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87-662: It lies between the Vipava Valley , the low hills surrounding the valley, the westernmost part of the Brkini Hills , northern Istria , and the Gulf of Trieste . The western edge of the plateau also marks the traditional ethnic border between Italians and Slovenes . The region gave its name to karst topography . For this reason, it is also referred to as the Classical Karst . The plateau rises quite steeply above

174-491: A South Slavic ethnic group native to Slovenia , and adjacent regions in Italy , Austria and Hungary . Slovenes share a common ancestry, culture , history and speak Slovene as their native language. According to ethnic classification based on language , they are closely related to other South Slavic ethnic groups, as well as more distantly to West Slavs . Outside of Slovenia and Europe, Slovenes form diaspora groups in

261-584: A brief ten-day war . In December 1991, a new constitution was adopted, followed in 1992 by the laws on denationalisation and privatization . The members of the European Union recognised Slovenia as an independent state on 15 January 1992, and the United Nations accepted it as a member on 22 May 1992. The disillusionment with domestic socio-economic elites at municipal and the State's level

348-613: A minority and have enjoyed special rights following the Austrian State Treaty (Staatsvertrag) of 1955. Slovenes in the Austrian state of Styria (4,250) are not recognized as a minority and do not enjoy special rights, although the State Treaty of 27 July 1955 states otherwise. Many Carinthians remain uneasy about Slovene territorial claims, pointing to the fact that Yugoslav troops entered the state after each of

435-511: A policy of violent Germanisation . During the war, tens of thousands of Slovenes were resettled or chased away, imprisoned, or transported to labor , internment and extermination camps . Many were sent into exile to Nedić's Serbia and Croatia . The numbers of Slovenes drafted to the German military and paramilitary formations has been estimated at 150,000 men and women, almost a quarter of them died on various European battlefields, mostly on

522-466: A population of about 19,000 people. The Karst as a whole has exactly 100 settlements. The town of Sežana is the center of the region on the Slovene side of the border. The main rural centers are the settlements of Divača , Dutovlje , and Komen . Štanjel is a picturesque clustered settlement at the top of the northern rim of the plateau ; its houses are tightly clustered around Turn Hill, giving it

609-741: A rise in cultural pluralism. Numerous grass-roots political, artistic and intellectual movements emerged, including the Neue Slowenische Kunst , the Ljubljana school of psychoanalysis , and the Nova revija intellectual circle. By the mid-1980s, a reformist fraction, led by Milan Kučan , took control of the Slovenian Communist Party, starting a gradual reform towards market socialism and controlled political pluralism . The first clear demand for Slovene independence

696-574: A unique situation. While Greece shared its experience of being trisected, Slovenia was the only country that experienced a further step—absorption and annexation into neighboring Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy , and Hungary. After Yugoslavia was invaded by Axis Powers on 6 April 1941, Germany and Hungary occupied northern Slovenia. Some villages in Lower Carniola were annexed by the Independent State of Croatia . The Nazis started

783-890: A wave of political repressions took place in Slovenia and in Yugoslavia. Thousands of people were imprisoned for their political beliefs. Several tens of thousands of Slovenes left Slovenia immediately after the war in fear of Communist persecution. Many of them settled in Brazil and Argentina, which became the core of Slovenian anti-Communist emigration. More than 50,000 more followed in the next decade, frequently for economic reasons, as well as political ones. These later waves of Slovene immigrants mostly settled in Canada and in Australia, but also in other western countries. Additionally, due to

870-594: Is a valley in the Slovenian Littoral , roughly between the village of Podnanos to the east and the border with Italy to the west. The main towns are Ajdovščina and Vipava . The narrow valley of the Vipava River serves as the main passage between the Friulian lowland and central Slovenia , and is thus also an important corridor connecting Northern Italy to Central Europe . It is closed to

957-803: Is estimated at 83,000 to 100,000, the Slovene minority in southern Austria at 24,855, in Croatia at 13,200, and in Hungary at 3,180. Significant Slovene expatriate communities live in the United States and Canada , in other European countries, in South America (mostly in Argentina and Brazil ), and in Australia and New Zealand . The largest population of Slovenes outside of Slovenia

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1044-859: Is in Cleveland . In a 2013 Y-DNA study, 29-32% of 399–458 sampled Slovenian males belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a , more frequent than in South Slavic peoples. The second largest Haplogroup was the Haplogroup R1b , which was at 26-28%, following was the Haplogroup I , with 30-31%. Due to the geographic position of Slovenia, the population is substantially diverse, sharing genes with Italic peoples , Germanic , Slavs and Hungarians . The Slovenian population displays close genetic affiliations with West Slavic , South Slavic , Austrians and Italic populations. The homogenous genetic strata of

1131-584: Is rejected by linguists on the basis that their dialect is by all standards a variant of Slovene. The first to define Slovenes as a separate branch of the Slavic people was Anton Tomaž Linhart in his work An Essay on the History of Carniola and Other Lands of the Austrian South Slavs , published in 1791. In it, Linhart also established the linguistic unity of the Slovene ethnic territory and set

1218-551: Is the author of the first printed book in Slovene. He was a Slovenian Protestant Reformer of the Lutheran tradition. Most ethnic Slovenes are Roman Catholic by faith, with some historical Protestant minorities, especially Lutherans in Prekmurje . A sizable minority of Slovenes are non-religious or atheists, according to the published data from the 2002 Slovenian census, out of a total of 47,488 Muslims (who represent 2.4% of

1305-644: The Claustra Alpium Iuliarum , an ancient Roman defensive system of walls and towers stretching from the Gail Valley (now Carinthia , Austria) to the Učka mountain range (now Croatia ). The Battle of Frigidus between the army of Eastern Emperor Theodosius I and the army of the Western Roman ruler Eugenius took place in this region in 394. In Medieval Times, the upper eastern part of

1392-534: The Cleveland metropolitan area in the United States; the high concentration of Slovenes in Cleveland specifically is attributed to the industrial opportunities at the time, as well as the existing workforce in the area being largely of Germanic and Slavic descent. Many Slovene expats during this period were sponsored to work in the United States by wealthy Slovenes or Slovene community organizations within

1479-812: The Eastern Front . Compared to the German policies in the northern Nazi-occupied area of Slovenia and the forced Fascist italianization in the former Austrian Littoral that was annexed after the First World War, the initial Italian policy in the central Slovenia was not as violent. Tens of thousands of Slovenes from German-occupied Lower Styria and Upper Carniola escaped to the Province of Ljubljana until June 1941. However, after resistance started in Province of Ljubljana , Italian violence against

1566-479: The Foibe massacres ; some 27,000 Istrian Italians fled Slovenian Istria from Communist persecution in the so-called Istrian–Dalmatian exodus . Members of the ethnic German minority either fled or were expelled from Slovenia. The overall number of World War II casualties in Slovenia is estimated at 97,000. The number includes about 14,000 people, who were killed or died for other war-related reasons immediately after

1653-985: The Karst dialect is spoken. The Karst is renowned for its strong red wine , known as teran , prosciutto and its traditional cuisine, which is a mixture of Mediterranean and Central European cuisine. The traditionally produced Karst prosciutto , a sort of dry-cured ham , is protected at the European level . Prominent persons that were born or lived in this region include the poets Srečko Kosovel , Igo Gruden , Ciril Zlobec , and Branka Jurca , social activist Danilo Dolci , architect Max Fabiani , painters Avgust Černigoj and Lojze Spacal , writers Alojz Rebula , Igor Torkar , and Bogomir Magajna , theologian Anton Mahnič , politicians Drago Marušič , Josip Ferfolja , and Majda Širca , economist Milko Brezigar , and actress Ita Rina . The picturesque Karst landscape inspired numerous artists who were not from this region, including

1740-585: The Lipizzan horse breed) and other tourist facilities. The vast majority of the inhabitants of the Karst Plateau are ethnic Slovenes . Traditionally, only the villages of San Martino del Carso and Poggio-Sdraussina (in the municipality of Sagrado ) has been inhabited by Friulian speakers, the villages of Polazzo (in the municipality of Fogliano-Redipuglia ), Vermegliano and Selz (in the municipality of Ronchi dei Legionari ) by Venetian speakers, and

1827-530: The Lombards to Italy in 568. From 623 to 658 Slavic peoples between the upper Elbe River and the Karawanks mountain range united under the leadership of King Samo ( Slovene : Kralj Sámo ) in what became known as "Samo's Tribal Union" . The tribal union collapsed after Samo's death in 658, but a smaller Slavic tribal principality, Carantania ( Slovene : Karantanija ), remained, with its centre in

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1914-564: The Province of Gorizia ( Italy ) is also located in the valley. The Vipava Valley comprises five microregions: The region has a relatively mild, sub- Mediterranean climate . It is constantly influenced by the warm and humid southwestern wind and by the cold and gusty northeastern bora ( burja ) wind, especially in the cold half of the year. Its gusts can reach speeds over 200 kilometers per hour (120 mph), hinder traffic, and damage trees and buildings. In some areas, trees grow aslant with asymmetric crowns. Due to its mild climate,

2001-678: The Slovene Littoral . The dispute over the port of Trieste however remained opened until 1954, until the short-lived Free Territory of Trieste was divided between Italy and Yugoslavia, thus giving Slovenia access to the sea. This division was ratified only in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo , which gave a final legal sanction to Slovenia's long disputed western border. From the 1950s, the Socialist Republic of Slovenia exercised relatively wide autonomy. Between 1945 and 1948,

2088-757: The Slovene March , and the Black Panther , a reconstruction of the supposed coat of arms of the Carolingian duchy of Carantania . After being used in the Flag of Slovenia , the graphical representation of Triglav has become recognised as a national symbol. Per the Constitution of Slovenia and the Slovenian act on national symbols, the flag of the Slovene nation is a white-blue-red flag without

2175-780: The Slovene National Benefit Society ; other Slovene immigrants went to southwestern Pennsylvania, southeastern Ohio and the state of West Virginia to work in the coal mines and lumber industry. Some Slovenes also went to the Pittsburgh or Youngstown, Ohio , areas, to work in the steel mills, as well as Minnesota 's Iron Range , to work in the iron mines and also to Copper Country on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan for copper mining. Many also went west to Rock Springs in Wyoming to work in

2262-551: The Slovenian Covenant served as the political arm of the anti-Communist militia. The civil war was mostly restricted to the Province of Ljubljana , where more than 80% of the Slovene anti-partisan units were active. Between 1943 and 1945, smaller anti-Communist militia existed in parts of the Slovenian Littoral and in Upper Carniola , while they were virtually non-existent in the rest of the country. By 1945,

2349-453: The United States , Canada , Argentina and Brazil . Most Slovenes today live within the borders of the independent Slovenia (2,100,000 inhabitants, 83% Slovenes est. July 2020). In the Slovenian national census of 2002, 1,631,363 people ethnically declared themselves as Slovenes, while 1,723,434 people claimed Slovene as their native language. The autochthonous Slovene minority in Italy

2436-634: The 2018 autosomal analysis of Slovenian population, the Slovenes clustered with Hungarians and were close to Czechs . In the 6th century AD, Slavic people settled the region between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea in two consecutive migration waves: the first wave came from the Moravian lands around 550, while the second wave, coming from the southeast, moved into the area after the migration of

2523-657: The First World War (1914–1918), the majority of Slovenes joined other South Slavs in the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , followed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , and finally the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . In the new system of banovinas (since 1929), Slovenes formed a majority in the Drava Banovina . In the ex- Austrian Empire area given to Italy in exchange for joining Great Britain in World War I ,

2610-538: The Greater Cleveland area, which greatly contributed to the large Slovene population in the city. In 1948, the Tito–Stalin split took place. In the first years following the split, the political repression worsened, as it extended to Communists accused of Stalinism . Hundreds of Slovenes were imprisoned in the concentration camp of Goli Otok , together with thousands of people of other nationalities. Among

2697-574: The Hungarian part of the Austria-Hungary . This significantly affected the nation and led to further radicalisation of the Slovene national movement. In the 1890s, the first Slovene political parties were established. All of them were loyal to Austria, but they were also espousing a common South Slavic cause. Between 1880 and World War I , the largest numbers of Slovenes emigrated to America. Most of these went between 1905 and 1913, although

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2784-643: The Italian and in the German occupation zones. The resistance, pluralistic at the beginning, was gradually taken over by the Communist Party , as in the rest of occupied Yugoslavia. Contrary to elsewhere in Yugoslavia, where on the freed territories the political life was organized by the military itself, the Slovene Partisans were subordinated to the civil political authority of the Front. In

2871-577: The Karst Rim, including the picturesque Rosandra Valley (also known as Glinščica). Because the Karst steeply descends towards the Adriatic Sea , it is less exposed to the beneficial climatological effects of the Mediterranean . In the past, the main vegetation on the plateau was oaks , but these were replaced by pine forests in the 19th and 20th centuries. Forests now cover only one third of

2958-513: The Karst. Starting in the Middle Ages , the plateau suffered radical deforestation for economic reasons. Although it is often said that much of the wood for the closely spaced piles that support the island city of Venice came from this region, this is unlikely. Venice perhaps used the wood for naval timber. The most radical deforestation occurred in the first half of the nineteenth century due to clear-cutting by local farmers and conversion of

3045-438: The Karst. This subregional identity is still documented in the late 17th century, but it weakened in the later period, replaced by an Inner Carniolan identity. 45°42′N 13°52′E  /  45.700°N 13.867°E  / 45.700; 13.867 Vipava Valley The Vipava Valley ( pronounced [ʋiˈpaːʋa] ; Slovene : Vipavska dolina , German : Wippachtal , Italian : Valle del Vipacco )

3132-492: The Province of Trieste, especially in the municipality of Duino . As a consequence, today an estimated one fifth of the population of the Karst Plateau is Italian speaking, while the rest is mostly Slovene speaking. The Slovenes in the region speak two closely related Slovene dialects , both belonging to the Littoral dialect group . In the southern part of the plateau (in the municipalities of Divača and Hrpelje-Kozina , and

3219-856: The Roman mainland to the Alps they received Roman citizenship by the Lex Julia in 90 BC. In 14 AD the Via Gemina was built by the legio XIII Gemina , which followed the Vipava Valley between the mouth of the river Vipava into the Soča at Pons Sonti ( Gradisca d'Isonzo ) and the later town Vipava. At the confluence with the Hubelj River, the Castra ad Fluvium Frigidum was built as integral part of

3306-407: The Romantic poet France Prešeren was influential in affirming the idea of Slovene linguistic and cultural individuality, refusing the idea of merging Slovenes into a wider Slavic nation. In the 1840s, the Slovene national movement developed far beyond literary expression. In 1848, the first Slovene national political programme, called United Slovenia ( Zedinjena Slovenija ), was written in

3393-436: The Slovene and Croatian teachers, poets, writers, artists and clergy were exiled to Sardinia and elsewhere to southern Italy . In 1926, claiming that it was restoring surnames to their original Italian form, the Italian government announced the Italianization of names and surnames not only of citizens of the Slovene minority, but also of Croatian and German . Some Slovenes willingly accepted Italianization in order to lose

3480-427: The Slovene civil population easily matched that of the Germans. The province saw the deportation of 25,000 people—which equated to 7.5% of the total population of the province—in one of the most drastic operations in Europe that filled up many Italian concentration camps , such as Rab concentration camp , in Gonars concentration camp , Monigo (Treviso), Renicci d'Anghiari, Chiesanuova (Padua) and elsewhere. To suppress

3567-417: The Slovene people. It hastened economic development and facilitated the appearance of a middle class. Under the reign of Maria Theresa and Emperor Joseph II (1765–1790) many reforms were undertaken in the administration and society, including land reforms, the modernization of the Church and compulsory primary education in Slovene (1774). The start of cultural-linguistic activities by Slovene intellectuals of

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3654-424: The Vipava Valley was colonized by Illyrians , Iberians , and Ligures as well as later immigrated Celts and Etruscans (which thereafter became the Rhaetian people ). In Roman Times the valley of the fluvius frigidus (literally, 'cold river', today the Vipava) became part of the Roman X Regio Augustea – ‘ Venetia et Histria '. The inhabitants had Latin Rights until Lucius Julius Caesar 's expansion of

3741-423: The West Slavic populations and the Slovenian population suggest the existence of a common ancestral population in the central European region. The R-Z92 branch of R-Z280 which is significant among East Slavs is recorded as completely absent among Slovenes. In 2016 study, including 100 sampled Slovenians, 27.1% belong to R1b, of which 11.03% of R1b belongs to the R-P312 branch, 6% to the eastern and 4% to R-U106. In

3828-404: The Yugoslav People's Army and the Slovenian military, which involved local inhabitants who spontaneously aided the Slovenian forces by putting up improvised roadblocks preventing the advance of Yugoslav federal troops. Prominent people who were born or lived in the region include the painters Zoran Mušič and Veno Pilon , the poets Stanko Vuk , Simon Gregorčič , Nevin Birsa , and Josip Murn ,

3915-417: The advice and supervision of the main champion of the Yugoslav Communist Party, Slovene Edvard Kardelj . In 1973, the reformist trend was stopped by the conservative faction of the Slovenian Communist Party as part of a general reining in of liberal tendencies by the Yugoslav communist authorities. A period known as the "Years of Lead" (Slovene: svinčena leta ) followed. In the 1980s, Slovenia experienced

4002-415: The appearance of a medieval town. On the Italian side of the border, important settlements include Opicina , Duino , and Aurisina . Natural conditions, including the bora ( Slovene : burja ) wind, and the local way of life all shaped the elements of Karst architecture , creating simple but well-defined forms. One of the main tourist centers in the area is Lipica , with its stud farm (the home of

4089-434: The breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the entire valley was occupied by the Italian Army, annexed to the Kingdom of Italy , and incorporated into the newly established Province of Gorizia . During the Fascist period (1922–1943), the people of the valley were subjected to a policy of violent Fascist Italianization , which triggered local resistance, both peaceful and violent (with the insurgent group TIGR ). After 1941,

4176-610: The coal mines that supported the Union Pacific Railway. There were more than 30,000 casualties among ethnic Slovenes during World War I because they were and still are inhabiting the territory where the Isonzo Front was fought. While the majority of them were drafted in the Austro-Hungarian Army , also Slovene civil inhabitants from the Gorizia and Gradisca region suffered in hundreds of thousands because they were resettled in refugee camps where, however, Slovene refugees were treated as state enemies by Italians and several thousands died of malnutrition in Italian refugee camps. After

4263-432: The coat-of-arms. The ratio of the width to height of the flag is one to two. Freising manuscripts are the first written words in Slovene. Four parchment leaves and a further quarter of a page have been preserved. They consist of three texts in the oldest Slovenian dialect. Linguistic, stylistic and contextual analyses reveal that these are church texts of careful composition and literary form. Primož Trubar (1508–1586)

4350-597: The context of the Spring of Nations movement within the Austrian Empire. It demanded a unification of all Slovene-speaking territories in an autonomous kingdom, named Slovenija , within the empire and an official status for Slovene. Although the project failed, it served as an important platform of Slovene political activity in the following decades, particularly in the 1860s and 1870s, when mass Slovene rallies, named tabori , were organised. The conflict between Slovene and German nationalists deepened. In 1866, some Slovenes were left to Italy, and in 1867 some remained in

4437-474: The diplomat and writer Sigismund von Herberstein , the historian Martin Baučer , the preachers Sebastijan Krelj and Tobia Lionelli , the composer of the music for the Slovenian national anthem Stanko Premrl , the Partisan hero Janko Premrl , the author Danilo Lokar , the literary historian Avgust Žigon , and the designer Oskar Kogoj . Slovenes The Slovenes , also known as Slovenians ( Slovene : Slovenci [slɔˈʋéːntsi] ), are

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4524-399: The east and the Allied one to the west: the border ran through the middle of the valley, around the village of Branik . In September 1947, the entire valley was transferred to Yugoslavia, with the sole exception of the village of Savogna d'Isonzo ( Slovene : Sovodnje ), which remained in Italy. During Slovenia's Ten-Day War for independence, the valley was the theater of fighting between

4611-405: The end of the war, and the tiny Jewish community, which was nearly annihilated in the Holocaust . In addition, tens of thousands of Slovenes left their homeland soon after the end of the war. Most of them settled in Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Australia, and the United States. Most of Carinthia remained part of Austria and around 42,000 Slovenes (per 1951 population census ) were recognized as

4698-411: The exact number is impossible to determine because Slovenes were often classified as Austrians , Italians , Croats , or under other, broader labels, such as Slavonic or Slavic . Those who settled in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania came to be called Windish , from the Austrian German term Windisch ' Wend '. The largest group of Slovenes in the United States eventually settled in Cleveland , Ohio, and

4785-467: The forced Fascist Italianization of Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947) was under no international restraint especially after Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922. Already during the period of Italian occupation, between the years 1918 and 1920, all Slovene cultural associations ( Sokol , "reading rooms" etc.) had been forbidden. Fascist Italy brought Italian teachers from southern Italy to Italianize ethnic Slovene and Croatian children, while

4872-403: The foundations of the Slovene ethnography . After the disintegration of Yugoslavia during the late 1980s and the formation of independent Slovenia in the early 1990s motivated interest in a particularly Slovenian national identity. One reflection of this was an attempt at the rejection of a Slavic identity in favour of a " Venetic " one. The autochthonist " Venetic theory " was advanced in

4959-451: The land into pastures for goats and sheep. The Karst is famous for its caves . In Slovenia, they include Vilenica Cave (the oldest show cave in Europe), Lipica Cave , Divača Cave , Kačna Cave , Postojna Cave , and Škocjan Caves (a UNESCO World Heritage Site ), and Grotta Gigante in Italy (the largest show cave in the world). Most of the Karst is located in the Slovenian Littoral , covering an area of 429 square kilometres, with

5046-406: The mid 1980s, but it never gained wide currency. The identification with Slavic roots remains strong in Slovenia and in 2004 even led to the establishment of the Forum of Slavic Cultures in Ljubljana. In the late 1980s, several symbols from the Middle Ages were revived as Slovenian national symbols. Among them, the most popular are the so-called Slovene Hat which featured in the coat of arms of

5133-447: The most important critical public intellectuals in this period were the sociologist Jože Pučnik , the poet Edvard Kocbek , and the literary historian Dušan Pirjevec . By the late 1960s, the reformist faction gained control of the Slovenian Communist Party , launching a series of reforms, aiming at the modernization of Slovenian society and economy. A new economic policy, known as workers self-management started to be implemented under

5220-428: The mounting resistance by the Slovene Partisans , Mario Roatta adopted draconian measures of summary executions , hostage-taking, reprisals, internments, and the burning of houses and whole villages. The "3C" pamphlet, tantamount to a declaration of war on civilians, involved him in Italian war crimes . In the summer of 1941, a resistance movement led by the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation , emerged in both

5307-431: The need for changes in the system that would limit political arbitrariness . Based on a German name for the Slovenes, Wenden or Winden , the first researchers of the origin of the Slovenes mistakenly believed that they were descendants of the Germanic tribe of the Vandals . Even today, some German speakers refer to the Slovenian minority in Carinthian Austria as Windische , as if a separate ethnicity. This claim

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5394-507: The neighboring landscape, except for its northeastern side, where the steepness is less pronounced. The plateau gradually descends from the southeast to the southwest. On average it lies 334 m above sea level. Its western edge, known as the Karst Rim ( Slovene : Kraški rob ), is a continuation of the Učka mountain range in eastern Istria , and rises to the east and southeast of Trieste , ending in steep cliffs between Aurisina and Duino . Many interesting geological phenomena occur along

5481-455: The north by the high Trnovo Forest Plateau ( Slovene : Trnovski gozd ), and to the south by the Karst Plateau and the narrow Branica Valley, a geographical sub-unit of the Vipava Valley. It is named after the Vipava River. Its main urban center is Ajdovščina . Administratively, it is subdivided into the municipalities of Ajdovščina , Vipava , Nova Gorica , Renče-Vogrsko , and Miren-Kostanjevica . The municipality of Savogna d'Isonzo in

5568-495: The poets Rainer Maria Rilke , Alojz Gradnik , and Edvard Kocbek , essayists Scipio Slataper and Marjan Rožanc , writers Italo Svevo , Fulvio Tomizza , and Susanna Tamaro , and film director Jan Cvitkovič . Many artists and authors settled in the area, including Josip Osti and Taras Kermauner . Municipalities that are completely or partially in the Karst include: Historically, the region around Pivka , Postojna and Ilirska Bistrica also used to be considered as part of

5655-443: The present-day region of Carinthia . Faced with the pressing danger of Avar tribes from the east, the Carantanians accepted a union with Bavaria in 745, and later in the 8th century recognized Frankish rule and accepted Christianity. The last Slavic state formation in the region, the principality of Prince Kocel , lost its independence in 874. Slovene ethnic territory subsequently shrank due to pressure from Germans from

5742-405: The quest for a political unification of all Slovenes became widespread. In the 1820s and 1840s, the interest in Slovene language and folklore grew enormously, with numerous philologists advancing the first steps towards standardization of the language. Illyrian movement , Pan-Slavic and Austro-Slavic ideas gained importance. However, the intellectual circle around the philologist Matija Čop and

5829-401: The re-establishment of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II, Slovenia became part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , declared on 29 November 1943. A socialist state was established, but because of the Tito–Stalin split , economic and personal freedoms were broader than in the Eastern Bloc . In 1947, Italy ceded most of the Julian March to Yugoslavia, and Slovenia thus regained

5916-473: The region is suitable for the cultivation of different kinds of fruits (especially peaches , apricots , persimmons , and figs ). The Vipava Valley is also renowned for its quality wines , especially white ones. Among white grapes, the most common varieties in the region are Chardonnay , Sauvignon , and the indigenous varieties Zelen , Pinela , and Vitovska Garganja , while red varieties include Merlot , Barbera , and Cabernet Sauvignon . About 8000 BC

6003-599: The removal of German Yugoslavs (which included in many cases ethnic Slovenes of partial German or Austrian heritage) from Yugoslavia under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito , many citizens were interned in concentration and work camps or forcibly expelled from the country in the years that followed WWII. As a result, a large number of German and Austrian Slovenes emigrated to Italy , Austria, Croatia, Hungary, and other European countries. Most who settled in Hungary during this period fled or were expelled to Germany and Austria in turn. Many expatriates ultimately settled in

6090-419: The second half of the 16th century, numerous books were printed in Slovene, including an integral translation of the Bible by Jurij Dalmatin . At the beginning of the 17th century, Protestantism was suppressed by the Habsburg-sponsored Counter Reformation , which introduced the new aesthetics of Baroque culture. The Enlightenment in the Habsburg monarchy brought significant social and cultural progress to

6177-424: The show trials that took place in Slovenia between 1945 and 1950, the most important were the Nagode trial against democratic intellectuals and left liberal activists (1946) and the Dachau trials (1947–1949), where former inmates of Nazi concentration camps were accused of collaboration with the Nazis. Many members of the Roman Catholic clergy suffered persecution. The case of bishop of Ljubljana Anton Vovk , who

6264-752: The southern part of the Municipality of Sežana , in the Italian municipality of Monrupino , and in most of the Slovene-speaking areas of the municipality of Trieste ), the Inner Carniolan dialect is spoken. In the northern part (the northern part of the Municipality of Sežana, in the Slovenian municipalities of Komen and Miren-Kostanjevica , in the Italian municipalities of Sgonico , Duino-Aurisina and Doberdò del Lago , as well in some eastern suburbs of Trieste , like Barcola ),

6351-656: The status of being second-class citizens with no upward social mobility. By the mid-1930s, around 70,000 Slovenes had fled the region, mostly to Yugoslavia and South America . In the bilingual regions people of Carinthia decided in a 1920 referendum that most of Carinthia should remain in Austria . Slovene volunteers also participated in the Spanish Civil War and the Second Italo-Abyssinian War . During World War II, Slovenes were in

6438-696: The summer of 1942, a civil war between Slovenes broke out. The two fighting factions were the Slovenian Partisans and the Italian-sponsored anti-communist militia , later re-organized under Nazi command as the Slovene Home Guard . Small units of Slovenian Chetniks also existed in Lower Carniola and Styria . The Partisans were under the command of the Liberation Front (OF) and Tito 's Yugoslav resistance, while

6525-707: The surrounding area. The second-largest group settled in Chicago, principally on the Lower West Side . The American Slovenian Catholic Union (Ameriško slovenska katoliška enota) was founded as an organization to protect Slovene-American rights in Joliet, Illinois , 64 km (40 mi) southwest of Chicago , and in Cleveland. Today there are KSKJ branches all over the country offering life insurance and other services to Slovene-Americans. Freethinkers were centered around 18th and Racine Ave. in Chicago, where they founded

6612-545: The time brought about a national revival and the birth of the Slovene nation in the modern sense of the word. Before the Napoleonic Wars , some secular literature in Slovene emerged. During the same period, the first history of the Slovene Lands as an ethnic unity was written by Anton Tomaž Linhart , while Jernej Kopitar compiled the first comprehensive grammar of Slovene. Between 1809 and 1813, Slovenia

6699-649: The total number of Slovene anti-Communist militiamen reached 17,500. Immediately after the war, some 12,000 members of the Slovene Home Guard were killed in the Kočevski Rog massacres , while thousands of anti-communist civilians were killed in the first year after the war. In addition, hundreds of ethnic Italians from the Julian March were killed by the Yugoslav Army and partisan forces in

6786-494: The town of Duino has been inhabited for long by a mixed population, while all the rest of the region was almost entirely Slovene-speaking from the Middle Ages until the end of World War I , after which some thousands Italians moved in the region while it was entirely under Italy's sovereignty, and again from the late 1940s and during the 1950s, when Istrian Italians fleeing from Yugoslavia were settled in Karst villages in

6873-411: The two World Wars. The former governor , Jörg Haider , regularly played the Slovene card when his popularity started to dwindle, and indeed relied on the strong anti-Slovene attitudes in many parts of the province for his power base. Yugoslavia acquired some territory from Italy after WWII but some 100,000 Slovenes remained behind the Italian border, notably around Trieste and Gorizia . Following

6960-775: The upper part of the valley became one of the first centers of Partisan resistance in Italy. Nazi Germany occupied the valley in September 1943, and the fighting between the Slovene Communist-led resistance and the Nazis continued until the end of the Second World War. In May 1945, Partisan forces liberated the area. In June 1945, the Morgan Line was established, dividing the Yugoslav occupation zone to

7047-737: The valley, including the town of Vipava and half of the town of Ajdovščina, used to belong to the Duchy of Carniola (specifically, to Inner Carniola ), while the lower western part was incorporated in the County of Gorizia and Gradisca and thus to the Austrian Littoral . Today, the inhabitants mostly feel part of the Goriška region of the Slovenian Littoral , and the Carniolan identity has almost completely disappeared. After World War I and

7134-546: The west and the arrival of Hungarians in the Pannonian plain ; it stabilized in its present form in the 15th century. The first mentions of a common Slovene ethnic identity, transcending regional boundaries, date from the 16th century. During this period, the first books in Slovene were written by the Protestant preacher Primož Trubar and his followers, establishing the base for the development of standard Slovene. In

7221-513: Was accompanied also by a fervent cultural and literary production with many tensions between the government and the dissident intellectuals. From the late 1950s onward, dissident circles started to be formed, mostly around short-lived independent journals, such as Revija 57 (1957–1958), which was the first independent intellectual journal in Yugoslavia and one of the first of this kind in the Communist bloc, and Perspektive (1960–1964). Among

7308-483: Was doused with gasoline and set on fire by Communist activists during a pastoral visit to Novo Mesto in January 1952, echoed in the western press. Between 1949 and 1953, a forced collectivization was attempted. After its failure, a policy of gradual liberalization followed. In the late 1950s, Slovenia was the first of the Yugoslav republics to begin a process of relative pluralization. A decade of industrialisation

7395-514: Was expressed at the 2012–2013 Slovenian protests on a wider scale than in the smaller 15 October 2011 protests – Slovenian disillusionment with the elites and financial institutions at the European and global level. In relation to the leading politicians' response to allegations made by official Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia , law experts expressed

7482-571: Was made in 1987 by a group of intellectuals in the 57th edition of the magazine Nova revija . Demands for democratisation and increase of Slovenian independence were sparked off. A mass democratic movement, coordinated by the Committee for the Defense of Human Rights , pushed the Communists in the direction of democratic reforms. In 1991, Slovenia became an independent nation state after

7569-699: Was part of the Illyrian Provinces , an autonomous province of the Napoleonic French Empire , with Ljubljana as the capital. Although the French rule was short-lived, it significantly contributed to the rise of national consciousness and political awareness of Slovenes. After the fall of Napoleon, all Slovene Lands were once again included in the Austrian Empire . Gradually, a distinct Slovene national consciousness developed, and

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