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72-425: The combining forms Sino- and Sunda- refer to China and Sundaland , respectively, while -dont refers to teeth. Tsunehiko Hanihara (1993) believed that the dental features of Aboriginal Australians have the characteristic of high frequencies of " evolutionarily conservative characteristics, " which he called the " proto- sundadont" pattern, as he believed that the dental pattern of Aboriginal Australians

144-599: A constructed language based on English which others have called "Ander-Saxon"; this attempted to create a pure English vocabulary for nuclear physics . For more information, see Linguistic purism in English . Many such words, such as thermometer , dinosaur , rhinoceros , and rhododendron , are thoroughly incorporated into the English lexicon and are the ordinary words for their referents. Some are prone to colloquial shortening; rhinoceros often becomes rhino . The binomial nomenclature of taxonomy and biology

216-439: A "significant interobserver error" in the earlier studies and their statistical analysis of matched wear and morphology scores suggests trait downgrading for some traits. Classical compound Neoclassical compounds are compound words composed from combining forms (which act as affixes or stems ) derived from classical languages ( classical Latin or ancient Greek ) roots . Neo-Latin comprises many such words and

288-717: A 2016 study, Sundadonty is characterized by an early generalized pattern with simple crown and root traits. Turner found the Sinodont pattern in the Han Chinese , in the inhabitants of Mongolia and eastern Siberia , in the Native Americans , and in the Yayoi people of Japan. Sinodonty is a particular pattern of teeth characterized by the following features: The EDAR gene causes the Sinodont tooth pattern, and also affects hair texture, jaw morphology, and perhaps

360-433: A classical compound has been created and borrowed , it typically becomes the foundation of a whole series of related words: e.g. astrology , astrological, astrologer/astrologist/astrologian, astrologism . Mainstream medical and ISV pronunciation in English is not the same as Classical Latin pronunciation. Like Ecclesiastical Latin , it has a regularity of its own, and individual sounds can be mapped or compared. Although

432-670: A form stands alone as a present-day word, it is usually a telescopic abbreviation: bio biography, chemo chemotherapy, hydro hydroelectricity, metro metropolitan. Some telescoped forms are shorter than the original neoclassical combining form: gynie is shorter than gyneco- and stands for both gynecology and gynecologist ; anthro is shorter than anthropo- and stands for anthropology . Suffixes include: -ectomy cutting out, -graphy writing, description, -kinesis motion, -logy study, -mancy divination, -onym name, -phagy eating, -phony sound, -therapy healing, -tomy cutting. They are generally listed in dictionaries without

504-481: A hyphen ( auto-analysis , bioenergy , hydroelectricity , not * autanalysis , * bienergy , * hydrelectricity ). Its presence helps to distinguish neoclassical compounds like biography and agriculture from vernacular compounds like teapot and blackbird . Generally, English has acquired its neoclassical compounds in three ways: through French from Latin and Greek, directly from Latin and Greek, and by coinage in English on Greek and Latin patterns. An exception

576-420: A life', neurology as 'the study of the nervous system'. Many classical combining forms are designed to take initial or final position: autobiography has the two initial or preposed forms auto- and bio- , and one postposed form -graphy . Although most occupy one position or the other, some can occupy both: -graph- as in graphology and monograph ; -phil- as in philology and Anglophile . Occasionally,

648-462: A long groove called a "flute". The spear points would typically be made by chipping a single flake from each side of the point. The point was then tied onto a spear of wood or bone. As the environment changed with the ice age ending around 17–13 Ka BP on short, and around 25–27 Ka BP on the long, many animals migrated overland to take advantage of the new sources of food. Humans following these animals, such as bison, mammoth and mastodon, thus gained

720-537: A much wider geographical distribution, but mostly in the central and southern part of the continent. The haplogroup most commonly associated with Amerindian genetics is Haplogroup Q-M3 . Y-DNA , like ( mtDNA ), differs from other nuclear chromosomes in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during meiosis . This allows the historical pattern of mutations to be easily studied. The pattern indicates Indigenous Amerindians experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes: first with

792-456: A noun (life), -graphy as a verbal noun (writing). This is why some reference works also call them stems . They are also often loosely called roots because they are ancient and have a basic role in word formation, but functionally and often structurally they are distinct from roots proper: the -graph in autograph is both a root and a classical combining form, while the -graphy in cryptography consists of root -graph- and suffix -y , and

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864-416: A noun-forming suffix that means "process of". In Greek and Latin grammar, combining bases usually require a thematic or stem-forming vowel. In biography , from Greek, the thematic is - o -; in agriculture , from Latin, it is -i- . In English morphology, this vowel can be considered as an interfix : in biology, the interfix -o- ; in miniskirt , the interfix -i- . It is usually regarded as attached to

936-577: A pattern largely consistent with the Beringian Standstill model (BSM) based on a Sinodont source population. Turner defined the Sinodont and Sundadont dental complexes in contrast to a broader Mongoloid dental complex. Hanihara defined the Mongoloid dental complex in 1966. In 1984, Turner separated the Mongoloid dental complex into the Sinodont and Sundadont dental complexes. Ryuta Hamada, Shintaro Kondo and Eizo Wakatsuki (1997) said, on

1008-411: A similar role to Latin and Greek has been played by Chinese, with non-Chinese languages both borrowing a significant number of words from Chinese and using morphemes borrowed from Chinese to coin new words, particularly in formal or technical language. See Sino-Japanese vocabulary , Sino-Korean vocabulary , and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary for discussion. The coinage of new native terms on Chinese roots

1080-955: A single animal species: the bison (an early cousin of the American bison ). The earliest known of these bison-oriented hunting traditions is the Folsom tradition . Folsom peoples traveled in small family groups for most of the year, returning yearly to the same springs and other favored locations on higher ground. There they would camp for a few days, perhaps erecting a temporary shelter, making and/or repairing some stone tools, or processing some meat, then moving on. Paleo-Indians were not numerous, and population densities were quite low. Paleo-Indians are generally classified by lithic reduction or lithic core "styles" and by regional adaptations. Lithic technology fluted spear points, like other spear points, are collectively called projectile points . The projectiles are constructed from chipped stones that have

1152-399: A study on the dentition of four Pre-Columbian era Mesoamerican populations and compared their data to other Eastern Eurasian populations. She found that " Tlatilco ", " Cuicuilco ", " Monte Albán " and " Cholula " populations followed an overall Sundadont dental pattern "characteristic of Southeast Asia" rather than a Sinodont dental pattern "characteristic of Northeast Asia". According to

1224-489: A variety of flora. Paleo-Indian groups were efficient hunters and carried a variety of tools. These included highly efficient fluted-style spear points, as well as microblades used for butchering and hide processing. Projectile points and hammerstones made from many sources are found traded or moved to new locations. Stone tools were traded and/or left behind from North Dakota and Northwest Territories , to Montana and Wyoming . Trade routes also have been found from

1296-479: Is schizophrenia , which came into English through German, and is therefore pronounced 'skitso', not 'skyzo'. Most dictionaries follow the Oxford English Dictionary in using combining form ( comb. form ) to label such classical elements. In appendices to dictionaries and grammar books, classical combining forms are often loosely referred to as roots or affixes: 'a logo …, properly speaking,

1368-674: Is a Japanese-coined word meaning "automobile", literally self-move-car; compare to auto (self) + mobile (moving). Paleo-Amerindians Paleo-Indians were the first peoples who entered and subsequently inhabited the Americas towards the end of the Late Pleistocene period. The prefix paleo- comes from the Ancient Greek adjective: παλαιός , romanized :  palaiós , lit.   'old; ancient'. The term Paleo-Indians applies specifically to

1440-622: Is a major source for these items of vocabulary; for many unfamiliar species that lack a common English name, the name of the genus becomes the English word for that life form. In the metric system , prefixes that indicate multipliers are typically Greek in origin, such as kilogram , while those that indicate divisors are Latin, as in millimeter : the base roots resemble Greek words, but in truth are neologisms . These metric and other suffixes are added to native English roots as well, resulting in creations such as gigabyte . Words of mixed Latin and Greek lineage, or words that combine elements of

1512-429: Is a substantial component of the technical and scientific lexicon of English and other languages, via international scientific vocabulary (ISV). For example, Greek bio- combines with -graphy to form biography ("life" + "writing/recording"). Neoclassical compounds represent a significant source of Neo-Latin vocabulary. Moreover, since these words are composed from classical languages whose prestige

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1584-582: Is most notable in Japanese, where it is referred to as wasei kango ( 和製漢語 , Japanese-made Chinese-words) . Many of these have been subsequently borrowed into Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese, with the same (or corresponding) characters being pronounced differently according to language, just as happens in European languages – compare English biology and French biologie . For example, 自動車 (Japanese jidōsha, Korean jadongcha, Mandarin zìdòngchē )

1656-490: Is not a word at all but a prefix meaning word and short for logogram, a symbol, much as telly is short for television' (Montreal Gazette , 13 Apr. 1981). They are often referred to as affixes because some come first and some come last. But if they were affixes proper, a word like biography would have no base whatever. While affixes are grammatical (like prepositions), classical combining forms are lexical (like nouns, adjectives, and verbs): for example, bio- translates as

1728-483: Is only a classical combining form. From the Renaissance until the mid-20th century, the concept of derivational purity has often regulated the use of classical compounds, with a philological goal of like with like (Greek with Greek, Latin with Latin) and a minimum of hybridization . For example, biography is Greek, agriculture Latin; but this ideal has seen only limited realization in practice, as for example

1800-618: Is or was respected throughout the Western European culture, these words typically appear in many different languages. Their widespread use makes technical writing generally accessible to readers who may only have a smattering of the language in which it appears. Not all European languages have been equally receptive to neoclassical technical compounds. German and Russian , for instance, have historically attempted to create their own technical vocabularies from native elements. Usually, these creations are German and Russian calques on

1872-684: Is secondary to compactness and vividness of expression. In recent years, the orthography of many word forms has changed, usually without affecting pronunciation and stress. The same spoken usage may be written micro-missile , micro missile , micromissile , reflecting the same uncertainty or flexibility as in businessman , business-man , business man . When used in such ways, classical compounds are often telescopic: Hydro substation Hydro-Electricity Board substation, Metro highways Metropolitan highways, porno cult pornography cult. The mix of late 20th century techno-commercial coinages includes three groups of post- and non-classical forms: In East Asia,

1944-621: Is to treat the unfamiliar cluster as containing one or more silent letters and suppress their pronunciation, more modern speakers tend to try and pronounce the unusual cluster. This adds to the irregularities of English spelling ; moreover, since many of these words are encountered in writing more often than they are heard spoken, it introduces uncertainty as to how to pronounce them when encountered. Neoclassical compounds frequently vary their stressed syllable when suffixes are added: á griculture , agric ú ltural. This also gives rise to uncertainty when these words are encountered in print. Once

2016-480: The British Columbia Interior to the coast of California . The glaciers that covered the northern half of the continent began to gradually melt, exposing new land for occupation around 17,500–14,500 years ago. At the same time as this was occurring, worldwide extinctions among the large mammals began. In North America, camelids and equids eventually died off, the latter not to reappear on

2088-510: The Gulf of Venezuela to the high mountains and valleys. The population using them were hunter-gatherers that seemed to remain within a certain circumscribed territory. El Jobo points were probably the earliest, going back to c.  14,200  – c.  12,980 BP and they were used for hunting large mammals. In contrast, the fish-tail points, dating to c. 11,000 B.P. in Patagonia , had

2160-875: The Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets . An alternative proposed scenario involves migration, either on foot or using boats , down the Pacific coast to South America. Evidence of the latter would have been submerged by a sea-level rise of more than a hundred meters following the end of the Last Glacial Period . The time range of the peopling of the Americas remains a source of substantial debate. Conventional estimates have it that humans reached North America at some point between 15,000 and 20,000 years ago. However, some groups of humans may have reached South America as early as 25,000 years ago. One of

2232-645: The Pacific coast and valleys of North America . This allowed land animals, followed by humans, to migrate south into the interior of the continent. The people went on foot or used boats along the coastline. The dates and routes of the peopling of the Americas remain subjects of ongoing debate. It is likely there were three waves of ancient settlers from the Bering Sea to the America continent. Stone tools , particularly projectile points and scrapers , are

Sinodonty and Sundadonty - Misplaced Pages Continue

2304-567: The giant beaver , steppe wisent , giant muskox , mastodon , woolly mammoth and ancient reindeer . The Clovis culture , appearing around 11,500 BCE ( c.  13,500 BP) in North America, is one of the most notable Paleo-Indian archaeological cultures. It has been disputed whether the Clovis culture were specialist big-game hunters or employed a mixed foraging strategy that included smaller terrestrial game, aquatic animals, and

2376-700: The lithic period in the Western Hemisphere and is distinct from the term Paleolithic . Traditional theories suggest that big-animal hunters crossed the Bering Strait from North Asia into the Americas over a land bridge ( Beringia ). This bridge existed from 45,000 to 12,000 BCE (47,000–14,000 BP ). Small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska . From c.  16,500  – c.  13,500 BCE ( c.  18,500  – c.  15,500 BP), ice-free corridors developed along

2448-733: The 1540s, and androgyne , from the 1550s. The use of these technical terms predates the scientific method ; the several varieties of divination all take their names from neoclassical compounds, such as alectryomancy , divination by the pecking of chickens . Not all English writers have been friendly to the inflow of classical vocabulary. The Tudor period writer Sir John Cheke wrote: I am of this opinion that our own tung should be written cleane and pure, unmixt and unmangeled with borrowing of other tunges; wherein if we take not heed by tiim, ever borowing and never paying, she shall be fain to keep her house as bankrupt. and therefore rejected what he called " inkhorn terms ". Similar sentiments moved

2520-464: The Americas becoming extinct towards the end of the Paleoindian period as part of the Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions . The potential role of human hunting in the extinctions has been the subject of much controversy. From 8000 to 7000 BCE (10,000–9,000 BP) the climate stabilized, leading to a rise in population and lithic technology advances, resulting in a more sedentary lifestyle during

2592-970: The Americas suggest that Clovis (thus the "Paleo-Indians") time range should be re-examined. In particular, sites such as Cooper's Ferry in Idaho, Cactus Hill in Virginia , Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania , Bear Spirit Mountain in West Virginia , Catamarca and Salta in Argentina , Pilauco and Monte Verde in Chile , Topper in South Carolina , and Quintana Roo in Mexico have generated early dates for wide-ranging Paleo-Indian occupation. Some sites significantly predate

2664-430: The Americas. Due to the evidence that Paleoindians hunted now extinct megafauna (large animals), and that following a period of overlap, most large animals across the Americas became extinct as part of the Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions , it has been argued by many authors that hunting by Paleoindians was an important factor in the extinctions, though this suggestion is controversial, with other authors placing

2736-478: The Classical Latin pronunciation of venae cavae would be approximately / ˈ w ɛ n aɪ ˈ k ɑː w aɪ / , the standard English medical pronunciation is / ˈ v iː n iː ˈ k eɪ v iː / . English began incorporating many of these words in the sixteenth century; geography first appeared in an English text in 1535. Other early adopted words that still survive include mystagogue , from

2808-699: The Early Archaic period in some regions. Sites in Alaska (eastern Beringia) exhibit some of the earliest evidence of Paleo-Indians, followed by archaeological sites in northern British Columbia , western Alberta and the Old Crow Flats region of the Yukon territory. The Paleo-Indians would eventually flourish all over the Americas. These peoples were spread over a wide geographical area; thus there were regional variations in lifestyles. However, all

2880-588: The Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené , Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations, however, exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations that are distinct from other Amerindians with various mtDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations. Evidence from full genomic studies suggests that

2952-620: The basis of dental traits, that Mongoloids are separated into sinodonts and sundadonts, which is supported by Christy G. Turner II (1989). Turner found the Sundadont pattern in the skeletal remains of Jōmon people of Japan , and in living populations of Taiwanese indigenous peoples , Filipinos , Indonesians , Borneans , and Malays . In 1996, Rebecca Haydenblit of the Hominid Evolutionary Biology Research Group at Cambridge University did

Sinodonty and Sundadonty - Misplaced Pages Continue

3024-625: The blame on climatic change. In a 2012 survey of archaeologists in The SAA Archaeological Record, 63% of respondents said that megafauna extinctions were likely the result of a "combination of factors". The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer, more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers, but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally. Thus with

3096-450: The classical languages with English – so-called hybrid words – were formerly castigated as " barbarisms " by prescriptionist usage commentators; this disapproval has mostly abated. Indeed, in scientific nomenclature, even more exotic hybrids have appeared, such as for example the dinosaur Yangchuanosaurus . Personal names appear in some scientific names such as Fuchsia . Neoclassical compounds are sometimes used to lend grandeur or

3168-582: The continent until the Spanish reintroduced the horse near the end of the 15th century CE. As the Quaternary extinction event was happening, the late Paleo-Indians would have relied more on other means of subsistence. From c.  10,500  – c.  9,500 BCE ( c.  12,500  – c.  11,500 BP), the broad-spectrum big game hunters of the Great Plains began to focus on

3240-442: The distinction among East Asians is not nearly as dramatic as the difference between all Asians and all New World groups. Other researchers like Stojanowski et al., 2013; Stojanowski and Johnson, (2015) suggest New World groups may be neither Sinodont nor Sundadont and in most regards, could be viewed as super-Sinodont. A clear dental morphology not only ties New World groups to Asians, particularly northeast Asians, but it also exhibits

3312-591: The few areas of agreement is the origin from Siberia , with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the Last Glacial Period, and more specifically after the end of the Last Glacial Maximum around 16,000 to 13,000 years before present. The Palaeoindian culture lasts 4000 years, from 12,000 to 8000 BP. It is divided into Early Palaeoindian (12,000-10,000 BP) and Late Palaeoindian (10,000-8000 BP), ending with early events of

3384-503: The first people in the Americas diverged from Ancient East Asians about 36,000 years ago and expanded northwards into Siberia, where they encountered and interacted with a different Paleolithic Siberian population (known as Ancient North Eurasians ), giving rise to both Paleosiberian peoples and Ancient Native Americans , which later migrated towards the Beringian region, became isolated from other populations, and subsequently populated

3456-550: The following Archaic Period . Researchers continue to study and discuss the specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas , including the dates and routes traveled. The traditional theory holds that these early migrants moved into Beringia between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska 17,000 years ago, at a time when the Quaternary glaciation significantly lowered sea levels. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between

3528-456: The forests and marshes. The fall would have been a busy time because foodstuffs would have to be stored and clothing made ready for the winter. During the winter, coastal fishing groups moved inland to hunt and trap fresh food and furs. Late ice-age climatic changes caused plant communities and animal populations to change. Groups moved and sought new supplies as preferred resources were depleted. Small bands utilized hunting and gathering during

3600-778: The impression of scientific rigour to humble pursuits: the study of cosmetology will not help anyone become an astronaut . Compounds along these models are also sometimes coined for humorous effect, such as odontopodology , the science of putting your foot into your mouth. These humorous coinages sometimes take on a life of their own, such as garbology , the study of garbage . Some neoclassical compounds form classical plurals , and are therefore irregular in English. Others do not, while some vacillate between classical and regular plurals. There are hundreds of neoclassical compounds in English and other European languages. As traditionally defined, combining forms cannot stand alone as free words, but there are many exceptions to this rule, and in

3672-534: The individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production, making knapping styles and progress identifiable. This early Paleo-Indian period's lithic reduction tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 20 to 60 members of an extended family. Food would have been plentiful during the few warm months of the year. Lakes and rivers were teeming with many species of fish, birds and aquatic mammals. Nuts, berries and edible roots could be found in

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3744-433: The initial base ( bio- , mini- ) rather than the final base ( -graphy , -skirt ), but in forms where it is conventionally stressed , it is sometimes considered as part of the final base ( -ography , -ology ). If the final element begins with a vowel (for example, -archy as in monarchy ), the mediating vowel has traditionally been avoided (not * monoarchy ), but in recent coinages it is often kept, sometimes accompanied by

3816-514: The initial peopling of the Americas, and secondly with European colonization of the Americas . The former is the determinant factor for the number of gene lineages and founding haplotypes present in today's Indigenous Amerindian populations. Human settlement of the Americas occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line , with an initial layover on Beringia for the founding population . The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of

3888-405: The interfixed vowel, which appears however in such casual phrases as 'ologies and isms'. Some classical combining forms are variants of one base. Some are also free words, such as mania in dipsomania and phobia in claustrophobia . Some are composites of other elements, such as encephalo- brain, from en- in, -cephal- head; and -ectomy cutting out, from ec- out, -tom- cut, -y ,

3960-753: The international vocabulary, such as Wasserstoff and "водород" ( vodoród ) for hydrogen . Like any exercise in language prescription , this endeavour has been only partially successful, so while official German may still speak of a Fernsprecher , public telephones will be labelled with the internationally recognized Telefon . These words are compounds formed from Latin and Ancient Greek root words. Ancient Greek words are almost invariably romanized (see transliteration of Ancient Greek into English ). In English: Thus, for example, Ancient Greek σφιγξ becomes English (and Latin) sphinx . Exceptions to these romanizing rules occur, such as leukemia (leukaemia) ; compare leukocyte , also leucocyte . In Latin, and in

4032-730: The largest number of references to Turner's work are from discussions of the origin of Paleo-Amerindians and modern Native Americans , including the Kennewick Man controversy. Turner found that the dental remains of both ancient and modern Amerindians are more similar to each other than they are to dental complexes from other continents, but that the Sinodont patterns of the Paleo-Amerindians identify their ancestral homeland as north-east Asia. Some later studies have questioned this and found Sundadont features in some American peoples. A study done by Stojonowski et al in 2015 found

4104-483: The late 20th century such forms are increasingly used independently: bio as a clipping of biography , telly as a respelt clipping of television . Most neoclassical combining forms translate readily into everyday language, especially nouns: bio- as 'life' -graphy as 'writing, description'. Because of this, the compounds of which they are part (usually classical or learned compounds ) can be more or less straightforwardly paraphrased: biography as 'writing about

4176-618: The later 20th century, many forms have cut loose from ancient moorings: crypto- as in preposed Crypto-Fascist and pseudo- as in pseudoradical ; postposed -meter in speedometer , clapometer . Processes of analogy have created coinages like petrodollar , psycho-warfare , microwave on such models as petrochemical , psychology , microscope . Such stunt usages as eco-doom , eco-fears , eco-freaks , common in journalism, often employ classical combining forms telescopically: eco- standing for ecology and ecological and not as used in economics . In such matters, precision of meaning

4248-452: The migration time frame of ice-free corridors, thus suggesting that there were additional coastal migration routes available, traversed either on foot and/or in boats. Geological evidence suggests the Pacific coastal route was open for overland travel before 23,000 years ago and after 16,000 years ago. In South America, the site of Monte Verde indicates that its population was probably territorial and resided in their river basin for most of

4320-493: The name big-game hunters . Pacific coastal groups of the period would have relied on fishing as the prime source of sustenance. Archaeologists are piecing together evidence that the earliest human settlements in North America were thousands of years before the appearance of the current Paleo-Indian time frame (before the late glacial maximum 20,000-plus years ago). Evidence indicates that people were living as far east as Beringia before 30,000 BCE (32,000 BP). Until recently, it

4392-442: The nineteenth century author William Barnes to write "pure English," in which he avoided Greco-Latin words and found Anglo-Saxon equivalents for them: for Barnes, the newly invented art of the photograph became a sun-print . Unlike this one, some of Barnes's coinages caught on, such as foreword , Barnes's replacement for the preface of a book. Later, Poul Anderson wrote a jocular piece called Uncleftish Beholding in

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4464-448: The nutritional profile of breast milk . In the 1990s, Turner's dental morphological traits were frequently mentioned as one of three new tools for studying origins and migrations of human populations. The other two were linguistic methods such as Joseph Greenberg 's mass comparison of vocabulary or Johanna Nichols 's statistical study of language typology and its evolution, and genetic studies pioneered by Cavalli-Sforza . Today,

4536-726: The passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like the Southwest , Arctic , Poverty , Dalton , and Plano traditions. These regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, and a more mixed economy of small game, fish, seasonally wild vegetables, and harvested plant foods. Many groups continued to hunt big game but their hunting traditions became more varied and meat procurement methods more sophisticated. The placement of artifacts and materials within an Archaic burial site indicated social differentiation based upon status in some groups. [REDACTED] Indigenous peoples of

4608-543: The primary evidence of the earliest human activity in the Americas. Archeologists and anthropologists use surviving crafted lithic flaked tools to classify cultural periods. Scientific evidence links Indigenous Americans to eastern Siberian populations by the distribution of blood types, and genetic composition as indicated by molecular data, such as DNA . There is evidence for at least two separate migrations. Paleoindians lived alongside and hunted many now extinct megafauna (large animals), with most large animals across

4680-560: The same base is repeated in one word: logology the study of words, phobophobia the fear of fear. Prefixes include: aero- air, crypto- hidden, demo- people, geo- earth, odonto- tooth, ornitho- bird, thalasso- sea. Many have both a traditional simple meaning and a modern telescopic meaning: in biology , bio- means 'life', but in bio-degradable it telescopes 'biologically'; although hypno- basically means 'sleep' ( hypnopaedia learning through sleep), it also stands for 'hypnosis' ( hypnotherapy cure through hypnosis). When

4752-531: The spring and summer months, then broke into smaller direct family groups for the fall and winter. Family groups moved every 3–6 days, possibly traveling up to 360 km (220 mi) per year. Diets were often sustaining and rich in protein; clothing was made from a variety of animal hides that were also used for shelter construction. During much of the early and middle Paleo-Indian periods, inland bands are thought to have subsisted primarily through hunting now-extinct megafauna . Large Pleistocene mammals included

4824-454: The target languages, the Greek vowels are given their neoclassical values rather than their contemporary values in demotic Greek . Ancient Greek words often contain consonant clusters which are foreign to the phonology of contemporary English and other languages that incorporate these words into their lexicon: diphthong ; pneumatology , phthisis . The traditional response in English

4896-456: The word television is a hybrid of Greek tele- and Latin -vision (probably so coined because the 'pure' form telescope had already been adopted for another purpose). Generally, classical compounds were a closed system from the 16th century to the earlier 20th century: the people who used them were classically educated , their teachers and exemplars generally took a purist's view on their use, contexts of use were mainly technical, and there

4968-801: The year. Some other South American groups, on the other hand, were highly mobile and hunted big-game animals such as gomphotheres and giant sloths . They used classic bifacial projectile point technology, such as Fishtail points . The primary examples are populations associated with El Jobo points ( Venezuela ), fish-tail or Magallanes points (various parts of the continent, but mainly the southern half), and Paijan points ( Peru and Ecuador ) at sites in grasslands, savanna plains, and patchy forests. The dating for these sites ranges from c.  14,000 BP (for Taima-Taima in Venezuela) to c.  10,000 BP. The bi-pointed El Jobo projectile points were mostly distributed in north-western Venezuela; from

5040-639: Was ancestral to that of Southeast Asians. C.G Turner II shows with his analysis of 2016 that sundadonty is the proto-East Eurasian dental morphology and is not connected to the Australian dental morphology, rendering the term "proto-sundadont" inaccurate for the Australian dental morphology. He also shows that sinodonty is predominant in Native Americans. Analysis on the Sinodonty and Sundadonty of New world groups by G.R. Sott et al. (2016) shows

5112-421: Was generally believed that the first Paleo-Indian people to arrive in North America belonged to the Clovis culture. This archaeological phase was named after the city of Clovis, New Mexico , where in 1936 unique Clovis points were found in situ at the site of Blackwater Draw , where they were directly associated with the bones of Pleistocene animals. Recent data from a series of archaeological sites throughout

5184-879: Was relatively little seepage into the language at large. However, with the decline of classical education and the spread of technical and quasitechnical jargon in the media, a continuum has evolved, with at least five stages: In the older sciences, classical combining forms are generally used to form such strictly classical and usually Greek compounds as anthocyanin , astrobleme , chemotherapy , chronobiology , cytokinesis , glossolalia , lalophobia , narcolepsy , osteoporosis , Pliohippus , sympathomimetic . In technical, semitechnical, and quasitechnical usage at large, coiners of compounds increasingly treat Latin and Greek as one resource to produce such forms as accelerometer , aero-generator , bioprospector , communicology , electroconductive , futurology , mammography , micro-gravity , neoliberal , Scientology , servomechanism . In

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