61-428: (Urban center) 442100-442300, 442500-442700 Cinnamomum camphora L. Sieb. Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L.Blossom of pomegranate Punica granatum L. Chinese Rose Shiyan ( Chinese : 十堰 ; pinyin : Shíyàn ) is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Hubei , China, bordering Henan to the northeast, Chongqing to the southwest, and Shaanxi to the north and west. At the 2020 census, its population
122-594: A birth rate of 11.47‰ (per thousand), and a Death Rate of 7.02‰, giving the city a rate of natural increase of 4.45‰. 52.5% of Shiyan's population is male, and 47.5% is female as of 2019. The main urban area of the prefecture-level city of Shiyan is in Maojian District , which is typically labeled on maps simply as "Shiyan". As of 2019, 56.5% of Shiyan's population lived in urban areas, up from 46.3% in 2010. In 2019, Shiyan's urban households earned an average of 33,577 renminbi (RMB) in disposable income,
183-751: A county-level city in Shiyan, for the creation of this project. The far northern and southern reaches of Shiyan are the highest in elevation, while the geographic center of the city has a relatively low elevation. The highest point in Shiyan is Congping in Zhuxi County , at 2,740.2 metres (8,990 ft) above sea level, while the lowest point, Panjiayan in Danjiangkou , is 87 metres (285 ft) above sea level. Hills and mountains in Shiyan generally have steep inclines, and many of its rivers have steep drops and rapid water flows. Major rivers in Shiyan include
244-559: A sister city of Craiova , Romania, since December 1999. Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write the Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during the 20th century was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on
305-552: A 9.1% increase from 2018. Rural households earned a much lower average disposable income of 11,378 RMB, a 10.5% increase from 2018. Shiyan's city government recognizes 19 religious organizations within the city, which represent 4 religions: Buddhism , Taoism , Islam , and Christianity. Of these organizations, the following 5 serve the entire city: the Shiyan City Buddhist Association ( Chinese : 十堰市佛教协会 ; pinyin : Shíyàn Shì Fójiào Xiéhuì ),
366-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst
427-610: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as
488-497: A portion of northwest Hubei then known for its poverty, was then a small village comprising a few hundred households. In 1967, teams of workers and engineers were first sent to Shiyan to survey sites for automotive plants and factories (Second Automobile Works, predecessor of Dongfeng Motor Corporation ). In 1969, Shiyan City was established. By order of Mao in 1969, truck production in Shiyan commenced. Approximately 25,000 construction workers were sent to Shiyan during this time to equip
549-469: A practice which has always been present as a part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui ,
610-404: A single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of
671-527: A total of 30,634 medical beds. Shiyan is located on the Xiangyu Railway between Xiangyang and Chongqing . Construction on a railway between Shiyan and Yichang is scheduled to begin construction in 2009. The Wuhan–Shiyan high-speed railway completed track laying in June 2019, and opened to passengers on 29 November 2019. Shiyan Wudangshan Airport (IATA: WDS, ICAO: ZHSY) is the airport serving
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#1732782841982732-464: Is Wudangshan Jiedao of the Danjiangkou county-level city . There are five magazines and seven newspapers in distribution in the city as of 2019. 99.9% of Shiyan's population lives in areas which receive radio and television coverage, and 73.4% of households in Shiyan have a cable television subscription as of 2019. People from Shiyan traditionally speak in Henan's Nanyang dialect, however due to
793-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌 'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊ 'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,
854-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with
915-813: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at
976-978: Is subject to major change as part of the South to North water diversion project of the Han River. Certain areas will see an increase of up to 5 metres (16 ft) in water level to create a new reservoir to serve Beijing and Tianjin as a part of this major water diversion project. The prefecture-level city of Shiyan administers 8 county-level divisions , comprising three districts , one county-level city and four counties : These eight county-level divisions then administer three different types of township-level divisions : 13 subdistricts , 72 towns , and 34 townships . Finally, these township-level divisions then administer two types of village-level divisions : 164 residential communities and 1,807 administrative villages . As of 2020, Shiyan's permanent population totals approximately 3,209,000 people. Throughout 2014 to 2019,
1037-547: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,
1098-473: The ⼓ ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏ ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of the character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to
1159-499: The Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to the first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and
1220-677: The Du River and the Han River . The Wudang Mountains run east-west through Shiyan. The peak commonly referred to as "Wudang Mountain", or in Mandarin Wudangshan, is one of the most important cultural centres of the Taoist faith . The surrounding areas are dotted with up to 200 Taoist monastic temples and religious sites. Shiyan is largely forested , and woodlands comprise 74.37% of its total area as of 2020. Shiyan's total area
1281-554: The Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on the left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d. 208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for
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#17327828419821342-606: The Renault KZE and Dacia Spring . The Wudang Mountains run east-west through Shiyan. The peak commonly referred to as "Wudang Mountain", or in Mandarin Wudangshan, is one of the most important cultural centres of the Taoist faith . The surrounding areas are dotted with up to 200 Taoist monastic temples and religious sites. The main attraction in this area, and also one of the most sacred Taoist sites, which forms an important stop for mainly Chinese tourists bound there, with up to twenty bus loads of visitors per day at peak times
1403-616: The South to North Water Transfer Project , the largest water transfer project in world history, began. The project's Middle Route heightened the Danjiangkou Dam and enlarged the Danjiangkou Reservoir to increase water supplies to northern Chinese cities, such as Beijing and Tianjin . A new canal in the area to transfer the water north was completed in 2014. The central government relocated 317,200 people throughout Henan and Hebei , including many in Danjiangkou ,
1464-531: The states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c. 100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However,
1525-633: The "Dot" stroke : The traditional components ⺥ and 爫 become ⺈ : The traditional component 奐 becomes 奂 : Du River The Du is a river mainly in northwestern Hubei Province , China with sources in Shaanxi Province . It is the principal right-bank tributary of the Han River . It is interrupted by the Pankou and Huanglongtan Dams . 32°46′31″N 110°37′32″E / 32.77528°N 110.62556°E / 32.77528; 110.62556 This article related to
1586-469: The 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see the country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in
1647-482: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3
1708-520: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of
1769-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components
1830-598: The People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during the early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into
1891-490: The Second Automobile Works emerged. By the early 1990s, Shiyan was increasingly bypassed for new automotive ventures, which were generally located in larger cities with better transport links, although it remained the most prosperous city of Hubei. In 2003, Dongfeng Motors relocated its main passenger car plant to Wuhan , resulting in population decline within Shiyan. In 2008, work on local portions of
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1952-667: The Shiyan City Islamic Association ( Chinese : 十堰市伊斯兰教协会 ; pinyin : Shíyàn Shì Yīsīlánjiào Xiéhuì ), the Shiyan City Protestant " Three-Self " Patriotic Movement Committee ( Chinese : 十堰市基督教"三自"爱国运动委员会 ; pinyin : Shíyàn Shì Jīdūjiào "Sān Zì" Àiguó Yùndòng Wěiyuánhuì ), the Shiyan City Protestant Association ( Chinese : 十堰市基督教协会 ; pinyin : Shíyàn Shì Jīdūjiào Xiéhuì ), and
2013-486: The Shiyan City Taoist Association ( Chinese : 十堰市道教协会 ; pinyin : Shíyàn Shì Dàojiào Xiéhuì ). The remaining 14 serve regions within the city. Like China as a whole, Shiyan's economy has experienced rapid substantial growth in the 21st century. The city's gross domestic product (GDP) stood at 201.272 billion renminbi (RMB) in 2019, which is approximately two-thirds larger than
2074-444: The body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to the founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with
2135-447: The broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ), the "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following
2196-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant
2257-631: The city of Shiyan, located 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city center and 20 km (12 mi) from Wudangshan , the World Heritage Site after which it is named. A total area of 16400 square meters; a total of one runway with a length of 2600 meters; 7 stops (2 helicopters); and an annual passenger throughput of 1.2 million passengers Shiyan Wudangshan Airport starts to work in February 2016. Until April 2019, there are total 17 fixed routes, navigating to 26 cities. Shiyan has been
2318-420: The city with the infrastructure necessary for such project. In subsequent decades, the city experienced great economic growth due to these facilities, which employed nearly 200,000 workers. At one point Shiyan had the second-highest living standard in China, second only to Shenzhen , thanks to the success of Dongfeng trucks. From the 1980s to the 1990s, Shiyan many small enterprises founded by former employees of
2379-447: The city's GDP just five years earlier. The city's economy consists almost entirely of its secondary and tertiary sectors , which constitute 43.93% and 47.55% of its GDP, respectively. However, as of 2019, 40.2% of Shiyan's population works in the primary sector , whereas just 18.0% works in the secondary sector, and 41.9% work in the tertiary sector. The city generated 8.119 billion kWh in electricity in 2019, of which, 5.248 kWh
2440-400: The city's registered hukou population exceeded the permanent population by a few dozen thousand. This disparity likely represents migrants who left Shiyan, working in larger cities with higher wages, a common trend throughout China. During this span, Shiyan's hukou population decreased by approximately 8,100, but the city's permanent population increased by about 25,300. In 2019, Shiyan saw
2501-540: The city. It previously served as the headquarters of Dongfeng Motors, a major Chinese truck, bus, and heavy goods vehicle company. Some news outlets have labeled the city as the "Detroit of China", although the nickname has been applied to other Chinese cities, such as Changchun , Chongqing , and nearby Wuhan . In recent decades, the automotive industry in Shiyan has shrunk, largely due to increasing production in larger cities with better transit links. "Since Dongfeng relocated its main passenger car plant to Wuhan in 2003,"
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2562-595: The confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including a few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure,
2623-656: The country. In 1935, the first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over
2684-447: The economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of the most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout
2745-571: The establishment of the PRC, Shiyan was part of Yun County (nowadays Yunyang District ). From the 1930s through the 1950s, Shiyan was heavily impacted by frequent flooding along the Han River . In response to these floods, the government established the Danjiangkou Water Conservancy Project in 1958, a project to prevent flooding along the Han River, supply water for irrigation , and to generate hydroelectricity on
2806-512: The first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However, the increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d. 782 BC ) to unify character forms across
2867-475: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility
2928-430: The founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across the recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to
2989-556: The history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from the use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for
3050-436: The large number of migrants, Standard Chinese is commonly spoken. As of 2019, Shiyan's educational institutions are staffed by 29,644 full-time teachers, serving approximately 474,200 students. The city is home to 8 public libraries , which, as of 2019, possess 1,624,090 books, and have distributed 114,622 library cards . Shiyan has 2,772 health institutions as of 2019, which includes 59 hospitals. These institutions host
3111-533: The mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of a component—either a character or a sub-component called a radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example,
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#17327828419823172-547: The population of Shiyan has been decreasing. The city's production of tires , for instance, has fallen by 48.10% from 2014 to 2019. Car production in the city rose 6.67% during that time, but this number has been volatile depending on the year. In response to the threat of the industry's decline, Shiyan's government has sought to diversify the city's economy, and provide more space for other industrial facilities. Dongfeng and its partner Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance are nowadays producing electric vehicles in Shiyan, including
3233-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted
3294-663: The river. As part of the project, the Danjiangkou Dam was built from 1958 to 1974, creating the Danjiangkou Reservoir . As part of this project, the central government had to relocate 382,000 people during the construction period. Shiyan was developed as part of the Third Front construction . During the 1960s, Mao Zedong and other government officials, fearing upheaval and invasion, sought to establish industry in more remote locations. Shiyan, located in
3355-481: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted
3416-467: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊
3477-833: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes
3538-427: Was 3,209,004 of whom 1,033,407 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 2 urban districts of Maojian and Zhangwan on 1,193 square kilometres (461 square miles) as Yunyang is not conurbated. In 2007, the city was named among China's top ten livable cities by Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum. Shiyan was first mentioned by its current name in 1484. After
3599-415: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by
3660-406: Was generated in the form of hydropower . Major heavy industries in Shiyan include cement, which the city producing about 4.13 million tons of in 2019, and steel, which the city produced about 978 thousand tons of in 2019. The production output of both of these industries declined slightly from 2014 to 2019. Shiyan handed 83.15 million tons of freight in 2019, the vast majority of which
3721-469: Was transferred by road. Shiyan is a major center of the automobile industry in China since being chosen as the site of Dongfeng Motors predecessor Second Auto. In Mao ’s industrial plan, the Wudang mountains offered the city protection from possible enemy attacks. Starting in the 1960s, the small town grew to a major city as Dongfeng employed up to 200,000 locals and operated almost all major amenities in
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