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78-925: Within 10 miles (16 km) of the Maryland/Pennsylvania state line , the Gettysburg battlefield is situated in the Gettysburg-Newark Basin of the Pennsylvania Piedmont entirely within the Potomac River Watershed near the Marsh and Rock creeks' triple point, with the Susquehanna River Watershed (near Oak Hill) occupying an area 3.33 by 5.33 miles (5.4 km × 8.6 km). Military engagements occurred within and around

156-592: A 1928 artillery and cavalry camp was held at Culp's Hill in conjunction with President Calvin Coolidge 's Memorial Day address in the cemetery's rostrum . In 1933, administration of the GNMP transferred to the 1916 National Park Service (NPS), which initiated Great Depression projects including 1933 Civil Works Administration improvements, and two Civilian Conservation Corps camps were subsequently built for battlefield maintenance and construction projects. After

234-546: A 1933 comfort station had been built at The Pennsylvania State Memorial , similar stone Parkitecture structures were built (the west ranger station was completed May 21, 1937), and in April 1938, the Works Progress Administration added battlefield parking areas. Numerous commercial facilities were also developed on private battlefield land, particularly during the 1950s "Golden Age of Capitalism" in

312-593: A high level of accuracy in the survey due to the work of Nevil Maskelyne , some of whose instruments they used. There was keen interest in their work and much communication between the surveyors, Maskelyne and other members of the British Scientific establishment in the Royal Society in Britain, notably Henry Cavendish . During such survey work, it is normal to survey from point to point along

390-467: A line somewhere in between and renounced the Calvert claim to Delaware. But later, Lord Baltimore claimed that the document he had signed did not contain the terms he had agreed to, and refused to put the agreement into effect. Beginning in the mid-1730s, violence erupted between settlers claiming various loyalties to Maryland and Pennsylvania. The border conflict would be known as Cresap's War . Progress

468-629: A series of proposed lines. In the end, a compromise was reached: the Mason–Dixon line would be extended west to a point five degrees west of the Delaware River. To compensate Pennsylvania for the claimed territory lost, its western boundary would be run due north rather than copying the course of the Delaware River. The Mason–Dixon line was marked by stones every mile 1 mile (1.6 km) and "crownstones" every 5 miles (8.0 km), using stone shipped from England. The Maryland side says "(M)" and

546-546: A small wedge of land in dispute between Delaware and Pennsylvania until 1921. In April 1765, Mason and Dixon began their survey of the more famous Maryland–Pennsylvania line. They were commissioned to run it for a distance of five degrees of longitude west from the Delaware River, fixing the western boundary of Pennsylvania (see the entry for Yohogania County ). However, in October 1767, at Dunkard Creek near Mount Morris, Pennsylvania , nearly 244 miles (393 km) west of

624-472: A very sensitive torsion balance to carry out the Cavendish experiment and determine the average density of Earth. It is unlikely that Mason and Dixon ever heard the phrase "Mason–Dixon line". The official report on the survey, issued in 1768, did not even mention their names. While the term was used occasionally in the decades following the survey, it came into popular use during congressional debates on

702-441: A wooden observation tower on East Cemetery Hill from 1878 to 1895. Post-war, John Bachelder invited over 1,000 officers, including 49 generals, to revisit the field with him. Bachelder also produced a battlefield survey with 1880 federal funds (initiated by Senator Wade Hampton III , a Confederate general). The GBMA approved and disapproved various monuments and in 1888 planted trees at Zeigler's Grove . The 1st battlefield monument

780-534: Is Cemetery Ridge of only about 40 feet (12 m) above the surrounding terrain. The ridge includes The Angle 's stone wall and the copse of trees at the High-water mark of the Confederacy during Pickett's Charge . The southern end of Cemetery Ridge is Weikert Hill , north of Little Round Top . The two highest battlefield points are at Round Top to the south with the higher round summit of Big Round Top ,

858-442: Is a demarcation line separating four U.S. states : Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware and West Virginia . It was surveyed between 1763 and 1767 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon as part of the resolution of a border dispute involving Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware in the colonial United States . The largest portion of the Mason–Dixon line, along the southern Pennsylvania border, later became informally known as

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936-426: Is made up of four segments corresponding to the terms of the settlement: The most difficult task was fixing the tangent line, as they had to confirm the accuracy of the transpeninsular line midpoint and the 12-mile circle, determine the tangent point along the circle, and then actually survey and monument the border. They then surveyed the north and arc lines. They did this work between 1763 and 1767. This actually left

1014-709: Is the landform of the Gettysburg Battlefield where the Eternal Light Peace Memorial was dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the 1938 Gettysburg reunion . After the July 1, 1863 Battle of Oak Ridge , Whitworth rifled cannon fired from the Confederate position on Oak Hill onto Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill . The ridge has numerous Battle of Gettysburg monuments and the 1895 Oak Ridge Observation Tower . In

1092-482: The 13th Amendment was ratified in 1865. Mason and Dixon's actual survey line began to the south of Philadelphia , and extended from a benchmark east to the Delaware River and west to what was then the boundary with western Virginia. The surveyors also fixed the boundary between Delaware and Pennsylvania and the approximately north–south portion of the boundary between Delaware and Maryland . Most of

1170-594: The Maryland portion of the new road were later designated as the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway. The Mason–Dixon line has been resurveyed three times: in 1849, 1900, and in the 1960s. In 2020, 30 volunteers, at the behest of the Maryland Geological Survey , started a project to locate and document the 226 remaining Mason-Dixon Line stones, which were placed every mile in the 18th century to mark

1248-460: The Mason and Dixon Survey Terminal Point In 1774, commissioners from Pennsylvania and Virginia met to negotiate their boundary, which at the time involved Pennsylvania's southern border west of Maryland and its entire western border. Both sides agreed that Pennsylvania's grant made its western border a tracing of the course of the Delaware River, displaced five degrees (approximately 265 miles) to

1326-772: The Missouri Compromise named "Mason and Dixon's line" as part of the boundary between slave territory and free territory. In popular usage to people from the United States, the Mason–Dixon line symbolizes a cultural boundary between the North and the South ( Dixie ). Originally "Mason and Dixon's Line" simply referred to the border between Pennsylvania (including "the Delaware Counties") and Maryland. However, it has been used metaphorically to describe

1404-483: The Round Top Park brought alcohol and prostitution . The 1922 Camp Harding included a Marine Corps reenactment of Pickett's Charge observed by President Warren Harding and a next-day simulation of the same attack with modern weapons and tactics. The battlefield's commemorative era ended in 1927, and use of the national park for military camps continued under an 1896 federal law (29 Stat. 120), e.g.,

1482-602: The Slaughter Pen —which was at a trolley station of the Gettysburg Electric Railway that operated from 1894 to 1916. The federal Gettysburg National Park Commission was established on March 3, 1893; after which Congressman Daniel Sickles initiated a May 31, 1894, resolution “ to acquire by purchase (or by condemnation) … such lands, or interests in lands, upon or in the vicinity of said battle field . The memorial association era ended in 1895 when

1560-538: The Twelve-Mile Circle around New Castle, Delaware , when in fact it falls north of the original boundaries of the City of Philadelphia , the site of which Penn had already selected for his colony's capital city. Negotiations ensued after the problem was discovered in 1681. A compromise proposed by Charles II in 1682, which might have resolved the issue, was undermined by Penn receiving the additional grant of

1638-547: The War Department acquired 124 GBMA tracts totaling 522 acres (211 ha), including 320 monuments and about 17 miles (27 km) of roads. Commercial development after Tipton Park was abolished in the fall of 1901 included the July 1902 Hudson Park picnic grove north of Little Round Top (including a boxing arena). A dancing pavilion was erected at the Round Top Museum in 1902, and in the saddle area between

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1716-685: The "Sickles Gettysburg Park Bill" (28 Stat. 651) designated the Gettysburg National Military Park (GNMP) under the War Department. Subsequent battlefield improvements included the October 1895 construction of the War Department's observation towers to replace the 1878 Cemetery Hill tower and an 1881 Big Round Top tower. For payment of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association's debts of $ 1960.46, on February 4, 1896,

1794-572: The "Three Lower Counties" along Delaware Bay , which later became the Delaware Colony , a satellite of Pennsylvania. Maryland considered these lands part of its original grant. The conflict became more of an issue when settlement extended into the interior of the colonies. In 1732 the Proprietary Governor of Maryland, Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore , signed a provisional agreement with William Penn 's sons, which drew

1872-481: The 1854 Evergreen Cemetery on its crest and where the 1863 Gettysburg Address dedicated the Gettysburg National Cemetery . Eastward are Culp's Hill and Steven's Knoll . Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill were subjected to assaults throughout the battle by Richard S. Ewell 's Second Corps. Cemetery Ridge extends about 1-mile (1.6 km) south from Cemetery Hill. Southward from Cemetery Hill

1950-482: The 1966 NPS 50th anniversary included restoring battlefield houses, resurfacing 31 miles (50 km) of avenues, replacing the railway cut bridge, and restoring the 1884 Gettysburg Cyclorama . As the Mission 66 Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg with a new battlefield observation deck was being completed in 1962, the nearby 1896 Zeigler's Grove observation tower was removed (the 1895 Big Round Top observation tower

2028-522: The 40th parallel. Pennsylvania's grant defined the colony's southern boundary as following a 12-mile (radius) circle (19 km) counter-clockwise from the Delaware River until it hit "the beginning of the fortieth degree of Northern latitude." From there the boundary was to follow the 40th parallel due west for five degrees of longitude. But the 40th parallel does not, in fact, intersect the 12-mile circle, instead lying significantly farther north. Thus Pennsylvania's southern boundary as defined in its charter

2106-541: The Calverts of Maryland and the Penns of Pennsylvania £3,512 9/ – (equivalent to £571,700 in 2023) to have 244 miles (393 km) surveyed with such accuracy. To them the money was well spent, for in a new country there was no other way of establishing ownership. The Mason-Dixon Trail stretches on or near Pennsylvania's border with Delaware and Maryland and is a popular attraction to tourists. The Mason–Dixon line

2184-488: The Delaware and Pennsylvania sides say "(P)". Crownstones included both coats of arms. Many of the original stones are still visible, resting on public land and protected by iron cages; a number have gone missing or were buried. The actual locations of the stones may differ a few hundred feet east or west from the exact positions where Mason and Dixon intended to place them, still, the line drawn from stone to stone forms

2262-460: The Delaware, their Iroquois guides refused to go any further, having reached the border of their lands with the Lenape , with whom they were engaged in hostilities. As a result, the group was forced to quit, and on October 11, they made their final observations , 233 miles (375 km) from their starting point. In 1784, surveyors David Rittenhouse and Andrew Ellicott and their crew completed

2340-780: The Delaware–Pennsylvania boundary is an arc , and the Delaware–Maryland boundary does not run truly north–south because it was intended to bisect the Delmarva Peninsula rather than follow a meridian. Mason and Dixon also confirmed the earlier survey delineating Delaware's southern boundary from the Atlantic Ocean to the "Middle Point" stone (along what is today known as the Transpeninsular Line ). They proceeded nearly due north from this to

2418-614: The Maryland–Delaware border. After the president, flanked by the governors of Delaware and Maryland, cut a ribbon opening the Interstate, they moved to the grassy median strip where a replica Mason and Dixon Marker had been placed for the bicentennial. There President Kennedy and the governors unveiled a limestone replica. It was one of his last public appearances before his assassination in Dallas, Texas . The Delaware Turnpike and

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2496-450: The Mason–Dixon line as a general geographic division, or character names evoking it, although a minority of those specifically relate to the line itself. 39°43′N 75°47′W  /  39.717°N 75.783°W  / 39.717; -75.783 Oak Ridge, Adams County, Pennsylvania Coordinates : 39°53′12″N 77°14′03″W  /  39.886722°N 77.23423°W  / 39.886722; -77.23423 From Misplaced Pages,

2574-501: The Pennsylvania border. The Maryland–Pennsylvania boundary is an east–west line with an approximate mean latitude of 39°43′20″ N ( Datum WGS 84 ). In reality, the east-west Mason–Dixon line is not a true straight line in the geometric sense, but is instead a polygonal chain , a series of many adjoining line segments, following a path between latitude 39°43′15″ N and 39°43′23″ N. The surveyors also extended

2652-558: The Round Tops earned the name Valley of Death on that day. The area of the military engagements during the battle included the majority of the 1863 town area and the current borough area. The broadest regions of borough military engagements are the combat area of the Union retreat while being pursued on July 1, as well as the burg's area over which artillery rounds were fired. Confederate artillery fired from Oak Hill southeastward onto

2730-511: The Round Tops, David Weikert operated an eating house moved from Tipton Park after it was seized in 1901 by eminent domain . Landscape preservation began in 1883 when peach trees were planted in the Peach Orchard , and 20,000 battlefield trees were planted in 1906 (trees are periodically removed from battlefield areas that had been logged prior to the battle.) Battlefield visitors through the early 20th century typically arrived by train at

2808-501: The Trust's most significant and expensive acquisitions. In 2015, the Trust paid $ 6 million for a four-acre parcel that included the stone house that Lee used as his headquarters during the battle. The Trust razed a motel, restaurant and other buildings within the parcel to restore the site to its wartime appearance, added interpretive signs and opened the site to the public in October, 2016. Mason-Dixon line The Mason–Dixon line

2886-535: The Union areas of battle held are an 1887 plaque near The Angle commemorating Gen Armistead's farthest advance on July 3 and the 1884 2nd Maryland Infantry monument on Culp's Hill. The battlefield was used by the 1884 Camp Gettysburg and other summer encampments of the PA National Guard . Commercial development in the 19th century included the 1884 Round Top Branch of railroad to Round Top, Pennsylvania , and after March 1892, Tipton Park operated in

2964-485: The United States (e.g., motels, eateries, & visitor attractions). The battlefield's 2nd largest monument, the Eternal Light Peace Memorial , was accepted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and unveiled at the 1938 Gettysburg reunion that attracted over 300,000 battlefield visitors. In 1939, the 1st of the Gettysburg National Museum's 14 expansions was completed (the electric map auditorium

3042-580: The action of the elements and fell over." The editor urged the Cecil County Commissioners, Commissioner of the Land Office, Governor or some public minded citizen to preserve this "old time-honored, moss-covered relic of a generation, which has passed away. . . " On November 14, 1963, during the bicentennial of the Mason–Dixon line, U.S. President John F. Kennedy opened a newly completed section of Interstate 95 where it crossed

3120-490: The ancient old relic. Although greatly mangled by traffic in the second half of the twentieth century, it still stands today. But long before bulldozers and other heavy equipment started moving earth for the dual highway before World War II, there were concerns about the preservation of this monument. In 1885, the Cecil Democrat reported that after 119-years, the stone on the road from Elkton to Glasgow had "yielded to

3198-524: The annual "Topton Day" autumn foliage tours from near Berks County, Pennsylvania . Veterans reunions included the 1888 25th battle anniversary , a 1906 ceremony to return Gen Armistead's sword to the South. and 53,407 civil war veterans attending the 1913 Gettysburg reunion for the 50th anniversary. The battlefield had a 1912 airfield at Camp Stuart and a WWI Tank Corps center at Brevet Lt. Col. Dwight D. Eisenhower 's 1918 Camp Colt , and excursions to

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3276-595: The battlefield, but was purchased under eminent domain and demolished in 2000. In the Devil's Den area, trees were removed in 2007, and the comfort station was razed April 8, 2010. Similarly, the Gettysburg National Museum was demolished in 2008. In 2008, the Gettysburg National Military Park had 1,320 monuments, 410 cannon, 148 historic buildings, 2½ observation towers, and 41 miles (66 km) of avenues, roads, and lanes; (8 unpaved). "one of

3354-647: The border between Pennsylvania and Maryland. The stones are historically significant because they represent one of the first geodetic surveys ever conducted in North America. The volunteers hope to get the stones listed on the National Register of Historic Places, which will help to preserve them for future generations. By 2023, the volunteers found 218 of the often-hidden 500-pound limestone stone markers quarried in England. Mason and Dixon achieved

3432-572: The borough of Gettysburg (1863 pop. 2,400), which remains the population center for the battlefield area at the intersections of roads that connect the borough with 10 nearby Pennsylvania and Maryland towns (e.g., antebellum turnpikes to Chambersburg , York , and Baltimore .) The battle began on the west at Lohr's, Whistler's, School-House, and Knoxlyn ridges between Cashtown and Gettysburg. Nearer to Gettysburg, dismounted Union cavalry defended McPherson's Ridge and Herr's Ridge, and eventually infantry support arrived to defend Seminary Ridge at

3510-411: The borough's 1884 Gettysburg & Harrisburg RR Station or the 1859 Gettysburg Railroad Station and used horse-drawn jitneys to tour the battlefield. The borough licensed automobile taxis first in 1913, and the War Department expanded the battlefield roads throughout the commemorative era. Early 20th century battlefield excursions included those by "The Hod Carriers Consolidated Union of Baltimore" and

3588-466: The borough's west side. Oak Ridge , a northward extension of both McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge, is capped by Oak Hill, a site for artillery that commanded a good area north of the town. Prior to Pickett's Charge , " 159 guns stretching in a long line from the Peach Orchard to Oak Hill were to open simultaneously ". Directly south of the town is the gently-sloped Cemetery Hill named for

3666-582: The boundary between the Southern slave states and Northern free states . This usage came to prominence during the debate around the Missouri Compromise of 1820, when drawing boundaries between slave and free territory and resurfaced during the American Civil War , with border states also coming into play. The Confederate States of America claimed the Virginia (now West Virginia) portion of

3744-408: The boundary line 40 miles (64 km) west of Maryland's western boundary, into territory that was still in dispute between Pennsylvania and Virginia, though this was contrary to their original charter. Mason and Dixon's survey was finished on October 19, 1767, about 31 miles (50 km) east of what is now Pennsylvania's southwest corner. Where the surveyors finished their survey became known as

3822-577: The close of the battle, some of the ~22,000 wounded remained on the battlefield and were subsequently treated at the outlying Camp Letterman hospital or nearby field hospitals, houses, churches, and other buildings. Dead soldiers on the battlefield totaled 8,900; and contractors such as David Warren were hired to bury men and animals (the majority near where they fell). Samuel Weaver oversaw all of these reburials. The first excursion train arrived with battlefield visitors on July 5. On July 10, Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin visited Gettysburg and expressed

3900-654: The current borough was at Coster Avenue (north of the 1863 town) in which Early's division defeated Coster's brigade . The town was generally held by the Confederate provost and used by snipers after the dawn of July 2 (e.g., a brickyard behind the McCreary House, the John Rupp Tannery on Baltimore St, and a church belfry). A Confederate skirmish line at Breckenridge Street faced Federals on Cemetery Hill , and ~7 pm July 1, "the Confederate line of battle had been formed on East and West Middle Streets". At

3978-722: The dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery , which was completed in March 1864 with the last of 3,512 Union reburied. From 1870 to 1873, upon the initiative of the Ladies Memorial Associations of Richmond , Raleigh , Savannah , and Charleston , 3,320 bodies were disinterred and sent to cemeteries in those cities for reburial, 2,935 being interred in Hollywood Cemetery , Richmond. Seventy-three bodies were reburied in home cemeteries. The cemetery

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4056-411: The entire boundary between slave and free states during the 19th-century. After Pennsylvania abolished slavery , it served as a demarcation line for the legality of slavery . Technically, that demarcation did not extend beyond Pennsylvania where Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, all slave states , lay south or east of the boundary. Also lying north and east of the boundary was New Jersey , where slavery

4134-491: The entire length of the Potomac River up to the 40th parallel . A problem arose when Charles II granted a charter for Pennsylvania in 1681. The grant defined Pennsylvania's southern border as identical to Maryland's northern border, but described it differently, as Charles relied on an inaccurate map. The terms of the grant clearly indicate that Charles II and William Penn believed the 40th parallel would intersect

4212-828: The 💕 [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:   "Oak Ridge, Adams County, Pennsylvania"  –  news   · newspapers   · books   · scholar   · JSTOR ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Oak Ridge [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Oak Ridge Pennsylvania, United States Highest point Coordinates 39°53′12″N 77°14′03″W  /  39.886722°N 77.23423°W  / 39.886722; -77.23423 Geography Location Pennsylvania, United States Oak Ridge

4290-603: The largest collections of outdoor sculpture in the world." In February 2013 the landmark modernist Cyclorama Building and Visitor Center , designed by renowned architect Richard Neutra , was destroyed. The 19th century Gettysburg Cyclorama depicting the battlefield had previously been removed for restoration, and was reinstalled in the new rustic style Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center . The Gettysburg National Military Park receives an annual 3 million visitors per year. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 1,231 acres (4.98 km) of

4368-475: The legal boundary. The lines have been resurveyed several times over the centuries without substantive changes to Mason's and Dixon's work, and additional benchmarks and survey markers were placed where necessary. The line was established to end a boundary dispute between the British colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania/Delaware. Maryland had been granted the territory north of the Potomac River up to

4446-465: The line and then survey back to the starting point, where if there were no errors the origin and re-surveyed position would coincide. Normally the return errors would be random – i.e. the return survey errors compared to the intermediate points back to the start point would be spatially randomly distributed around the start point. Mason and Dixon found that there were larger than expected systematic errors , i.e. non- random errors, that led

4524-560: The line as part of its northern border, although it never exercised meaningful control that far north – especially after West Virginia separated from Virginia and joined the Union as a separate state in 1863. It is still used today in the figurative sense of a line that separates the Northeast and South culturally, politically, and socially (see Dixie ) . Maryland's charter of 1632 granted Cecil Calvert land north of

4602-691: The line of latitude 15 miles (24 km) south of the southernmost house in Philadelphia (on what is today South Street ). As part of the settlement, the Penns and Calverts commissioned the English team of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to survey the newly established boundaries between the Province of Pennsylvania , the Province of Maryland , and Delaware Colony . In 1779, Pennsylvania and Virginia agreed "To extend Mason's and Dixon's line, due west, five degrees of longitude, to be computed from

4680-473: The lower oval summit of Little Round Top , and a saddle between. The Round Tops are rugged and strewn with large boulders; as is Devil's Den to the west. [Big] Round Top , known also to locals of the time as Sugar Loaf, is 116 feet (35 m) higher than its Little companion. Its steep slopes are heavily wooded, which made it unsuitable for siting artillery without a large effort to climb the heights with horse-drawn guns and clear lines of fire; Little Round Top

4758-568: The next winter he interviewed Union officers about Gettysburg).         1933: NPS         1895: War Dept         1864: GBMA         1858: Gettysburg Railroad periods:         WWI & WWII         commemorative era The 1864 Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association (GBMA) added to McConaughy's land holdings and operated

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4836-450: The old boundary line was noted by construction crews, newspaper columnists, and the traveling public. When contractors started working on a section of Route 40, a modern dual highway between Elkton and Glasgow, they discovered a time and weather battered original Mason Dixon Marker. It was relocated to northside of the highway and when the governors of Delaware and Maryland dedicated the highway on June 26, 1941, newspaper reporters took note of

4914-474: The overall battlefield in more than 35 separate transactions since 1997. Some of the land has been sold or conveyed to the National Park Service to be incorporated into the national park, but other land acquisitions are outside the official, federally established, current park boundary and thus cannot become part of the park. This includes the headquarters of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee, one of

4992-565: The pull of a nearby mountain upon a plumb-bob in 1772 and sent Mason (who had returned to Britain) on a site survey through central England and Scotland to find a suitable location during the summer of 1773. Mason selected Schiehallion at which to conduct what became known as the Schiehallion experiment , which was carried out primarily by Maskelyne and determined the density of the Scottish mountain. Several years later Cavendish used

5070-399: The retreated Union line extending east-to-west from Culp's Hill to the west side of Cemetery Hill , and Union artillery on Cemetery Hill fired on the railway cut (including Wiedrich's battery ~5 pm). Smaller engagements in the town included those with some federals remaining in/near structures after the retreat (e.g., wounded soldiers not willing to surrender). The largest engagement within

5148-569: The return survey consistently being in one direction away from the starting point. When this information got back to the Royal Society members, Henry Cavendish realised that this may have been due to the gravitational pull of the Allegheny Mountains deflecting the theodolite plumb-bobs and spirit levels toward them to the west. Maskelyne then proposed measuring the gravitational force causing this deflection induced by

5226-467: The river Delaware, for the southern boundary of Pennsylvania, and that a meridian, drawn from the western extremity thereof to the northern limit of the said state, be the western boundary of Pennsylvania for ever." After Pennsylvania abolished slavery in 1781, the east–west part of this line and the Ohio River became a border between slave and free states , with Delaware retaining slavery until

5304-644: The state's interest in finding the fallen veterans a resting place. Attorney David Wills arranged for the purchase of 17 acres (6.9 ha) of Cemetery Hill battlefield land for a cemetery. On August 14, 1863, attorney David McConaughy recommended a preservation association to sell membership stock for battlefield fundraising. By September 16, 1863, battlefield protection had begun with McConaughy's purchase of "the heights of Cemetery Hill and" Little Round Top , and his total purchased area of 600 acres (240 ha) included Culp's Hill land. On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address at

5382-425: The survey of the Mason–Dixon line to the southwest corner of Pennsylvania, five degrees from the Delaware River. Other surveyors continued west to the Ohio River. The section of the line between the southwestern corner of Pennsylvania and the river is the county line between Marshall and Wetzel counties, West Virginia. As the 20th century moved along and modern roadways came to northeastern Maryland and Delaware,

5460-400: The west. And both sides thought this would place Fort Pitt in Virginia territory (in fact it would not have). With that in mind, the governor of Pennsylvania argued that, despite the agreement reached with Maryland, Pennsylvania's southern border west of Maryland was still the 39th parallel , about 50 miles (80 km) south of the Mason–Dixon line. Negotiations continued for five years, with

5538-550: Was added in 1963 and closed April 13, 2008). Pitzer Woods was the site of the World War II Camp Sharpe , and McMillan Woods had a German POW camp (the latter was used for post-war housing of migrant workers for local production). Heads-of-state at the battlefield included a 1943 Winston Churchill auto tour with President Roosevelt, President Eisenhower escorting President Charles De Gaulle (1960), and President Jimmy Carter hosting President Anwar Sadat and Prime Minister Menachem Begin (1978). The 1956 Mission 66 plan for

5616-585: Was an 1867 marble urn in the National Cemetery dedicated to the 1st Minnesota Infantry , and the 1st memorial outside of the cemetery was the 1878 Strong Vincent tablet Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine on Little Round Top. By May 1887 there were 90 regimental and battery monuments on the battlefield, and the first bronze monument on the battlefield was Reynolds' 1872 statue in the cemetery. The only two Confederate monuments inside

5694-470: Was contradictory and unclear. The most serious problem was that the Maryland claim would put Philadelphia , the largest city in Pennsylvania, in Maryland. The dispute was peacefully resolved in 1767 when the boundary was fixed as follows: The disputants engaged an expert British team, astronomer Charles Mason and surveyor Jeremiah Dixon , to survey what became known as the Mason–Dixon line. It cost

5772-675: Was formally abolished in 1846, but former slaves continued to be "apprenticed" to their masters until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865. The Missouri Compromise line ( Parallel 36°30′ north ) had a much clearer geographic connection to slavery in the United States leading up to the Civil War . Popular culture contains a multitude of references to

5850-482: Was made after a Court of Chancery ruling affirming the 1732 agreement, but the issue remained unresolved until Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore ceased contesting the claims on the Maryland side and accepted the earlier agreements. Maryland's border with Delaware was to be based on the Transpeninsular Line and the Twelve-Mile Circle around New Castle. The Pennsylvania–Maryland border was defined as

5928-488: Was removed in 1968). In 1967, the NPS purchased the 1921 Gettysburg National Museum, which the NPS operated from 1971-2008. Also in 1971, the NPS acquired Round Top Station and the Round Top Museum, using the latter as an environmental resource center until demolished c.  July 1982. The private Gettysburg National Tower of 393 ft (120 m) was completed in 1974 to provide several observation levels for viewing

6006-610: Was transferred to the United States government May 1872, and the last Battle of Gettysburg body was reburied in the national cemetery after being discovered in 1997. Union Gettysburg veteran Emmor Cope was detailed to annotate the battlefield's troop positions and his " Map of the Battlefield of Gettysburg from the original survey made August to October, 1863 " was displayed at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition . Also in 1863, John B. Bachelder escorted convalescing officers at Gettysburg to identify battlefield locations (during

6084-504: Was unwooded, but its steep and rocky form made it difficult to deploy artillery in mass. However, Cemetery Hill was an excellent site for artillery, commanding all of the Union lines on Cemetery Ridge and the approaches to them. Little Round Top and Devil's Den were key locations for General John Bell Hood 's division in Longstreet's assault during the second day of battle, July 2, 1863. The Plum Run Valley between Houck's Ridge and

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