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52-576: Slovenia is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Slovenia is 79. What is now Slovenia received its first railway connection in the 1840s, when the Austrian Empire built a railway connection – Südliche Staatsbahn or Austrian Southern Railway – between its capital, Vienna , and its major commercial port, Trieste . Thus, Maribor was connected by railway to Graz in 1844. The stretch

104-661: A restaurant car . An IC supplement must be paid for this type of train. The EC trains are high-quality trains serving important lines in international traffic. They connect important cities in Slovenia and the rest of Europe. The EC trains are even faster than the IC trains and they call at fewer stations. The majority of the EC trains include air-conditioned cars and have catering facilities on board. The train usually consists of open and compartment passenger coaches (1st and 2nd class). Some of

156-440: A variable voltage, variable frequency inverter using IGBTs with pulse-width modulation ) to run the motors. The system works in reverse for regenerative braking . The choice of 25 kV was related to the efficiency of power transmission as a function of voltage and cost, not based on a neat and tidy ratio of the supply voltage. For a given power level, a higher voltage allows for a lower current and usually better efficiency at

208-638: A direct connection with the Hungarian railway system. The line was originally built in 1907 and closed down in 1968, among numerous other lines closed down during the 1960s. In April 2016 the electrification of the Pragersko - Hodoš line was completed. Numerous ex- Yugoslav Railways steam locomotives are plinthed at stations around Slovenia and there is a railway museum at Ljubljana. Slovenian Railways operates 1,229 km of standard gauge tracks, 331 km as double track , and reaches all regions of

260-649: A line from Pivka via Illirska Bistrica connected Rijeka , then the most important commercial port in the Hungarian part of the empire. In 1876, a line from Divača connected Pula , the Austrian naval base, via Prešnica . In 1906, Bohinj Railway was built, connecting Villach with Jesenice, along the Soča river valley to Gorizia and further to Trieste, with two over 6000 meter tunnels. Few lines were opened after World War I. One of them connected Ormož with Ljutomer and Murska Sobota , and opened in 1924. After World War II ,

312-598: A modern and growing port near Trieste, represents the shortest connection to the Mediterranean for a large portion of the hinterland of Central and Eastern Europe. In 2010, Slovenske Železnice joined Cargo 10 , a joint venture with other railways in the region. The ICS trains are modern, air-conditioned high-speed trains which provide the highest level comfort and reach speeds up to 160 km/h. They are equipped with disabled access and other facilities. The passengers can buy food on board (from Monday to Friday),

364-455: A single-track electrified line connecting Prešnica with Koper was built in 1967. Slovenian Railways ( Slovene : Slovenske železnice , SŽ ), the state railway company of Slovenia , was created in 1991 from the Ljubljana division of the former Yugoslav Railways after the breakup of Yugoslavia . In 1999, a single-track line between Murska Sobota and Hodoš was rebuilt, offering

416-534: A utility frequency system dates back to 1931, tests having run since 1922. It was developed by Kálmán Kandó in Hungary, who used 16 kV AC at 50 Hz , asynchronous traction, and an adjustable number of (motor) poles. The first electrified line for testing was Budapest–Dunakeszi–Alag. The first fully electrified line was Budapest–Győr–Hegyeshalom (part of the Budapest–Vienna line). Although Kandó's solution showed

468-599: A way for the future, railway operators outside of Hungary showed a lack of interest in the design. The first railway to use this system was completed in 1936 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn who electrified part of the Höllentalbahn between Freiburg and Neustadt installing a 20   kV   50 Hz AC system. This part of Germany was in the French zone of occupation after 1945. As a result of examining

520-516: Is built on GSM technology, was designed to be a cost efficient digital replacement for various existing incompatible in-track cable and analogue railway radio networks. The specification for GSM-R is maintained via the UIC project European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS). By June 2023, GSM-R had been implemented across roughly 130,000km of track, along with 90,000 cab radios and 20,000 datalink radio units. A more capable next-generation radio,

572-619: Is closely connected with that of successfully using utility frequency. This electrification is ideal for railways that cover long distances or carry heavy traffic. After some experimentation before World War II in Hungary and in the Black Forest in Germany , it came into widespread use in the 1950s. One of the reasons it was not introduced earlier was the lack of suitable small and lightweight control and rectification equipment before

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624-479: Is corrected by connecting each feeder station to a different combination of phases. To avoid the train pantograph bridging together two feeder stations which may be out-of-phase with each other, neutral sections are provided at feeder stations and track sectioning cabins. SVCs are used for load balancing and voltage control. In some cases dedicated single-phase AC power lines were built to substations with single phase AC transformers. Such lines were built to supply

676-427: Is doubled to 50 kV to obtain greater power and increase the distance between substations. Such lines are usually isolated from other lines to avoid complications from interrunning. Examples are: The 2 × 25   kV autotransformer system is a split-phase electric power system which supplies 25   kV power to the trains, but transmits power at 50   kV to reduce energy losses. It should not be confused with

728-400: Is then fed, sometimes several kilometres away, to a railway feeder station located beside the tracks. Switchgear at feeder stations, and at track sectioning cabins located halfway between feeder stations, provides switching to feed the overhead line from adjacent feeder stations if one feeder station loses grid supply. Since only two phases of the high-voltage supply are used, phase imbalance

780-593: The European Union Agency for Railways . The UIC has played a leading role in the development of Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSIs), which have gradually taken over from older standards developed by various national railway entities. During the 1990s, the GSM-R radio telecommunication system was formulated as an international interoperability specification covering voice and signalling systems for railway communications. GSM-R, which

832-542: The Future Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS) program, is under development as of 2023. In addition to eventually replacing GSM-R, it will provide new capabilities that require more rapid data exchange, such as live video transmission. The UIC's mission is "to promote rail transport at world level and meet the challenges of mobility and sustainable development." The UIC's main objectives are to: When founded in 1922

884-520: The 1960s. The main reason why electrification using utility frequency had not been widely adopted before was the lack of reliability of Mercury arc rectifiers that could fit on the train. This in turn related to the requirement to use DC series motors , which required the current to be converted from AC to DC and for that a rectifier is needed. Until the early 1950s, mercury-arc rectifiers were difficult to operate even in ideal conditions and were therefore unsuitable for use in railway locomotives. It

936-438: The 1990s, as they can be controlled by voltage, and have an almost ideal torque vs speed characteristic. In the 1990s, high-speed trains began to use lighter, lower-maintenance three-phase AC induction motors. The N700 Shinkansen uses a three-level converter to convert 25 kV single-phase AC to 1,520 V AC (via transformer) to 3 kV DC (via phase-controlled rectifier with thyristor) to a maximum 2,300 V three-phase AC (via

988-442: The 1st class passengers are offered a drink free of charge. There are also electric sockets in the 1st class department. The train is a tilting EMU . The reservation of a seat is obligatory and is included in the price of the ticket. Also included in the price of the ticket is the obligatory ICS supplement. The ICS trains run on the line between Maribor and Ljubljana and stop at: In the past ICS trains occasionally also ran on

1040-565: The 25 kV standard. Ljubljana is at the heart of the SŽ system. Here, the Pan-European corridors V and X intersect. These transportation corridors are being established to tie larger segments of Europe economically together: Corridor V links Venice - Trieste / Koper - Ljubljana - Maribor - Budapest - Kyiv , while Corridor X connects Salzburg - Ljubljana - Zagreb - Belgrade - Skopje - Thessalonica . The freight system to Koper,

1092-413: The 50   kV system. In this system, the current is mainly carried between the overhead line and a feeder transmission line instead of the rail. The overhead line (3) and feeder (5) are on opposite phases so the voltage between them is 50   kV, while the voltage between the overhead line (3) and the running rails (4) remains at 25   kV. Periodic autotransformers (9) divert the return current from

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1144-698: The Corridor V completed in April 2016. The remainder of the former Yugoslavian railways that have been electrified operate with the 25 kV AC system, so trains to Zagreb have to change engines at Dobova in the absence of dual voltage engines. The DC system was inherited from the Italian Ferrovie dello Stato on the Sežana-Pivka-Postojna and Pivka-Ilirska Bistrica-Šapjane lines, which were electrified in 1936; starting in 1962, further electrification

1196-613: The French TGV . Railway electrification using 25 kV , 50 Hz AC has become an international standard. There are two main standards that define the voltages of the system: The permissible range of voltages allowed are as stated in the above standards and take into account the number of trains drawing current and their distance from the substation. This system is now part of the European Union's Trans-European railway interoperability standards (1996/48/EC "Interoperability of

1248-641: The German system in 1951 the SNCF electrified the line between Aix-les-Bains and La Roche-sur-Foron in southern France, initially at the same 20   kV but converted to 25   kV in 1953. The 25   kV system was then adopted as standard in France, but since substantial amounts of mileage south of Paris had already been electrified at 1.5   kV DC , SNCF also continued some major new DC electrification projects, until dual-voltage locomotives were developed in

1300-714: The Trans-European high-speed rail system" and 2001/16/EC "Interoperability of the Trans-European Conventional rail system"). Systems based on this standard but with some variations have been used. In countries where 60 Hz is the normal grid power frequency, 25 kV at 60 Hz is used for the railway electrification. In Japan, this is used on existing railway lines in Tohoku Region , Hokuriku Region , Hokkaido and Kyushu , of which Hokuriku and Kyushu are at 60   Hz . Some lines in

1352-580: The UIC had 51 members from 29 countries, including Japan and China . They were soon joined by members from the Soviet Union , the Middle East and North Africa. As of February 2024, the UIC has 223 members (include suspended) across five continents. Of these there are: On 12 November 2010, the UIC opened an African regional office in Tunis , Tunisia with the support of SNCFT . On 9 March 2022,

1404-502: The UIC suspended all member companies from Russia and Belarus, following Russian invasion of Ukraine . In order to provide a common understanding and reduce potential confusion, the UIC has established standard international railway terminology and a trilingual (English-French-German) thesaurus of terms. The thesaurus was the result of cooperation with the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT/ CEMT ) and

1456-544: The United States have been electrified at 12.5 kV 60 Hz or converted from 11 kV 25 Hz to 12.5 kV 60 Hz . Use of 60 Hz allows direct supply from the 60   Hz utility grid yet does not require the larger wire clearance for 25 kV 60 Hz or require dual-voltage capability for trains also operating on 11 kV 25 Hz lines. Examples are: Early 50   Hz AC railway electrification in the United Kingdom

1508-515: The beginning of UIC's work. A new term for these UIC leaflets is used by UIC for better understanding: International Railway Solution ( IRS ). Some UIC codes are: 25 kV AC Railway electrification systems using alternating current (AC) at 25 kilovolts (kV) are used worldwide, especially for high-speed rail . It is usually supplied at the standard utility frequency (typically 50 or 60   Hz), which simplifies traction substations. The development of 25   kV AC electrification

1560-494: The country. Slovenia is well connected by rail to all surrounding countries, reflecting the fact that it used to be part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and later part of Yugoslavia. Left-hand running is used on double-track sections, unlike the remainder of the former Yugoslavian railways. Electrification is provided by a 3 kV DC system and covers 610 km, with electrification from Pragersko to Hodoš on

1612-571: The development of solid-state rectifiers and related technology. Another reason was the increased clearance required under bridges and in tunnels, which would have required major civil engineering in order to provide the increased clearance to live parts. Where existing loading gauges were more generous, this was less of an issue. Railways using older, lower-capacity direct-current systems have introduced or are introducing 25 kV AC instead of 3 kV DC/ 1.5 kV DC for their new high-speed lines. The first successful operational and regular use of

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1664-651: The elderly, groups, and so on. Many trains are assigned names. The examples include: A noted train of the SŽ was the Casanova linking Ljubljana to Venice in a 4-hour ride, eliminated in April 2007. Last train connection with Italy, night train EN 440 / 441 " Venezia " from Budapest to Venice was eliminated in December 2011. Besides Slovenia's national railway operator, Adria Transport , Slovenia's first open-access operator dedicated to freight transport, also operates in

1716-531: The empire. In 1862, a single-track railway (expanded into double-track in 1944) along the Sava river was built, connecting Zidani Most with Zagreb . In 1863, the "Carinthian railway" was built along the Drava river, connecting Maribor with Dravograd , Klagenfurt and Villach . In 1870, a railway along the upper Sava river valley was built, connecting Ljubljana with Kranj , Jesenice and Tarvisio , Italy. In 1873,

1768-447: The greater cost for high-voltage equipment. It was found that 25 kV was an optimal point, where a higher voltage would still improve efficiency but not by a significant amount in relation to the higher costs incurred by the need for larger insulators and greater clearance from structures. To avoid short circuits , the high voltage must be protected from moisture. Weather events, such as " the wrong type of snow ", have caused failures in

1820-411: The line from Ljubljana to Koper and stopped at: The IC trains are quality trains serving longer distances in national and international traffic. They connect bigger towns, cities and tourist resorts. They consist of comfortable cars. They provide fast connection and call only at major stations. The train usually consists of open or compartment coaches (1st and 2nd class). Some of the trains may have

1872-452: The nation's network. International Union of Railways The International Union of Railways ( French : Union internationale des chemins de fer , UIC ) is an international rail transport industry body. The railways of Europe had originated during the nineteenth century as many separate concerns across numerous nations; this led to disparate and conflicting standards emerging and thus onto incompatibility. One prominent example

1924-606: The neutral rail, step it up, and send it along the feeder line. This system was initially deployed on France's then new Paris-Lyon High speed rail line in 1981, and has gone on to be used by New Zealand Railways in 1988, Indian Railways , Russian Railways , Italian High Speed Railways, UK High Speed 1 , most of the West Coast Main Line and Crossrail , with some parts of older lines being gradually converted, French lines (LGV lines and some other lines ), most Spanish high-speed rail lines, Amtrak and some of

1976-402: The only type of trains available, for example lines to Kamnik and Imeno . The trains offer 2nd class and the new Stadler trains also offer 1st class. They are usually EMUs and DMUs on unelectrified lines. In addition to the supplements for faster trains, there is also one for tickets bought on the train instead of beforehand. It is set at € 5.00, and no discount is available for children,

2028-486: The past. An example of atmospheric causes occurred in December 2009, when four Eurostar trains broke down inside the Channel Tunnel . Electric power for 25 kV AC electrification is usually taken directly from the three-phase transmission system . At the transmission substation, a step-down transformer is connected across two of the three phases of the high-voltage supply and lowers the voltage to 25 kV . This

2080-621: The trains may have a restaurant car . An EC supplement must be paid for this type of train. The MV trains (Slovene for mednarodni vlak , international train) are quality trains serving international lines. They do not call at minor stations. The train usually consists of open and compartment passenger coaches (1st and 2nd class). Some of the trains may have a restaurant car . An MV supplement must be paid for this type of train. The EN trains are high-quality overnight international trains. They offer open or compartment passenger coaches (1st and 2nd class), couchette cars and sleeping cars . Some of

2132-416: The trains may have a restaurant car . The EC supplement must be paid for regular seats and an additional supplement must be paid for couchettes and sleeper cars. Some EN trains use "global" prices with an obligatory reservation. The RG and LP (Slovene for lokalni potniški , local passenger train) trains are other trains, connecting all parts of Slovenia. They serve as commuter trains. On some lines, they are

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2184-593: The world; even through to the twenty first century, incompatible track gauges, let alone other issues, persisted to hinder interoperability efforts. Several key events happened during the early twentieth century; in the aftermath of the First World War and the Treaty of Versailles , numerous border changes were enacted across Europe, which greatly impacted several formerly united national railway networks while compelling several others together in some cases. It

2236-423: Was conducted with the same system, to preserve compatibility. This also necessitated different rolling stock compared to the rest of Yugoslavia: after World War II , the newly formed Slovenian division of Yugoslav Railways received 17 FS Class E.626 locomotives as war reparations for operation on the formerly Italian-owned lines, with newly produced electrical traction vehicles coming in 1962 after electrification

2288-415: Was done using a steam engine beneath a bridge at Crewe . A section of 25 kV overhead line was gradually brought closer to the earthed metalwork of the bridge whilst being subjected to steam from the locomotive's chimney. The distance at which a flashover occurred was measured and this was used as a basis from which new clearances between overhead equipment and structures were derived. Occasionally 25 kV

2340-487: Was early into the interwar period that the UIC was established on 17 October 1922 with the principal aim of standardising practices across the railway industry and expanding international cooperation in the sector. The UIC has introduced numerous classification systems over the decades. During the 1970s, the UIC Franc currency equivalent was established for the purpose of easing international ticket revenue sharing; it

2392-666: Was extended from Postojna to Ljubljana ( JŽ class 362 ), 1964 ( JŽ class 311 ), 1967 (JŽ Class 342) and 1975-1977 ( JŽ class 363 ). Due to the Croatian sector of the national railways (as well as the sectors of the other republics of Yugoslavia) choosing the more modern 25 kV system , a voltage break was created in Dobova , which necessitates locomotive switching. Another voltage break arose in Croatia in Šapjane in 2012 after Croatia switched their own 3 kV network that ran around Rijeka to

2444-406: Was extended via Pragersko to Celje in 1846, and further via Zidani Most to Ljubljana in 1849. A double-track line was continued via Postojna , Pivka , and Divača , finally reaching Trieste in 1857. Before World War I , numerous other railways were built. In 1860, Pragersko was connected to Ormož and further to Čakovec , Croatia, thus connecting the Austrian and the Hungarian parts of

2496-425: Was planned to use sections at 6.25 kV AC where there was limited clearance under bridges and in tunnels. Rolling stock was dual-voltage with automatic switching between 25 kV and 6.25 kV . The 6.25 kV sections were converted to 25 kV AC as a result of research work that demonstrated that the distance between live and earthed equipment could be reduced from that originally thought to be necessary. The research

2548-404: Was possible to use AC motors (and some railways did, with varying success), but they have had less than ideal characteristics for traction purposes. This is because control of speed is difficult without varying the frequency and reliance on voltage to control speed gives a torque at any given speed that is not ideal. This is why DC series motors were the most common choice for traction purposes until

2600-400: Was published in 1995. The UIC has established systems for the classification of locomotives and their axle arrangements , coaches and goods wagons . UIC plays an important role in standardization of railway parts, data and terminology, though the degree to which its standards have been adopted by its members varies. Therefore, UIC codes (also known as UIC leaflet ) are developed since

2652-473: Was replaced by the European Currency Unit on 1 January 1990. UIC classification and UIC Country Codes allowed precise determination of rolling stock capabilities and ownership; furthermore, wagons have been assigned their own unique UIC wagon numbers . Over time, the UIC has formed various partnerships and cooperative frameworks with other multinational railway authorities, such as

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2704-567: Was the British Gauge War , during which different railway companies were laying different track gauges across Great Britain , causing inefficiency wherever a break of gauge occurred, prior to an Act of Parliament the issue in 1846 by establishing one standard gauge of 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 1,435 mm ). The early effort towards standardisation somewhat influenced railways aboard as well, however various other track gauges persisted and developed across

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