Misplaced Pages

#639360

37-645: Sion Causeway (also known as Duncan Causeway ) is a major causeway in Bombay , India which connects Sion in Bombay with Kurla in Salsette . The construction of the causeway began in 1798 and was completed in 1805 by Jonathan Duncan , Governor of Bombay (1795–1811), at a cost of £ 5,037 ( Rs . 50,370). In 1826, its breadth was doubled and improved at a further outlay of £4,000 (Rs. 40,000) A volcanic tract extends from Carnac Bunder to Sion Causeway, and forms

74-658: A dyke that keeps two bodies of water apart, such as bodies with a different water level on each side, or with salt water on one side and fresh water on the other. This may also be the primary purpose of a structure, the road providing a hardened crest for the dike, slowing erosion in the event of an overflow. It also provides access for maintenance as well perhaps, as a public service. Notable causeways include those that connect Singapore and Malaysia (the Johor-Singapore Causeway ), Bahrain and Saudi Arabia (25-km long King Fahd Causeway ) and Venice to

111-401: A few decades later ). The fashion for causewayed enclosures took off in the late 38th century, starting in east Britain and rapidly spreading west, with construction peaking in the third quarter of the 37th century. At this time the long barrows were closed up or at least went out of use. Following a lull, a final round of construction of causewayed enclosures happened in the 36th century, and at

148-513: A four-wheeled carriage with one or two horses; 6d. (4 as.) for a palanquin or for a loaded two-wheeled carriage drawn by two bullocks; 3d. (2 as.) for a two-wheeled carriage, loaded or empty, drawn by one bollock; 2s. (Re. 1) for an elephant; 3 ⁄ 4 d. (6 pies) for a camel, horse or bullock; 3 ⁄ 8 d. (3 pies) for a donkey; and 1 ⁄ 8 d. (1 pic) a head for swine, sheep, or goats. The custom duties which were levied for transport between Bombay and Salsette were also abolished after

185-481: A major color imbalance (as can be seen in the image at right). Furthermore, the difference in salinity has become so severe that native brine shrimp cannot survive in much of the waters, with the northern part being too salty and the southern part being insufficiently salty. Causewayed enclosure A causewayed enclosure is a type of large prehistoric earthwork common to the early Neolithic in Europe . It

222-553: A much higher bridge (or part of a single bridge) in the middle so that taller boats may pass underneath safely. Causeways are most often used to connect the barrier islands with the mainland . In the case of the Courtney Campbell Causeway , however, the mainland ( Hillsborough County ) is connected by a causeway to a peninsula ( Pinellas County ). A well-known causeway is the NASA Causeway connecting

259-484: A path. The name by this route came to be applied to any firmly surfaced road. It is now little-used except in dialect and in the names of roads which were originally notable for their solidly made surface. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica states: "causey, a mound or dam, which is derived, through the Norman-French caucie (cf. modern chaussée ), from the late Latin via calciata , a road stamped firm with

296-527: A short stretch of viaduct is called an overpass . The distinction between the terms causeway and viaduct becomes blurred when flood-relief culverts are incorporated, though generally a causeway refers to a roadway supported mostly by earth or stone, while a bridge supports a roadway between piers (which may be embedded in embankments). Some low causeways across shore waters become inaccessible when covered at high tide . The Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan had causeways supporting roads and aqueducts. One of

333-515: A word derived not from trampling but from ramming or tamping. The Welsh word cawsai translates directly to the English word 'causeway'; it is possible that, with Welsh being a lineal linguistic descendant of the original native British tongues, the English word derives from the Welsh. A transport corridor that is carried instead on a series of arches, perhaps approaching a bridge, is a viaduct ;

370-477: Is a high priority for local, regional, and even national authorities. Causeways can separate populations of wildlife, putting further pressure on endangered species . Causeways can cause a mineral imbalance between portions of a body of water. For example, a causeway built in the Great Salt Lake has caused the northern half of the lake to have much higher salinity, to the point that the two halves show

407-594: Is an enclosure marked out by ditches and banks, with a number of causeways crossing the ditches. More than 100 examples are recorded in France and 70 in Southern England and Wales , while further sites are known in Scandinavia , Belgium , Germany , Italy , Ireland and Slovakia . The term "causewayed enclosure" is now preferred to the older term, causewayed camp , as it has been demonstrated that

SECTION 10

#1732772911640

444-585: Is raised to a maximum height of nine feet above the swampy ground. The side walls are of plain stone and lime masonry with earth and stone filling between. At the south end of the causeway is a tablet with the following inscription: This causeway was begun in May 1798, and was finished in January 1805 during the administration of the Honourable Jonathan Duncan, Esquire. It cost Rs. 50,374. It

481-720: The cobbles together. However, some of the stones were left loose. In Scotland , the skirmish known as Clense the Calsey, or Cleanse the Causeway , took place in the High Street of Edinburgh in 1520. In the 18th century, Dahomey lacked an effective navy hence it built causeways for naval purposes starting in 1774. The modern embankment may be constructed within a cofferdam : two parallel steel sheet pile or concrete retaining walls , anchored to each other with steel cables or rods. This construction may also serve as

518-404: The construction of a causeway used earth that had been trodden upon to compact and harden it as much as possible, one layer at a time, often by slaves or flocks of sheep . Today, this work is done by machines. The same technique would have been used for road embankments, raised river banks, sea banks and fortification earthworks. The second derivation route is simply the hard, trodden surface of

555-476: The construction of this causeway. Causeway When first used, the word causeway appeared in a form such as "causey way", making clear its derivation from the earlier form "causey". This word seems to have come from the same source by two different routes. It derives ultimately, from the Latin for heel, calx , and most likely comes from the trampling technique to consolidate earthworks . Originally,

592-480: The ditches and each time deliberately deposited pottery and human and animal bones, apparently as a regular ritual . Environmental archaeology suggests that the European landscape was heavily forested when the enclosures were built; they were rare clearings in the woodland that were used for various social and economic activities. In the 1970s the archaeologist Peter Drewett suggested seven possible functions for

629-432: The enclosure. Generally, it appears that the ditches were permitted to silt up, even while the camps were in use, and then re-excavated episodically. It is unlikely that they had a strong defensive purpose. The earthworks may have been designed to keep out wild animals rather than people. The sequential addition of second, third and fourth circuits of banks and ditches may have come about through growing populations adding to

666-427: The enclosures were visited occasionally by Neolithic groups rather than being permanently occupied. The presence of human remains in the banks and ditches of the enclosures has been seen as an attempt by the builders to connect their ancestors with the land and thus begin to anchor themselves to specific areas. Longitudinal sections excavated along the ditches by archaeologists suggest that the builders repeatedly redug

703-478: The entire of the chain of hills bordering the north-eastenn end of the island from the Sewri Fort to Sion . Bombay city was originally an archipelago of seven islands of Bombay , Parel , Mazagaon , Mahim , Colaba , Worli , and Old Woman's Island (also known as Little Colaba ). The Treaty of Bassein placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. Charles II of England received possession of

740-458: The entrance of the Harbour made from blocks of reef and coral nearly a meter high. These acted as breakwaters , allowing mangroves to grow which is one of the ways the breakwater can be spotted from a distance. Some parts of the causeway are made from the bedrock, but usually the bedrock was used as a base. Coral stone was also used to build up the causeways, with sand and lime being used to cement

777-453: The feet ( calcare , to tread)." The word is comparable in both meanings with the French chaussée , from a form of which it reached English by way of Norman French . The French adjective chaussée carries the meaning of having been given a hardened surface and is used to mean either paved or shod. As a noun chaussée is used on the one hand for a metalled carriageway, and on

SECTION 20

#1732772911640

814-522: The harbour, on the orders of Winston Churchill . The Estrada do Istmo connecting the islands of Taipa and Coloane in Macau was initially built as a causeway. The sea on both sides of the causeway then became shallower as a result of silting, and mangroves began to conquer the area. Later, land reclamation took place on both sides of the road and the area has subsequently been named Cotai and become home to several casino complexes. Various causeways in

851-481: The islands in 1661 as the dowry of Catherine of Braganza . Charles II later leased the islands to the British East India Company in 1668. After the completion of the causeway, the villages of Sion in Bombay and Kurla in Salsette were connected. Accessibility considerably increased after construction of this causeway. The Sion causeway is 935 yards long and 24 feet wide, and the roadway

888-808: The mainland, all of which carry roadways and railways. In the Netherlands there are a number of prominent dikes which also double as causeways, including the Afsluitdijk , Brouwersdam , and Markerwaarddijk . In the Republic of Panama a causeway connects the islands of Perico, Flamenco, and Naos to Panama City on the mainland. It also serves as a breakwater for ships entering the Panama Canal . Causeways are also common in Florida , where low bridges may connect several human-made islands , often with

925-634: The oldest engineered roads yet discovered is the Sweet Track in England . Built in 3807 or 3806 BC, the track was a walkway consisting mainly of planks of oak laid end-to-end, supported by crossed pegs of ash , oak, and lime , driven into the underlying peat. In East Africa , the Husuni Kubwa (the "Great Fort"), situated outside the town of Kilwa , was an early 14th-century sultan's palace and emporium that contained causeways and platforms at

962-421: The other for an embankment with or without a road. Other languages have a noun with similar dual meaning. In Welsh , it is sarn . The Welsh is relevant here, as it also has a verb sarnu , meaning to trample. The trampling and ramming technique for consolidating earthworks was used in fortifications and there is a comparable, outmoded form of wall construction technique, used in such work and known as pisé,

999-456: The same time the usage of existing enclosures (as marked by deposition in the ditches, and continued re-cutting) increased. Some enclosures were in use for only a generation, while others, such as the type site , Windmill Hill, Avebury , and Hambledon Hill , were used for centuries, continuing until the 35th or 34th centuries BC. Throughout this period of primary use, a number of examples were identified of violence and attacks at enclosures. After

1036-834: The significance of their peoples' monument over time. In some cases, they appear to have evolved into more permanent settlements. Most causewayed enclosures have been ploughed away in the intervening millennia and are recognized through aerial archaeology . The first causewayed enclosures were constructed in Western Europe in the fifth millennium BC and by the early third millennium BC; notable regional variations occur in their construction. French examples begin to demonstrate elaborate horn-shaped entrances which are interpreted as being designed to impress from afar rather than serve any practical purpose. The dates of construction and use of causwayed enclosures in Britain and Ireland were

1073-419: The sites did not necessarily serve as occupation sites. Causewayed enclosures are often located on hilltop sites, encircled by one to four concentric ditches with an internal bank. Enclosures located in lowland areas are generally larger than hilltop ones. Crossing the ditches at intervals are causeways which give the monuments their names. It appears that the ditches were excavated in sections, leaving

1110-533: The sites: Other interpretations have seen the causeways as symbolic of multi-directional access to the site by scattered communities, the enclosures as funerary centres for excarnation or the construction of the site being a communal act of creation by a fragmented society. Animal remains (especially cattle bone), domestic waste and pottery have been found at the sites, however there has been limited evidence of any structures. In some locations, such as Windmill Hill, Avebury , evidence of human occupation predates

1147-488: The subject of a seminal study using Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates , Gathering Time , which provided unprecedented historical precision for the Neolithic period. This showed that following the start of the Neolithic in Britain, i.e. the arrival of the first farmers in the 41st century BC, the first monuments built were long barrows , which became popular at the end of the 39th century, that is, around 3800 BC (or

Sion Causeway - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-664: The town of Titusville on the Florida mainland to the rocket-launching facility at the Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island . The Churchill Barriers in Orkney are some of the most notable sets of causeways in Europe. Constructed in waters up to 18 metres deep, the four barriers link five islands on the eastern side of the natural harbour at Scapa Flow . They were built during World War II as military defences for

1221-440: The wide causeways intact in between. They should not be confused with segmented, or causewayed ring ditches , which are smaller and are thought to relate only to funerary activity, or with hillforts , which appeared later and had a definite defensive function. With regard to defensive functionality, however, evidence of timber palisades has been found at some sites such as Hambledon Hill . Archaeological evidence implies that

1258-435: The winds and rains of approaching tropical storms —as well as waves generated by the storm in the surrounding bodies of water—make traversing causeways problematic at best and impossibly dangerous during the fiercest parts of the storms. For this reason (and related reasons, such as the need to minimize traffic jams on both the roads approaching the causeway and the causeway itself), emergency evacuation of island residents

1295-500: The world: Unlike tunnels or bridges, causeways do not permit shipping through the strait which can cause problems. In some cases, causeways were built with "gates" or other facilities to permit shipping to pass through. Causeways affect currents and may therefore be involved in beach erosion or changed deposition patterns; this effect has been a problem at the Hindenburgdamm in northern Germany. During hurricane seasons,

1332-487: The year, and, during the dry weather, there is a great traffic. Carts laden with cotton and coal for the Kurla Spinning and Weaving Mills, yarn and cloth from the mills, shell-lime, grass, stones, salt, and other articles, brought into Bombay from different parts of Thane , are carried over the causeway. A toll on the causeway used to yield a yearly revenue of £2700 (Rs. 27,000). The toll rates were: 1s. (8 as.) for

1369-735: Was doubled in width, and other improvements added, in 1826, under the Government of-the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone, at a further cost of Rs. 40,000. The causeway was originally, constructed under the superintendence of Captain William Brooks, of the Engineers; and the additions and the improvements made in 1826 under that of Captain William A. Tate of the same corps It is used at all seasons of

#639360