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92-669: The team was named for their blue uniforms, that were worn in their first year. In 1905, the Blues replaced the Shelby Athletic Club as the top football team in town. A year later the team was the runner-up for the Ohio League title, behind only the Akron Indians . The Blues won Ohio League championships in 1910 and 1911, with Peggy Parratt , an early pioneer and master of the forward pass , at quarterback. In 1904,

184-557: A Master of Education program, where students study at the university during the summer and teach in Catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the South for two school years. The university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a Master of Arts (MA), in the 1854–1855 academic year. The program expanded to include Master of Laws (LLM) and Master of Civil Engineering in its early stages of growth, before

276-786: A semi-pro team named the Akron Indians , but later became Akron Pros in 1920 as the team set out to become a charter member of the American Professional Football Association (later renamed the National Football League (NFL) in 1922). Fritz Pollard , the first black head coach in the NFL, co-coached the Akron Pros in 1921. Paul Robeson played for the team in 1921 as well. He was among the earliest stars of professional football before football became segregated from 1934 to 1946. In 1926,

368-648: A white supremacist and anti-Catholic movement. The Klan decided to hold a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on May 17, when students blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped KKK clothes and regalia. Two days later, thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, Rockne spoke at

460-552: A 50 percent reduction in water consumption over 10 years. In 2015, Notre Dame announced major environmental sustainability goals, including eliminating using coal by 2020 and reducing its carbon footprint by half by 2030. Both these goals were reached in early 2019. This was achieved by implementing energy conservation, energy efficiency strategies, temperature setpoints, low-flow water devices, and diversifying its energy sources and infrastructures. New sources of renewable energy on campus include geothermal wells on East Quad and by

552-534: A 500-seat student ballroom, the departments of anthropology and psychology, a digital media center and the department of music and sacred music program. Jenkins announced the 2023–2024 academic year would be his last as president in October 2023. The board of trustees subsequently elected Robert A. Dowd to succeed him, effective June 1, 2024. Notre Dame's campus is located in Notre Dame, Indiana , in

644-590: A 7–0 victory in a rematch to Canton, as well as a second win over Dayton, the Pros were recognized as the top team in Ohio. The Pros then held the Buffalo All-Americans to a scoreless tie in front of only 3,000. At the game, Nied and Ranney agreed to sell Bob Nash to Buffalo for $ 300 and five percent of the gate in the first known player deal between NFL clubs. However, since the Pros held the best record in

736-673: A Learning Resource Center, which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. First Year of Studies is designed to encourage intellectual and academic achievement and innovation among first-year students. It includes programs such as FY advising, the Dean's A-list, the Renaissance circle, NDignite, the First Year Urban challenge, and more. Every admissions cycle, the Office of Undergraduate Admissions selects

828-597: A Sustainability Strategy Working Group and appointed the first director in April 2008. The pursuit of sustainability is related directly to the Catholic mission of the university. Other resources and centers on campus focusing on sustainability include the Environmental Change Initiative, Environmental Research Center, and the Center for Sustainable Energy at Notre Dame. The university also houses

920-704: A campus rally and implored the students to refrain from further violence. A few days later, the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students contributed to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana. Charles L. O'Donnell (1928–1934) and John Francis O'Hara (1934–1939) fueled both material and academic expansion. During their tenures at Notre Dame, they brought many refugees and intellectuals to campus, such as W. B. Yeats , Frank H. Spearman , Jeremiah D. M. Ford , Irvin Abell , and Josephine Brownson for

1012-494: A collaboration with the South Bend Solar Project. Current goals include cutting Notre Dame's carbon footprint by 83 percent by 2050 and eventually becoming carbon neutral, diverting 67 percent of all waste from landfills by 2030. The university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research, conferences abroad, and alumni support. In addition to the five Global Gateways,

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1104-461: A dean. John J. Cavanaugh , president from 1946 to 1952, devoted his efforts to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to better serve its educational mission and an expanded student body. He stressed advanced studies and research while quadrupling the university's student population, with undergraduate enrollment seeing an increase by more than half, and graduate student enrollment growing fivefold. Cavanaugh established

1196-643: A few ex-collegians and formed a respectable team, which he named the Cleveland Tigers . In 1916 a local brewer, Burkhardt Brewing Company, took over the remains of the Indians and renamed the club the Akron Burkhardts . The team was reorganized by Howe Welch and his brothers Chang and Suey . After three seasons, Welch was a player, coach, and manager for Akron, playing against many of professional football's early stars. The 1916 Burkhardts had

1288-494: A formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. This changed in 1924, with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering doctorates. Although Notre Dame does not have its own medical school, it offers a combined MD–PhD though the regional campus of the Indiana University School of Medicine , where Indiana medical students may spend

1380-680: A prerequisite for the study of law. Walsh expanded the College of Commerce, enlarged the stadium, completed South Dining Hall, and built the memorial and entrance transept of the Basilica . One of the main driving forces in the university's growth was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under him, the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won

1472-674: A school mostly known for its football to a top-tier university, academic powerhouse, and preeminent Catholic university. The annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18, from $ 9.7 million to $ 176.6 million; the endowment by a factor of 40, from $ 9 million to $ 350 million; and research funding by a factor of 20, from $ 735,000 to $ 15 million. Enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to 9,600; faculty more than doubled from 389 to 950, and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,500. Hesburgh made Notre Dame coeducational. Women had graduated every year since 1917, but they were mostly religious sisters in graduate programs. In

1564-480: A small number of students for the Glynn Family Honors Program, which grants top students within the College of Arts and Letters and the College of Science access to smaller class sizes taught by distinguished faculty, endowed funding for independent research, and dedicated advising faculty and staff. Each college offers graduate education in the form of master's and doctoral programs. Most of

1656-628: A winning record despite falling to the Bulldogs and splitting a two-game series with the Columbus Panhandles . In 1918 the team was once again renamed the Indians, however, this is disputed due to many records of the time still referring to the club as the Burkhardts until 1920. The 1919 team, finished their season 5–5–0. However, the Indians lost money despite the presence of one of the country's best breakaway runners, Fritz Pollard ,

1748-512: A woman, and its first bachelor's degree in 1922. However, female undergraduates were uncommon until 1972. James A. Burns became president in 1919 and, following in the footsteps of Cavanaugh, he oversaw an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the traditional scholastic and classical emphasis in three years. Notre Dame continued to grow, adding more colleges, programs, residence halls, and sports teams. By 1921, with

1840-707: Is Notre Dame Stadium, home of the Fighting Irish football team; it has been renovated several times and today can seat over 80,000 people. Prominent venues include the Edmund P. Joyce Center , with indoor basketball and volleyball courts, and the Compton Family Ice Arena, a two-rink facility dedicated to hockey. There are many outdoor fields, such as the Frank Eck Stadium for baseball. Legends of Notre Dame (commonly called Legends)

1932-472: Is a music venue , public house , and restaurant on campus, just 100 yd (91 m) south of the stadium. The former Alumni Senior Club opened in September 2003 after a $ 3.5 million renovation and became an all-ages student hang-out. Legends is made up of two parts: The Restaurant and Alehouse and the nightclub. The Office of Sustainability was created in the fall of 2007 at the recommendation of

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2024-566: Is a private Catholic research university in Notre Dame, Indiana , United States. Founded in 1842 by members of the clerical Congregation of Holy Cross , the main campus of 1,261 acres (510 ha ) has a suburban setting and contains landmarks such as the Golden Dome , the Word of Life mural, Notre Dame Stadium , and the basilica . Notre Dame is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity". The university

2116-411: Is dedicated to research, education, and outreach, on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. It offers Ph.D., master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. It has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices. The university's library system is divided between the main library, the 14-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library, and each of

2208-417: Is organized into seven schools and colleges: College of Arts and Letters , College of Science , Notre Dame Law School , School of Architecture , College of Engineering , Mendoza College of Business , and Keough School of Global Affairs. Notre Dame's graduate program includes more than 50 master, doctoral and professional degrees offered by the seven schools. The university's athletic teams are members of

2300-480: Is part of one of the school's five undergraduate colleges or is in the First Year of Studies program. The First Year of Studies program was established in 1962 to guide freshmen through their first year at the school before they have declared a major . Each student is assigned an academic advisor who helps them choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. The program includes

2392-539: The Compton Family Ice Arena , a new architecture hall, and additional residence halls. Announced as an integration of "the academy, student life and athletics," construction on the 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m ) Campus Crossroads project began around Notre Dame Stadium in November 2014. Its three buildings house student life services, an indoor gym, a recreation center, the career center,

2484-606: The Massillon Tigers paid several ringers from the recently disbanded Pittsburgh Stars to defeat the East Ends in 1903. The Akron Indians date as far back as 1908. The early Indians teams went on to win Ohio League championships in 1908, 1909, 1913 and 1914. The team was always referred to as the Indians by the fans. From 1908 to 1913, the Indians had a reputation of playing more of a style of football seen at

2576-735: The Michiana area of Northern Indiana . It lies on 1,250 acres (5.1 km ) south of the Indiana Toll Road and includes around 170 buildings and athletic fields located around its two lakes and seven quadrangles . It is consistently ranked as one of the most beautiful university campuses in the United States and around the world, and is noted particularly for the Golden Dome, the Basilica and its stained glass windows,

2668-692: The NCAA Division ;I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish . Notre Dame is noted for its football team , which contributed to its rise to prominence on the national stage in the early 20th century. Notre Dame teams in other sports, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference , have won 17 national championships. Major improvements to the university occurred during Theodore Hesburgh 's administration between 1952 and 1987. Hesburgh's administration increased

2760-866: The Old College , the first church, and the first main building. Notre Dame began as a primary and secondary school; in 1844 it received its official college charter from the Indiana General Assembly , under the name the University of Notre Dame du Lac (University of Our Lady of the Lake). The university was originally all-male; the Sisters of the Holy Cross founded the female-only Saint Mary's College near Notre Dame in 1844. The college awarded its first degrees in 1849. As it grew under

2852-610: The Rose Bowl Game in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the " Four Horsemen ". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division ;I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme . The success of Notre Dame reflected the rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied around

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2944-627: The college level than that of the early athletic clubs. For example, the Indians preferred passing the ball as opposed to running. Before the 1912 season, Peggy Parratt , an early football star with the Massillon Tigers , Franklin Athletic Club and the Shelby Blues , joined the Indians. He made the move after realizing that he could make more money in the large football market that Akron provided. When he arrived in Akron, his first move

3036-564: The law school , which offered a two-year course of study, and in 1871 he began construction of Sacred Heart Church, today the Basilica of the Sacred Heart . Two years later, Auguste Lemonnier started a library in the Main Building, which had 10,000 volumes by 1879. Fire destroyed the Main Building and the library collection in April 1879; the school closed immediately and students were sent home. Rebuilding began on May 17, and

3128-679: The provost overseeing academic functions. Until 1967, Notre Dame had been governed directly by the Congregation. Under the presidency of Theodore Hesburgh, two groups, the Board of Fellows, and the Board of Trustees , were established to govern the university. The 12 fellows are evenly divided between members of the Holy Cross order and the laity; they have final say over the operation of the university. They vote on potential trustees and sign off on all that board's major decisions. The trustees elect

3220-524: The 9,683 (17 percent) who requested it. Admission is need-blind for domestic applicants. Admitted students came from 1,311 high schools; the average student traveled over 750 mi (1,210 km) to Notre Dame. While all entering students begin in the College of the First Year of Studies, 26 percent have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 21 percent in engineering, 26 percent in business, 24 percent in science, and 3 percent in architecture. Tuition for full-time students at

3312-543: The Akron Indians. This new team played for the next four seasons before disbanding due to declining financial support and the team's poor record after the 1926 season . The team suspended operations in 1927 and formally surrendered its franchise the following year. †= Never played in the league University of Notre Dame The University of Notre Dame du Lac (known simply as Notre Dame ; / ˌ n oʊ t ər ˈ d eɪ m / NOH -tər- DAYM ; ND )

3404-586: The Blues are credited with signing the first black player in American professional football , halfback Charles Follis . This American football team article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a sports team in Ohio is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Akron Pros The Akron Pros were a professional football team that played in Akron , Ohio from 1908 to 1926. The team originated in 1908 as

3496-499: The Center for Ethics and Culture. The university is also home to the McGrath Institute for Church Life, which "partners with Catholic dioceses, parishes and schools to address pastoral challenges with theological depth and rigor". The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, founded in 1986 through donations Joan B. Kroc , the surviving spouse of McDonald's owner Ray Kroc , and inspired by Father Hesburgh,

3588-555: The Center-South and Center-East sections of campus. McCourtney Hall, an interdisciplinary research facility, opened its doors for the fall 2016 semester, and ground was broken on the 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m ) Walsh Family Hall of Architecture on the south end of campus near the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center opened in fall 2018. Since 2004, several buildings have been added, including

3680-450: The City of South Bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non-union workers. The $ 90 million second phase broke ground in 2017. The university's president is always a priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross. The first president was Edward Sorin; and the current president is Robert A. Dowd . As of June 2024 , John McGreevy is

3772-732: The DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, the Guglielmino Complex, and the Jordan Hall of Science. A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new combination Center for Social Concerns/Institute for Church Life building, Geddes Hall, and a law school addition were completed at the same time. Many academic buildings were built with a system of libraries, the most prominent of which is the Hesburgh Library, built in 1963 and today containing almost four million books. The Stayer Center for Executive Education, which houses

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3864-463: The Fighting Irish football team could be an effective means to "acquaint the public with the ideals that dominate" Notre Dame. He wrote, "Notre Dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of God and of his Blessed Mother. When St. Paul said: 'Whether you eat or drink, or whatsoever else you do, do all for the glory of God,' he included football." During World War II , O'Donnell offered Notre Dame's facilities to

3956-533: The Indian moniker and went with "Pros," hoping to inspire better results, or at least better attendance. Nied and Ranney befriended and signed Fritz Pollard to their team. The two co-owners later made Pollard the first African-American coach in the NFL. The minutes for the September 17, 1920, meeting that formed the APFA, were kept on the stationery of the Akron Pros football team by one of the owners, Art Ranney. Ranney

4048-1017: The Kellogg Institute for International Peace Studies. Notre Dame received a gold rating from the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE) in 2014, though in 2017 it was downgraded to silver. In 2016, the Office of Sustainability released its Comprehensive Sustainability Strategy to achieve its goals in a wide area of university operations. As of November 2020 , 17 buildings have achieved LEED-Certified status , with 12 of them earning Gold certification. Notre Dame's dining service sources 40 percent of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood and many organic, fair-trade, and vegan options. In 2019, irrigation systems' improvements led to 244 million fewer gallons of water being used and

4140-499: The Laetare Medal, instituted in 1883. O'Hara also concentrated on expanding the graduate school. New construction included Notre Dame Stadium , the law school building, Rockne Memorial, numerous residential halls, Cushing Hall of Engineering, and a new heating plant. This rapid expansion, which cost the university more than $ 2.8 million, was made possible in large part through football revenues. O'Hara strongly believed that

4232-750: The Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute , presided over the construction of Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, and the Hall of Liberal Arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I. A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest ever made to an American Catholic university. He also established the university's system of advisory councils. Theodore Hesburgh served as president for 35 years (1952–1987). Under his presidency, Notre Dame underwent huge growth and transformation from

4324-592: The Mendoza College of Business Executive Education Department, opened in March 2013 just South of the Mendoza College of Business building. There are 33 single-sex undergraduate residence halls . The university has recently announced a co-educational undergraduate dorm community based in one of the graduate residential apartments. Most of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus. A new residence for men, Baumer Hall ,

4416-437: The Mendoza College of Business, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, and a slide library in O'Shaughnessy Hall. A theology library, opened in the fall of 2015 on the first floor of Stanford Hall, is the first branch of the library system to be housed in a dorm room. With over three million volumes, the library system was the single largest university library in

4508-467: The Notre Dame Stadium, substitution of boilers with gas turbines, solar panels on Fitzpatrick Hall and Stinson-Remick Hall and off-campus, a hydroelectric facility at Seitz Park in South Bend powered by the St. Joseph River , and heat recovery strategies. Future projects outlined by the university's utilities long-range plan include continual diversification of its energy portfolio, future geothermal wells in new buildings and some existing facilities, and

4600-413: The Pros defeated the Columbus Panhandles 37–0 using former guard , Frank McCormick as a wingback . After a 13–0 win over the Cincinnati Celts , the Pros played the Cleveland Tigers , a team composed mainly of ex-stars from the Massillon Tigers . Bob Nash , who played for Massillon in 1919, broke up a Stan Cofall punt resulting in an Akron touchdown and a final score of 7–0. The Pros then shocked

4692-417: The Pros in win percentage, 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 wins to 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 losses (.864), both teams beating out the Decatur Staleys , who would have a season that counted 11 wins to 2 losses (.846). The Pros finished in 3rd place in 1921 and 10th place in 1922. The team only finished higher than 13th place in 1925, when it completed the season at fifth. Following the 1925 season, the Pros returned to being

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4784-440: The addition of Duncan Student Center, which is built onto the Notre Dame Stadium as part of the Campus Crossroads projects. As well as additional food service chains, recreation facilities, and student offices, Duncan also hosts a student gym and a ballroom. Because of its long athletic tradition, the university features many athletic buildings, which are concentrated in the southern and eastern sections of campus. The most prominent

4876-467: The addition of the College of Commerce , Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a law school. President Matthew Walsh (1922–1928) addressed the material needs of the university, particularly the $ 10,000 debt and the lack of space for new students. When he assumed the presidency, more than 1,100 students lived off campus while only 135 students paid for room and board. With fund-raising money, Walsh concentrated on

4968-433: The armed forces. The Navy accepted his offer and installed Naval Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) units on campus as part of the V-12 Navy College Training Program . Soon after the installation, there were only a few hundred civilian students at Notre Dame. O'Donnell continued O'Hara's work with the graduate school. He formalized the graduate program further and replaced the previous committee of graduate studies with

5060-505: The average Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) score rising from 1240 to 1460. The number of minority students more than doubled, the endowment grew from $ 350 million to more than $ 3 billion, the annual operating budget rose from $ 177 million to more than $ 650 million, and annual research funding improved from $ 15 million to more than $ 70 million. Notre Dame's most recent (2014) capital campaign raised $ 2.014 billion, far exceeding its goal of $ 767 million. It

5152-429: The bishop of Vincennes , Célestin Guynemer de la Hailandière , offered the land to Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross , on the condition that he build a college in two years. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Badin's old log chapel . After enrolling two students, Sorin soon erected more buildings, including

5244-466: The campus art gallery and library, amassing what became a famous Dante collection, and pushing Notre Dame towards becoming a research university dedicated to scholarship. The congregation did not renew Zahm's term, fearing he had expanded Notre Dame too quickly and had run the order into serious debt. In particular, his vision to make Notre Dame a research university was at odds with that of Andrew Morrissey (president from 1893 to 1905), who hoped to keep

5336-507: The colleges and schools. The Hesburgh Library, completed in 1963, is the third building to house the main collection. The Word of Life mural by Millard Sheets , popularly known as "Touchdown Jesus" because of its proximity to Notre Dame Stadium and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown adorns the front of the library. The library system also includes branch libraries for Architecture, Chemistry and Physics, Engineering, Law, and Mathematics and information centers in

5428-479: The construction of a dormitory system. He built Freshman Hall in 1922 and Sophomore Hall in 1923, and began construction of Morrissey , Howard and Lyons Halls between 1924 and 1925. By 1925, enrollment had increased to 2,500 students, of which 1,471 lived on campus; faculty members increased from 90 to 175. On the academic side, credit hours were reduced to encourage in-depth study, and Latin and Greek were no longer required. In 1928, three years of college were made

5520-453: The core of the original campus such as the Main Administration Building and the Basilica. The Main Building serves as the center for the university's administrative offices, including the Office of the President. Its golden dome, topped by the statue of Mary, is the campus' most recognizable landmark. The main building is located on Main Quad (also known as "God Quad"), which is the oldest, most historic, and most central part of campus. Behind

5612-648: The departments in the College of Arts and Letters offer PhDs, while a professional Master of Divinity (M.Div.) program also exists. All of the departments in the College of Science offer PhDs, except for the Department of Pre-Professional Studies. The School of Architecture offers a Master of Architecture , while each of the departments of the College of Engineering offer PhDs. The College of Business offers multiple professional programs, including MBA and Master of Science in Accountancy programs. It also operates facilities in Chicago and Cincinnati for its executive MBA program. The Alliance for Catholic Education program offers

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5704-440: The entire left side of his Akron Indian line was from Notre Dame. The team dominated the Ohio League for the season. However, it managed to lose to Canton 6–0 on November 15, 1914. Despite the win, Canton's captain Harry Turner died when his spine broke during a tackle on Akron fullback Joe Collins. Turner's death marked the first fatal accident involving a major professional football team in Ohio. To avoid an Akron title in 1915

5796-404: The first two years of their medical education before transferring to the main medical campus at Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis . In 2019, Notre Dame announced plans to rename the Center for Ethics and Culture, an organization focused on spreading Catholic moral and intellectual traditions. The new de Nicola A $ 10 million gift from Anthony and Christie de Nicola funded

5888-506: The institution a smaller boarding school. Morrissey's presidency remained largely focused on younger students and saw the construction of the Grotto , the addition of wings to Sorin Hall , and the erection of the first gymnasium. By 1900, student enrollment had increased to over 700, with most students still following the Commercial Course. The movement towards a research university was championed subsequently by John W. Cavanaugh , who modernized educational standards and dedicated himself to

5980-405: The integration of the sexes is a normal and expected aspect, replacing separatism." Two of the residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students that first year, with two more converted the next school year. In 1971, Mary Ann Proctor, a transfer from St. Mary's, became the first female undergraduate. The following year, Mary Davey Bliley became the first woman to graduate from

6072-429: The interior. The basilica also features a bell tower with a carillon. Inside the church, there are sculptures by Ivan Meštrović . The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, built in 1896, is a replica of the original in Lourdes and is a popular spot for prayer and meditation. The Old College building has become one of two seminaries on the campus run by the Congregation of Holy Cross. Academic buildings are concentrated in

6164-426: The league by beating the Canton Bulldogs , who were considered the top team in the nation in 1920 with stars Jim Thorpe , Joe Guyon , Pete Calac , and Pete Henry , 10–0. However, after a rained-out game against the Detroit Heralds , the Pros played a reorganized Tigers team that held the Pros to a 7–7 tie. The team, under the rushing of Pollard and McCormick, rebounded by defeating the Dayton Triangles 13–0. After

6256-404: The league's first black player. From 1917 through at least 1921, the Indians name was sold off to Suey Welch , who fielded it as an independent club. After experiencing financial losses from 1912 to 1919, the team was sold to Art Ranney , an Akron businessman and former football player at the University of Akron , and Frank Nied , a cigar store proprietor in 1920. The new owners soon dropped

6348-404: The league, they only had to avoid losing a game, while Buffalo and the Decatur Staleys had to win to capture the AFPA Championship. The Pros held the Staleys to a scoreless tie in front of 12,000 fans at Cub Park . Both the All-Americans and the Staleys complained about the championship, arguing that Akron had not defeated them. The Pros were not named the AFPA Champs until April 30, 1921, after

6440-539: The main building stand several facilities with administrative purposes and student services, including Carole Sadner Hall, Brownson Hall, and St. Liam's Hall, the campus health center. There are several religious buildings The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is on the site of Sorin's original church, which had become too small for the growing college. It is built in French Revival style, with stained glass windows imported from France. Luigi Gregori , an Italian painter invited by Sorin to be an artist in residence, painted

6532-567: The mid-1960s, Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College developed a co-exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution. After extensive debate, merging with St. Mary's was rejected, primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and pay scales. "In American college education," explained Charles E. Sheedy , Notre Dame's dean of Arts and Letters, "certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place. ... In this environment of diversity,

6624-481: The name was changed back to the Akron Indians, after the earlier semi-pro team. Due to financial problems, the team suspended operations in 1927 and surrendered its franchise the following year. Before 1908, several semi-pro and amateur teams dominated the Akron football scene. The most dominant of these was a team known as the Akron East Ends . The East Ends' dominance of Ohio football went unmatched until

6716-501: The owners of the Massillon Tigers raided Parratt's Akron roster and took away many of his star players. Canton manager Jack Cusack also picked up some former Akron players and signed Jim Thorpe to his renamed Canton Bulldogs team. By the end of the season, Parratt's team was made up mostly of Akron sandlotters. After the disastrous 1915 season, Parratt returned to Cleveland, where he took some of his former Akron players and

6808-470: The presidency of Sorin and his successors, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate the growing student and faculty population. The brief presidency of Patrick Dillon (1865–1866) saw the original main building replaced with a larger one, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Under William Corby 's first administration, enrollment at Notre Dame increased to over 500 students. In 1869, he opened

6900-444: The president and provide general guidance and governance to the university. Notre Dame's endowment was started in the early 1920s by university president James Burns; it was $ 7 million by 1952 when Hesburgh became president. In fiscal year ending in 2021, the university endowment market value was $ 18.07 billion. For fiscal year 2023, the university reported total endowment assets of $ 16.62 billion. Every Notre Dame undergraduate

6992-637: The quads and the greenery, the Grotto, Touchdown Jesus , and its statues and museums. Notre Dame is a major tourist attraction in northern Indiana; in the 2015–2016 academic year, more than 1.8 million visitors, almost half of whom were from outside St. Joseph County , visited the campus. A 116-acre (47 ha) historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 as University of Notre Dame: Main and South Quadrangles. The district includes 21 contributing buildings in

7084-407: The rapidly improving Canton Pros. During the Indians' championship game against Shelby, the Blues loaded their team with a collection of famous players from big eastern schools and supported each member with a payroll of $ 700 for just that one game. However, the game was canceled due to a snowstorm. A week later when the Blues returned to Akron, the Indians were prepared with newly recruited talent that

7176-407: The school's academic reputation and to increasing the number of students awarded bachelor's and master's degrees. As part of his efforts, he attracted many eminent scholars, established a chair in journalism, and introduced courses in chemical engineering . During his time as president, Notre Dame rapidly became a significant force on the football field. In 1917, Notre Dame awarded its first degree to

7268-592: The team and listened to the games on the radio, especially when it defeated teams from schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America—Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Its role as a high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism . The most remarkable episode of violence was a clash in 1924 between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan (KKK),

7360-554: The team managers got together at Canton and voted the title to Akron, granting the team the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup . (Not coincidentally, Ranney, then the league's secretary, presided over the meeting as de facto President of the league, since neither President Jim Thorpe nor Vice President Stan Cofall appeared at the meeting.) According to modern NFL tie-breaking rules, the 1920 Buffalo All-Americans would be co-champions. They would be tied with

7452-546: The third and current Main Building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was redeveloped. The presidency of Thomas E. Walsh (1881–1893) focused on improving Notre Dame's scholastic reputation and standards. At the time, many students came to Notre Dame only for its business courses and did not graduate. Walsh started a " Belles Lettres " program and invited notable lay intellectuals like writer Maurice Francis Egan to campus. Washington Hall

7544-686: The university also owns the Santa Fe Building in Chicago, where it offers its executive Master of Business Administration program. The university also hosts Global Centers located in Santiago , São Paulo , Mexico City , Hong Kong , and Mumbai . The first phase of Eddy Street Commons, a $ 215 million development adjacent to campus funded by the university, broke ground in June 2008. The project drew union protests when workers hired by

7636-444: The university's resources, academic programs, and its reputation. At the end of the fiscal year 2022, Notre Dame's endowment was valued at $ 20.3 billion. Its network of alumni consists of 151,000 members. Stephen Badin , the first priest ordained in the United States, had come to the area invited by Potawatomi chief Leopold Pokagon to minister to his tribe, and had bought these 524 acres (212 ha) of land in 1830. In 1842,

7728-477: The university, with a bachelor's degree in marketing. In 1978, a historic district comprising 21 contributing buildings was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . In the eighteen years Edward Malloy was president, the school's reputation, faculty, and resources grew rapidly. He added more than 500 professors and the academic quality of the student body improved dramatically, with

7820-422: The world at the time of completion. It remains one of the hundred largest libraries in the country. The fall 2024 incoming class admitted 3,324 from a pool of 29,943 applicants for 11.1 percent acceptance rate. The university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to Notre Dame and any other colleges that accepted them. This process admitted 1,675 of

7912-515: Was awarded the first Laetare Medal . The Law School was reorganized under the leadership of William J. Hoynes (dean from 1883 to 1919), and when its new building was opened shortly after his death, it was renamed in his honor. John Zahm was the Holy Cross Provincial for the United States from 1898 to 1906, with overall supervision of the university. He sought to modernize and expand Notre Dame by erecting buildings and adding to

8004-614: Was built in 1881 as a theater, and the Science Hall (today the LaFortune Student Center ) was built in 1883 to house the science program (established in 1880) and multiple classrooms and science labs. The construction of Sorin Hall saw the first freestanding residence hall on campus and one of the first in the country to have private rooms for students, a project championed by Sorin and John Zahm. During Walsh's tenure, Notre Dame started its football program and

8096-617: Was built in 2019. Johnson Family Hall , for women, was also completed and opened that semester. The South Dining Hall and North Dining Hall serve the student body. The campus hosts several entertainment, general purpose, and common spaces. LaFortune Student Center, commonly known as "LaFortune" or "LaFun," is a four-story building built in 1883 that serves the student union and hosts social, recreational, cultural, and educational activities. LaFortune hosts many businesses (including restaurant chains), student services, and divisions of The Office of Student Affairs. A second student union came with

8188-510: Was the largest in the history of Catholic higher education, and the largest of any university without a medical school at the time. John I. Jenkins took over from Malloy in 2005. In his inaugural address, Jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and builds the connection between faith and studies. During his tenure, Notre Dame has increased its endowment, enlarged its student body, and undergone many construction projects on campus, including

8280-495: Was then elected secretary-treasurer of the league (later renamed the National Football League in 1922). Pollard and most of the top 1919 players planned to return to the Pros in 1920. The team opened the season at League Park in early October by defeating the Wheeling Stogies, 43–0. Al Nesser , one of the infamous football-playing Nesser Brothers , scored three touchdowns on fumble recoveries. The following week

8372-659: Was to change the team name from the "Akron" Indians to "Parratt's Indians" . With Peggy as a player, coach, and owner-manager, the Indians split their series with Shelby and twice defeated Canton, 14–7 and 19–7. However, they were defeated by the unheard-of Elyria Athletics , who then took the Ohio championship. The Athletics were mostly former Blues players who formed a team in Elyria after Parratt left for Akron. The following season, Parratt brought most of Elyria's 1912 championship team to Akron and added them to his roster. The Indians then beat Shelby and Elyria. They also managed to tie

8464-645: Was viewed as even superior to that of Shelby's. The Indians won the game 20–0 and brought the Ohio title back to Akron. For his 1914 recruiting efforts, Parratt signed the usual big-name players, which consisted of a lineup that changed from week to week, with just enough stars on hand to guarantee a win. However, in 1914, he also employed several former Notre Dame stars, including the legendary Knute Rockne , Howard "Horse" Edwards, "Deke" Jones, and Joe Collins , as well as several Ohio collegiate stars like Ed Kagy , Dwight Wertz , Homer Davidson , Dutch Powell , Frank Nesser , and Ralph "Fat" Waldsmith . By late season,

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