecosystem levels. Forest genetic resources are therefore important to consider in forest management. Genetic diversity in forests is threatened by forest fires , pests and diseases, habitat fragmentation , poor silvicultural practices and inappropriate use of forest reproductive material. About 98 million hectares of forest were affected by fire in 2015; this

760-686: The Aquatic warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola) bird. The Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis) and Eurasian crane (Grus grus) species of birds also use the area as a breeding ground . The region covers important migratory pathways for birds, including a north–south pathway from the White Sea to the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea , and east–west migration. The plant species Silene lituanica and Festuca polessica are native to

800-807: The Brest Oblast of Belarus were used as the basis to form the West Polesie Biosphere Reserve. All three countries applied to include the reserve in UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves . During the 24th session of the UNESCO's International Coordinating Council for their Man and the Biosphere Programme , they considered and approved the reserve's application. In 2012, the West Polesie Transboundary Biosphere Reserve

840-518: The Lublin reservation failed because of logistical factors. Notably, in less than two years the whole district would lend itself to the industrialized murder of hundreds of thousands of Jews during Operation Reinhard . The park lies on the Łęczna - Włodawa Lakeland ( Pojezierze Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie ). In the south it borders the Lublin Upland , in the north the region of Podlaskie , and in

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880-790: The Poleski National Park in Poland, the Shatskyi National Nature Park in Ukraine, and the Pribuzskoye Polesie in Belarus. In 1983, the Shatsk National Nature Park was established to protect rare natural complexes in the Shatsk Lakes region. The national park contained 48,977 hectares of area, and in 2002, it was used as a basis to create the Shatskiy Biosphere Reserve, designated by UNESCO. In 1990, in Poland,

920-776: The University of Giessen , in Hesse-Darmstadt . In Spain, the first forestry school was the Forest Engineering School of Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), founded in 1844. The first in North America, the Biltmore Forest School was established near Asheville , North Carolina, by Carl A. Schenck on September 1, 1898, on the grounds of George W. Vanderbilt's Biltmore Estate . Another early school

960-744: The effects of climate change . Most countries in Europe have recommendations or guidelines for selecting species and provenances that can be used in a given site or zone. Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with overall administrative, legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and technical aspects, such as silviculture , forest protection , and forest regulation . This includes management for timber, aesthetics , recreation , urban values, water , wildlife , inland and nearshore fisheries, wood products , plant genetic resources , and other forest resource values . Management objectives can be for conservation, utilisation, or

1000-1211: The Canadian Institute of Forestry awards silver rings to graduates from accredited university BSc programs, as well as college and technical programs. In many European countries, training in forestry is made in accordance with requirements of the Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area . The International Union of Forest Research Organizations is the only international organization that coordinates forest science efforts worldwide. In order to keep up with changing demands and environmental factors, forestry education does not stop at graduation. Increasingly, forestry professionals engage in regular training to maintain and improve on their management practices. An increasingly popular tool are marteloscopes ; one hectare large, rectangular forest sites where all trees are numbered, mapped and recorded. These sites can be used to do virtual thinnings and test one's wood quality and volume estimations as well as tree microhabitats . This system

1040-503: The Central European Biogeographical Region." The region contains more than 100 lakes, including 62 in Poland, 28 in Ukraine, and more than 20 in Belarus. There are both boreal coniferous forests and temperate zone deciduous forests on the reserve, as well as marshes , meadows, swamps , and peat bogs . The Polish Łęczna Lakeland Landscape Park and Sobibór Landscape Park are located on

1080-635: The Polesie National Park was created to preserve wetland forests, meadows and non-forested peatlands . On the Belarus side, by 2004, the Pribuzhskoe Polesie biosphere reserve was established. In 2011, the governments of Belarus, Poland and Ukraine signed an agreement to use areas from each country to create a transboundary nature reserve. The previously established Shatskiy Biosphere Reserve in Ukraine, Polesie National Park in Poland, and Pribuzhskoye Polesie Biosphere Reserve in

1120-541: The area became the focus of the Nazi German " Lublin und Nisko Plan " . However, the most important threat to the life of the park is its proximity to the Lublin Coal Basin, which is located less than 2 kilometers from the park's protective zone. The park includes an endangered Important Bird Area "Bubnow Marsh" of Poland. In the village of Załucze Stare there is a cultural center with a museum. There

1160-541: The area. As of 2019, there are an estimated 68,000 people that live within the reservation's buffer and transition zones. Culturally, the area mixes both eastern and western European influences. The economy is mainly driven by agriculture, forestry , fishing, tourism and recreation. The reserve also hosts wooden architecture and buildings that are traditional to the Polesie region. Polesie National Park Polesian National Park ( Polish : Poleski Park Narodowy )

1200-706: The biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. Forest management plays an essential role in the creation and modification of habitats and affects ecosystem services provisioning. Modern forestry generally embraces a broad range of concerns, in what is known as multiple-use management, including: the provision of timber , fuel wood, wildlife habitat , natural water quality management , recreation , landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes , biodiversity management, watershed management , erosion control , and preserving forests as " sinks " for atmospheric carbon dioxide . Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as

1240-650: The genetic diversity of trees. The term genetic diversity describes the differences in DNA sequence between individuals as distinct from variation caused by environmental influences. The unique genetic composition of an individual (its genotype ) will determine its performance (its phenotype ) at a particular site. Genetic diversity is needed to maintain the vitality of forests and to provide resilience to pests and diseases . Genetic diversity also ensures that forest trees can survive, adapt and evolve under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, genetic diversity

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1280-442: The most important component of the biosphere , and forestry has emerged as a vital applied science , craft , and technology . A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester . Another common term is silviculturist. Silviculture is narrower than forestry, being concerned only with forest plants, but is often used synonymously with forestry. All people depend upon forests and their biodiversity, some more than others. Forestry

1320-440: The past centuries, forestry was regarded as a separate science. With the rise of ecology and environmental science , there has been a reordering in the applied sciences. In line with this view, forestry is a primary land-use science comparable with agriculture . Under these headings, the fundamentals behind the management of natural forests comes by way of natural ecology. Forests or tree plantations, those whose primary purpose

1360-441: The reserve. The railway line from Brest, Belarus to Włodawa , Poland runs through the region's forests. The reserve's administrative offices are located in the Poleski National Park in Poland, the Shatskyi National Nature Park in Ukraine, and the Pribuzskoye Polesie in Belarus. The reserve is home to endangered species identified by Poland, Belarus and Ukraine, as well as internationally designated endangered species, including

1400-615: The so-called Greater German Reich, was scrapped in April 1940. By that time 95,000 Jews chiefly from Poland were already deported to this area. They were pressed to work in the RSHA camps of Generalplan Ost . By mid-October however, the idea of a "Jewish reservation" was revived. Resettlement actions connected to this plan continued until January 1941 under Globocnik , and included both Jews and Poles. Some 51 camps were created, but further plans of deporting up to 600,000 additional Jews to

1440-435: The study of forests and forest ecology, dealing with single tree autecology and natural forest ecology . Dendrology ( Ancient Greek : δένδρον , dendron , "tree"; and Ancient Greek : -λογία , -logia , science of or study of ) or xylology ( Ancient Greek : ξύλον , ksulon , "wood") is the science and study of woody plants ( trees , shrubs , and lianas ), specifically, their taxonomic classifications. There

1480-444: The west Masovia . Parts of its forests can be considered as tundra-like, which is unique in continental Europe and characteristic of Russian Siberia . The park's terrain is flat, with numerous lakes and peat-bogs. Of the plant species, the greater part is made up of boreal plants, typical of other parts of northern Europe, but there is also some Atlantic flora, as it lies on the border of these important plant regions. The region which

1520-482: Was mainly in the tropical domain, where fire burned about 4 percent of the total forest area in that year. More than two-thirds of the total forest area affected was in Africa and South America. Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million hectares of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains. Furthermore, the marginal populations of many tree species are facing new threats due to

1560-556: Was officially certified as a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. The reserve covers an area of 263,016 hectares : 139,917 hectares of the area are in Poland, 75,075 hectares are in Ukraine, and 48,024 hectares are in Belarus. It includes a core area, as well as a buffer and transition zone which make up a majority of the reserve. According to the Krugloye government, it is the "biggest protected natural reserve in

1600-648: Was the New York State College of Forestry , established at Cornell University just a few weeks later, in September 1898. Early 19th century North American foresters went to Germany to study forestry. Some early German foresters also emigrated to North America. In South America the first forestry school was established in Brazil, in Viçosa , Minas Gerais , in 1962, and moved the next year to become

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