110-679: The A215 is an A road in south London , starting at Elephant and Castle and finishing around Shirley . It runs through the London Boroughs of Lambeth , Southwark and Croydon . The A215 was Britain's most crash-prone A road between 1999 and 2010, having 2,836 crashes over its ten-mile length. At its northernmost point at Elephant & Castle in Newington , the A215 begins as Walworth Road, which runs between Elephant and Castle and Camberwell Road . It runs through Walworth and
220-461: A level crossing over Portland Road. In 1844, the London and Croydon Railway was given parliamentary authority to test an experimental pneumatic propulsion system on the railway (referred to at the time as the atmospheric-propulsion system). A pumping station was built on Portland Road; this created a vacuum in a pipe paralleling the railway tracks. A piston extended downwards from the trains into
330-502: A Roman urn filled with bones which was uncovered intact during repairs to the road and exhibited at the Royal Society . Camberwell Green , at the junction of Camberwell Road and Camberwell Church Street, was the traditional site of Camberwell Fair, an annual fair held every August. Following complaints about the noise and high crime levels generated by the fair, a group of residents bought the fairground in 1855, converting it into
440-452: A Whig candidate, John Smith . George instructed his secretary, George Clarke , who was a Member of Parliament , to vote for Smith, but Clarke refused, instead supporting the Tory candidate William Bromley . Clarke was sacked, and Smith was elected. In March and April 1706, George was seriously ill. There was blood in his sputum , but he seemed to recover, although he was too ill to attend
550-598: A bill naturalizing George as an English subject, the Prince George of Denmark (Naturalization and Precedence) Act 1688 ( 1 Will. & Mar. c. 3 ) and George was created Duke of Cumberland , Earl of Kendal and Baron of Okingham (Wokingham) by the new monarchs. He took his seat in the House of Lords on 20 April 1689, being introduced by the Dukes of Somerset and Ormonde . The mistrust between George and William
660-630: A chronically ill son, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester , who died at the age of eleven. Despite the deaths of their children, George and Anne's marriage was a strong one. George died aged 55 from a recurring and chronic lung disease, much to the devastation of his wife, and he was buried in Westminster Abbey . George was born in Copenhagen Castle , and was the younger son of Frederick III , King of Denmark and of Norway , and Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg . His mother
770-600: A day. The only one of the couple's children to survive infancy— Prince William, Duke of Gloucester —died in July 1700 at the age of 11. With Gloucester's death, Anne was the only person in the line of succession to the throne, as established by the "Glorious Revolution". To extend the line and secure the Protestant succession, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701 , which designated William and Anne's nearest Protestant cousins,
880-579: A double portrait with George Clarke ) All Souls College, Oxford . Portraits in Denmark include one by Willem Wissing in the Reedtz-Thott collection and one by Karel van Mander in the national collection at Frederiksborg Palace . Prince George was a character in the 2015 play Queen Anne by Helen Edmundson . Despite being alive and married to Queen Anne for the majority of the timeframe depicted in 2018 period comedy film The Favourite , he
990-565: A familiar, easy disposition with a good sound understanding but modest in showing it ... very fat, loves news, his bottle & the Queen." In making fun of George's asthma, Lord Mulgrave said the Prince was forced to breathe hard in case people mistook him for dead and buried him. By the time of Queen Victoria , George had a reputation as a dullard, and was the target of disdain. Victoria hoped her own husband, Prince Albert , would never fill
1100-553: A girl, was stillborn in May. Anne recovered at the spa town of Tunbridge Wells , and over the next two years, she gave birth to two daughters in quick succession, Mary and Anne Sophia. In early 1687, within a matter of days, George and his two young daughters caught smallpox , and Anne suffered another miscarriage. George recovered, but both his daughters died. Lady Rachel Russell wrote that George and Anne had "taken [the deaths] very heavily. The first relief of that sorrow proceeded from
1210-512: A great deal of difficulty my Lady Marlborough prevailed upon her to leave him. Anne wrote to her nephew, Frederick IV of Denmark , "the loss of such a husband, who loved me so dearly and so devotedly, is too crushing for me to be able to bear it as I ought." Anne was desperate to stay at Kensington with the body of her husband, but under pressure from the Duchess of Marlborough, she reluctantly left Kensington for St James's Palace. Anne resented
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#17327726769311320-455: A horse and rider. In 1997 the railway was replaced by Tramlink ; the station is now Woodside tram stop . Shirley Road is the final road on the A215. It is home to Ashburton Community School and Trinity School of John Whitgift . It ends in Shirley , Croydon . Shirley Road skirts the nearby suburb of Addiscombe . The town is named after the historic manor of Adscomb ("Edge of the valley"),
1430-668: A marriage treaty with the Danes in secret, to prevent the plans leaking to the Dutch. Anne's father, James, Duke of York , welcomed the marriage because it diminished the influence of his other son-in-law, Dutch Stadtholder William III of Orange , who was naturally unhappy with the match. George and Anne were married on 28 July 1683 in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace , London , by Henry Compton , Bishop of London . The guests included King Charles II, Queen Catherine , and
1540-742: A member of the Junto and one of Prince George's leading critics, as First Lord of the Admiralty . Admiral Churchill retired, and Anne appointed the moderate Tory Lord Pembroke to lead the Admiralty, instead of a Whig. The Junto Whigs Somers and Wharton, however, were appointed to the Cabinet in Pembroke's vacated posts of Lord President of the Council and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland . The Whigs were still dissatisfied, and continued to pressure Pembroke and
1650-443: A single letter (representing a category) and a subsequent number (between one and four digits). Though this scheme was introduced merely to simplify funding allocations, it soon became used on maps and as a method of navigation. There are two sub-schemes in use: one for motorways , and another for non-motorway roads. While some of Great Britain's major roads form part of the international E-road network , no E-routes are signposted in
1760-400: A slit in the pipe, meaning that trains were literally sucked towards the pumping station or blown away from it. The pumping station was built in a Gothic style, with a very tall ornate tower which served both as a chimney and as an exhaust vent for air pumped from the propulsion pipe. As part of the construction works for the atmospheric-propulsion system, the world's first railway flyover
1870-774: A son. In February 1685, King Charles II died without legitimate issue, and George's father-in-law, the Roman Catholic Duke of York, became king as James II in England and Ireland and James VII in Scotland. George was appointed to the Privy Council and invited to attend Cabinet meetings, although he had no power to alter or affect decisions. William of Orange refused to attend James's coronation largely because George would take precedence over him. Although they were both sons-in-law of King James, George
1980-579: A thanksgiving service at St Paul's Cathedral in June for a British victory in the Battle of Ramillies . He missed another thanksgiving service in May 1707, to celebrate the union of England and Scotland , as he was recuperating at Hampton Court. The Scilly naval disaster of 1707 , in which a fleet commanded by Sir Cloudesley Shovell foundered, highlighted mismanagement at the Admiralty , for which George
2090-408: A year. Anne was in favour of the measure, and forced George to vote for the bill in the House of Lords, even though, being a practising Lutheran , he was an occasional conformist himself. As he cast his vote, he reportedly told an opponent of the bill, "My heart is vid you" [ sic ]. The bill did not gather sufficient parliamentary support and was eventually dropped. The following year,
2200-714: Is St Joseph's College founded in 1855, one of the first Catholic educational institutions to be opened in England following the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy. Beulah Hill was the site of Britain's first independent television transmitter , built by the Independent Television Authority in 1955. Beulah Hill ends at a junction with the A212 (Church Road). From this junction, the A215 is called South Norwood Hill . South Norwood Hill descends sharply towards South Norwood . It becomes Portland Road at
2310-574: Is "not advised". Exceptions to this are known in the forms of numbers on signs and past use of prefixes H and V on signs in Milton Keynes where main roads have a regular grid system . These designations are used when planning officers deal with certain planning applications , including the creation of a new vehicular access onto a highway. The letter Q is used for many important unclassified roads in Fife . In London, Cycleways are using
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#17327726769312420-470: Is at the southern end of Herne Hill, on a busy six-road junction. It opened in 1862 and was initially the southern terminus of the London, Chatham and Dover Railway Norwood Road begins after Herne Hill railway station . It runs alongside Brockwell Park and then south to Tulse Hill . A manor house known as "Brockholle" or "Brockhalle" (the origin of the name "Brockwell") was built on Norwood Road, on what
2530-659: Is between Zones 1 and 2, where the River Thames defines the boundary so that all of Kent is in Zone 2. The first digit in the number of any road should be the number of the furthest-anticlockwise zone entered by that road. For example, the A38 road , a trunk road running from Bodmin to Mansfield starts in Zone 3, and is therefore numbered with an A3x number, even though it passes through Zones 4 and 5 to end in Zone 6. Additionally,
2640-495: Is denoted by the colour of the sign border and direction arrow, and can be summarised as follows: Roads and lanes with yet lower traffic densities are designated as unclassified roads commonly using C , D and U prefixes but, while these are numbered, in general this is done for use by the local authorities who are responsible for maintaining them and the non-unique numbering is in a local series which usually does not appear on road signs; use of local numbers on signs in England
2750-550: Is displayed on the Sexual Health Clinic at the junction of Larcom Street and Walworth Road. Just off the Walworth Road was Walworth Road railway station on the London, Chatham and Dover Railway that was opened in 1863 and shut in 1916 due to wartime constraints. Walworth Road transitions into Camberwell Road where the A215 enters the former Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell . The road runs adjacent to
2860-479: Is now a part of Brockwell Park, in the mid-15th century. In 1809 the building was bought by wealthy merchant and Sheriff of London John Blades. Blades demolished the building, and built Brockwell Hall as a replacement at the top of the hill in the park; this building still stands today. Tulse Hill railway station is on this road. After passing the station, Norwood Road continues south past West Norwood Cemetery (home of 65 Listed Monuments ) to West Norwood and
2970-701: Is now the site of a block of council flats . Ruskin Park , immediately south of the twin hospitals, is named in his honour. Denmark Hill is home to two of London's largest hospitals , the general King's College Hospital (part of King's College London ) which moved to the site from its original central London location in 1913, and the Maudsley psychiatric hospital. It is believed by historians that 168, 170 and 172 Denmark Hill were designed by noted architect and prison designer William Blackburn due their similarity in architectural style to his other buildings. However, as
3080-614: Is the major shopping street of the area. East Street Market is especially busy on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. Other attractions include the Cuming Museum , Newington Reference Library and John Smith House , a former Labour Party headquarters which is now used by the local education authority . Charles Babbage , the Victorian mathematician and computer pioneer, was likely born at 44 Crosby Row, now Larcom Street, Walworth Road on 26 December 1791. A commemorative blue plaque
3190-690: Is the part of the Crystal Palace area with no name home to a large parade of competing large super markets along the A215 Norwood Road including Tesco, Cooperative, Iceland and (by Summer 2009) Sainsbury (ex Woolworth's site). West Norwood railway station is on this road. Knights Hill contains the Knights Hill Nature Reserve , one of the last remaining vestiges of the Great North Wood which once covered
3300-592: The A13 (London to Shoeburyness); the next radial is the A2 , followed by the A20 (London to Dover), and so on. These roads have been numbered either outwards from or clockwise around their respective hubs, depending on their alignment. The system continues to three and four digit numbers which further split and criss-cross the radials. Lower numbers originate closer to London than higher numbered ones. As roads have been improved since
3410-531: The Admiralty was held by George Churchill , whose elder brother was John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough , a great friend of Anne's and the captain-general of English land forces. Prince George had known the Churchills for years: another brother Charles Churchill , had been one of his gentlemen of the bedchamber in Denmark, and Marlborough had accompanied George on his journey from Denmark to England for his marriage to Anne in 1683. George's secretary in
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3520-786: The C prefix and marked using pale green signs. There are also some CS prefixes for Cycle Superhighways, marked using magenta signs, but these are being phased out. Despite numerous large roads in Great Britain being part of the International E-road network , no road that forms part of this network is signposted as such and only the road's national designation is shown. The same is true in Northern Ireland. Prince George of Denmark Prince George of Denmark and Norway, Duke of Cumberland ( Danish : Jørgen ; 2 April 1653 – 28 October 1708),
3630-515: The House of Hanover , as the next in line after Anne. George did not play a senior role in government until his wife Anne succeeded as queen on William's death in 1702. George was the chief mourner at William's funeral. Anne appointed him generalissimo of all English military forces on 17 April, and Lord High Admiral , the official but nominal head of the Royal Navy , on 20 May. Actual power at
3740-525: The London Overground network. The road continues southwest into Herne Hill, a short stretch of road running through the area of the same name . The origin of the name is disputed, but possibly derives from herons nesting on the (now buried) River Effra . The earliest known usage of the name "Herne Hill" dates from 1798. St Paul's church was rebuilt in gothic style by the architect George Edmund Street in 1858. Herne Hill railway station
3850-652: The London Overground which was opened on 23 May 2010. One of the earliest cinemas in south London, the Electric Picture Palace, opened on Portland Road in 1910. The cinema was renamed the Central Cinema shortly afterwards, and closed in 1956, and no trace of it now remains. Portland Road is also home to the "Gold Coast", the only Ghanaian public house in London; this is a focal point for London's Ghanaian community and serves Ghanaian beer, wine and food. Roots, Routes, Roots (also known as
3960-417: The London and Croydon Railway built along the canal bed; modern housing development began in the mid-19th century following the opening of the railway. In 1839 the London and Croydon Railway opened Jolly-sailor station (sic)—listed as "Jolly-sailor near Beulah Spa" on fares lists and timetables—at the north end of the street. The station was renamed Norwood in 1846. The station was immediately adjacent to
4070-511: The M1 the zones were defined for Zones 1 to 4 based on the proposed M2 , M3 and M4 motorways . The M5 and M6 numbers were reserved for the other two planned long distance motorways. The Preston Bypass , the UK's first motorway section, should have been numbered A6(M) under the scheme decided upon, but it was decided to keep the number M6 as had already been applied. The first full-length motorway in
4180-614: The horse racing . On one visit, Anne bought George a horse, Leeds, for the vast sum of a thousand guineas . At the end of 1702, the Occasional Conformity Bill was introduced to Parliament. The bill aimed to disqualify Protestant Dissenters from public office by closing a loophole in the Test Acts , legislation that restricted public office to Anglican conformists . The existing law permitted nonconformists to take office if they took Anglican communion once
4290-634: The military campaign against James's supporters in Ireland , George accompanied the Williamite troops at his own expense, but was excluded from command, and was even refused permission to travel in his brother-in-law's coach. Snubbed from the army by William, George sought to join the navy, without rank, but was again thwarted by his brother-in-law. When William's Dutch guards failed to salute George, Anne assumed they were acting under orders. George and Anne retired from court. Some degree of reconciliation
4400-603: The "Portland Road Mosaic"), an 11-metre (36 ft) long mosaic depicting the history of the Norwood area, is under the railway bridge. The mosaic was designed by artists Gary Drostle and Rob Turner, and built by children from a number of local schools. Spring Lane is a short road that starts at the junction with Woodside Green. It lies entirely within Woodside . St Luke's Church, Ashburton Park , Ashburton Primary School and Woodside tram stop are on this road. Spring Lane
4510-432: The "subordinate part played by the very stupid and insignificant husband of Queen Anne". In the 1930s, Winston Churchill said he "mattered very little", except to Anne. He had little impact on the running of the navy, but he was interested enough in navigation and welfare at sea to sponsor the publication of John Flamsteed 's Observations in 1704. He was not one of the most colourful political characters of his day—he
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4620-752: The 1680s was Colonel Edward Griffith, brother-in-law of the Duchess of Marlborough , who was Anne's close confidante and friend. George followed William III as Captain-General of the Honourable Artillery Company , and was made Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports . Anne failed, however, in her attempts to persuade the States General of the Netherlands to elect her husband captain-general of all Dutch forces, to maintain
4730-529: The 1930s, London Transport and its successors have planned to extend the Bakerloo line south to a station on Camberwell Road. The original plans were abandoned due to the Second World War before much construction had been completed. Construction again began in the 1950s and 1970s, but was abandoned each time. Transport for London still intends to build this extension, but no date has been set for
4840-400: The A road designation, for example A3(M) , A329(M) , A38(M) , A48(M) and A627(M) . B roads are numbered distributor roads , which have lower traffic densities than the main trunk roads, or A roads. This classification has nothing to do with the width or quality of the physical road, and B roads can range from dual carriageways to single track roads with passing places. B roads follow
4950-712: The A1 in Newcastle upon Tyne has moved twice. Originally along the Great North Road, it then moved to the Tyne Tunnel , causing some of the roads in Zone 1 to lie in Zone 6. The designated A1 later moved to the western bypass around the city, and roads between the two found themselves back in Zone 1. For the most part the roads affected retained their original numbers throughout. Elsewhere when single-digit roads were bypassed, roads were often re-numbered in keeping with
5060-530: The A213 on South Norwood High Street and South Norwood Hill becomes Portland Road. The road then travels down a hill with many shops (mainly takeaways, newsagents). It passes South Norwood Leisure Centre , a new leisure centre which includes a creche, cafe, gym, swimming pool etc. Portland Road ends with a left turn to stay on the A215 at Spring Lane or straight on to change onto the B243, Woodside Green . From June 2010,
5170-630: The Attwood family home, once in 1829 and again in 1832, completing some compositions there. The house was demolished in the late 1960s. In March 1966, shortly before the World Cup tournament , the Jules Rimet trophy was stolen from an exhibition at Central Hall Westminster . It was found seven days later by a dog named Pickles , wrapped in newspaper at the bottom of a suburban garden hedge at Beulah Hill. The story made national headlines. Nearby
5280-631: The Board's senior engineers, to devise a classification system and then assign numbers to the highways for identification purposes. The work was interrupted by the First World War . It did not resume until the Ministry of Transport was formed in 1919 and given authority to classify highways and to allocate funding for road maintenance, authority for which was granted by section 17 (2) of the Ministry of Transport Act 1919 . A classification system
5390-467: The Duchess's intrusive actions, which included removing a portrait of George from the Queen's bedchamber and then refusing to return it, in the belief that it was natural "to avoid seeing of papers or anything that belonged to one that one loved when they were just dead". Anne and the Duchess had been very close, but their friendship had become strained over political differences. The immediate aftermath of George's death damaged their relationship further. He
5500-631: The Duke and Duchess of York . Anne was voted a parliamentary allowance of £20,000 a year, while George received £10,000 a year from his Danish estates, although payments from Denmark were often late or incomplete. King Charles gave them a set of buildings in the Palace of Whitehall known as the Cockpit (near the site of what is now Downing Street in Westminster ) as their London residence. George
5610-537: The Ministry direct control of major routes and a new classification system was created to identify these routes. Originally, those numbers beginning in T were to be made public, but that was eventually deemed unnecessary. With the introduction of motorways in the late 1950s, a new classification of "M" was introduced. In many cases the motorways duplicated existing stretches of A road, which therefore lost much of their significance and were in some cases renumbered. There
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#17327726769315720-405: The Norwood Triangle. Norwood Road is home to St Luke's Church , a Grade II listed building designed by Francis Octavius Bedford in 1823–5 and rebuilt by GE Street in 1870. The Regal Cinema opened on Norwood Road in January 1930; it was unusual in that it also staged live stage shows to accompany films (including performances by animals from circuses visiting the nearby park). It was home to
5830-414: The Queen. Pembroke resigned after less than a year in office. Another month of arguments followed before the Queen finally consented to put Orford in control of the Admiralty as First Lord in November 1709. Charles II , Anne's uncle, famously said of Prince George, "I have tried him drunk, and I have tried him sober and there is nothing in him". He was quiet and self-effacing. John Macky thought him "of
5940-406: The Regal Redheads, a troupe of dancing girls who performed in the interval . Knights Hill starts in the north at West Norwood in the Norwood Triangle one-way system, and runs through a council ward also named as Knight's Hill . It ends in the south at a junction with the A214 at Crown Lane and Crown Dale. Knights Hill becomes Beulah Hill here at Crown Point. To the north, south of Knight's Hill
6050-438: The UK was the M1 motorway . Shorter motorways typically take their numbers from a parent motorway in contravention of the zone system, explaining the apparently anomalous numbers of the M48 and M49 motorways as spurs of the M4, and M271 and M275 motorways as those of the M27 . This numbering system was devised in 1958–59 by the then Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation , and applied only in England and Wales. It
6160-509: The United Kingdom in the Isle of Man , Jersey and British Overseas Territories . Work on classification began in 1913. The Road Board had been established in 1909 to administer Vehicle Excise Duty - money raised by taxation to pay for new road construction and for repair of damage done to existing roads by the growing number of motorists. As the Board needed to work out which roads should be funded, upgraded or replaced, its secretary, William Rees Jeffreys , appointed Henry Maybury , one of
6270-447: The United Kingdom. Due to changes in local road designation, in some cases roads are numbered out of zone. There are also instances where two unrelated roads have been given exactly the same number; for example, the Leicester Ring Road and a road in Cumbria are both designated A594. This scheme applies only to England , Scotland and Wales ; a separate system using similar conventions is used in Northern Ireland , as well as outside
6380-407: The aim of better targeting road funding. Some A roads are designated trunk roads , which implies that central government rather than local government has responsibility for them. A more recent classification is that of primary routes , the category of recommended routes for long-distance traffic. Primary routes include both trunk and non-trunk roads. Some sections of A roads have been improved to
6490-454: The area. The 1647 Parliamentary Survey described Knights Hill as "a small common wood containing 40 pollard oaks and two elms". Beulah Hill (originally "Gravel Pit Road") begins at a crossroads where the A215 crosses the A214 and Knights Hill becomes Beulah Hill. The road makes a sharp turn to the east where it continues through the neighbourhoods of Upper Norwood . On the sharp bend is the ornamental Beulah Hill Pond . Formerly "Big Pond", it
6600-416: The basis for the numbering of the A road network, they are no longer necessarily major roads, having been bypassed by motorways or other changes to the road network. These radials are supplemented by two-digit codes which are routes that may be slightly less important, but may still be classified as trunk routes, although many of these routes have lost a lot of their significance due to motorway bypasses, or
6710-448: The bill was revived, but Anne withheld support, fearing its reintroduction was a deliberate pretence to cause a quarrel between the two main political groups: the Tories (who supported the bill) and the Whigs (who opposed it). Once again it failed. George never became a member of the Church of England , which was headed by his wife throughout her reign. He remained Lutheran even after her accession, and had his own personal chapel. In
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#17327726769316820-403: The country seat of the Heron family, which was situated on Shirley Road. The building no longer exists. Ashburton Playing Fields are just off Shirley Road, behind the school. The fields were first dedicated as a public horse racing course by James I in the early 17th century. Following the opening of the nearby Woodside railway station in 1871 large numbers of Londoners began travelling to
6930-415: The crossroads with the A213 road . Spurgeon's College is a theological college which since 1923 has been located in a mansion built in 1890 and known as Falkland Park . Otherwise this section of the A215 is mainly residential. The former porter's lodge of the Falkland Park estate still stands along South Norwood Hill as no. 217, "Falkland Lodge". Portland Road begins at a crossroads where the A215 crosses
7040-460: The deaths of Mary and then William, at which point Anne became queen. During his wife's reign, George occasionally used his influence in support of his wife, even when privately disagreeing with her views. He had an easy-going manner and little interest in politics; his appointment as Lord High Admiral of England in 1702 was largely honorary. Anne's seventeen pregnancies by George resulted in twelve miscarriages or stillbirths, four infant deaths, and
7150-401: The first years of Anne's reign, the Whigs gained more power and influence at the expense of the Tories. In his capacity as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, George held influence in parliamentary boroughs on the south coast of England, which he used to support Whig candidates in the general election of 1705 . In that year's election for Speaker of the House of Commons , George and Anne supported
7260-497: The image of wifely virtue to escape unpalatable situations by claiming, as a woman, she knew "nothing except what the prince tells me", but it was an artifice. Husbands had a legal right to their wife's property, and it was argued that it was unnatural and against the church's teachings for a man to be subject to his wife. George made no such claim or demand; he was content to remain a prince and duke. "I am her Majesty's subject", he said, "I shall do naught but what she commands me." In
7370-450: The latter. Shortly after this, the numbers started to appear in road atlases and on signs on the roads themselves, making them a tool for motorists in addition to their use for determining funding. The numbers of the roads changed quite frequently during the early years of the system, because it was a period of rapid expansion of the network and some numbered routes did not follow the most usual routes taken. The Trunk Roads Act 1936 gave
7480-400: The loss of one good trooper was of more consequence, but Gersdorff claimed the defection greatly perturbed the King. The defection of George and other nobles was instrumental in whittling away the King's support. In December, James fled to France, and early the following year William and Mary were declared joint monarchs, with Anne as heir presumptive. In early April 1689, William assented to
7590-428: The new motorway would take the name of the old A road rather than having its own number. The most notable example of that is the A1(M) . In England and Wales the road numbering system for all-purpose (i.e. non-motorway) roads is based on a radial pattern centred on London . In Scotland the same scheme is centred on Edinburgh . In both cases the main single-digit roads normally define the zone boundaries. The exception
7700-403: The original documentation relating to the construction of these houses has been lost or destroyed, it has proved impossible to confirm this. Immediately south of the Maudsley Hospital is Denmark Hill railway station , built in 1866 and rebuilt following a fire in 1980, on the South London line . This station forms part of the East London line westward extension to Clapham Junction as part of
7810-428: The original zone boundaries. A few roads are anomalously numbered . Motorways first came to Britain over three decades after the advent of the A-road numbering event, and as a result required a new numbering system. They were given an M prefix, and in England and Wales a numbering system of their own not coterminous with that of the A-road network, though based on the same principle of zones. Running clockwise from
7920-556: The park which remains today. In Victorian times Camberwell Road was a focal point of south London's Music hall scene, with a number of music halls opening from the 1850s onwards. Following the advent of the cinema and later of television, the music halls fell into decline, with the last closing in 1956. Nearby Orpheus Street marks the site of the Metropole Music Hall. Since the New Works Programme of
8030-658: The pleasures of the table. Charles's well-known verdict ... does not do justice to the homely virtues and unfailing good-humour of his staid and trustworthy character. The Prince of Denmark's March by Jeremiah Clarke was written in his honour, and Prince George's County, Maryland , was named after him in 1696. Portraits by Sir Godfrey Kneller are at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich , Drumlanrig Castle in Dumfriesshire , and (in
8140-424: The political pressure, George was on his deathbed, suffering from severe asthma and dropsy . He died at 1:30 p.m. on 28 October 1708 at Kensington Palace . The Queen was devastated. James Brydges wrote to General Cadogan , His death has flung the Queen into an unspeakable grief. She never left him till he was dead, but continued kissing him the very moment his breath went out of his body, and 'twas with
8250-537: The racecourse. Following pressure from the Mayor of Croydon , concerned about the large crowds, the racecourse was closed in 1890 and replaced with a golf course ; this was bought by the council in 1942 and given to public use as playing fields. A roads in Great Britain In Great Britain , there is a numbering scheme used to classify and identify all roads. Each road is given
8360-500: The railway between Elephant & Castle tube station and Loughborough Junction railway station . Much of Camberwell Road is a conservation area , due to its well-preserved large houses from the early 19th century. By the time of the Domesday Book , Camberwell was already a significant settlement. The town remained a popular resort for Londoners due to its believed medicinal wells . In 1685, John Evelyn 's Diary mentions
8470-458: The road will be the site of a station on the new London Overground network. The northern section of the road was historically known as "Cholmerden" or "The Goat House". The Minister's of Bailiffs Account of the Chauntry of St Nicholas show that an annual rent of 33 shillings and four pence was paid on the land between 1442–1483; this is the earliest recorded reference to the area. The road at
8580-496: The same numbering scheme as A roads, but almost always have 3- and 4-digit designations. Many 3-digit B roads outside the London area are former A roads which have been downgraded owing to new road construction; others may link smaller settlements to A roads. B roads in the county of Devon have further sub-classifications according to their accessibility. This is due to the rural nature of Devon's topology making some roads unsuitable for certain types of vehicle. The classification
8690-455: The same standard as motorways, but do not completely replace the existing road; they form a higher standard part of the route for those which are not excluded. These sections retain the same number but are suffixed with (M), for example the A1(M) and A404(M) . There have been occasions where this designation has been used to indicate motorway bypasses of an existing road, but the original retains
8800-579: The scheme commenced, some roads with 3 or 4 digit numbers have increased in significance, for example the A127 , A1079 and A414 . New routes have also been allocated 3 or 4 digit numbers, for example the Edinburgh City Bypass is the A720 . The Major Road Network is a proposed classification of major local-authority controlled A roads that the government committed to implementing in 2017, with
8910-508: The short M85 became part of the M90 . In England and Wales, the six single-digit numbers reflect the traditionally most important radial routes coming out of London. Starting with the A1 which heads due north, numbers were allocated sequentially in a clockwise direction, thus: Similarly, in Scotland, important roads radiating from Edinburgh have single-digit numbers, thus: While these routes remain
9020-476: The threatening of a greater, the Prince being so ill of a fever. I never heard any relation more moving than that of seeing them together. Sometimes they wept, sometimes they mourned in words; then sat silent, hand in hand; he sick in bed, and she the carefullest nurse to him that can be imagined." He returned to Denmark for a two-month visit in mid-1687, while Anne remained in England. Later that year, after his return, Anne gave birth to another dead child, this time
9130-544: The time ran through an ancient woodland known as the North Wood (the origin of the modern place name Norwood ). The area was cleared for farmland in the 16th and 17th centuries. Industrial development began in the early 19th century following construction of the Grand Surrey Canal , linking the area to Surrey Commercial Docks and the River Thames in 1809. This section of the canal was closed in 1836, with
9240-627: The unified command of the Maritime Powers that William had held. Anne obtained a parliamentary allowance of £100,000 a year for George in the event of her death. The bill sped through the House of Commons easily but it was only narrowly passed by the House of Lords . Marlborough supported the bill, but one of the lords against was Marlborough's son-in-law, Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland . Marlborough dissuaded her from asking Parliament to make "her dearly loved husband King Consort". Generally, during her reign, Anne and George spent
9350-564: The upgrading of other A-roads (such as the A38 (M) ). These routes are not all centred on London, but as far as possible follow the general principle that their number locates them radially clockwise from the associated single digit route. For example, the A10 (London to King's Lynn) is the first main route clockwise from the A1, the A11 (London to Norwich) is the next, then the A12 (London to Lowestoft) and
9460-413: The winter at Kensington and St James's Palaces , and the summer at Windsor Castle or Hampton Court Palace , where the air was fresher. George had recurrent asthma , and the cleaner air in the country was better for his breathing. They visited the spa town of Bath, Somerset , in mid-1702, on the advice of George's doctors, and again in mid-1703. They occasionally visited Newmarket, Suffolk , to view
9570-461: The words of historian Anne Somerset , "the fact that Prince George was widely regarded as a nonentity helped reconcile people to his anomalous status, and so, almost by accident, George achieved a major advance for feminism." Winston Churchill wrote that he was a fine-looking man, tall, blond, and good-natured ... He was neither clever nor learned—a simple, normal man without envy or ambition, and disposed by remarkable appetite and thirst for all
9680-675: The work. After the A215 crosses the A202 it becomes Denmark Hill. This road was originally known as Dulwich Hill, and was renamed in 1683 to commemorate the marriage of Princess Anne (later Queen Anne ) to Prince George of Denmark . The road runs between King's College Hospital and The Maudsley Hospital before going alongside Ruskin Park . Further south the road passes the Denmark Hill Estate. The Victorian art critic , author and social critic John Ruskin lived at 163 Denmark Hill from 1842 to 1871. The house no longer stands and
9790-441: Was achieved following Queen Mary's sudden and unexpected death from smallpox in 1694, which made Anne heiress apparent . In November 1699, William finally recommended that Parliament pay the mortgage debt to George and, in early 1700, the debt was honoured. By 1700, Anne had been pregnant at least seventeen times; twelve times, she miscarried or gave birth to stillborn children, and two of their five children born alive died within
9900-406: Was also the son and brother of a king and so outranked William, who was an elected stadtholder of a republic. Anne's older sister Mary had moved to the Netherlands after her marriage to William of Orange. Protestant opposition to James was therefore increasingly focused around Anne and George instead of Mary, who was heir presumptive . The social and political grouping centred on George and Anne
10010-695: Was backed by King Louis XIV of France . George's staunch Lutheranism was a barrier to election in Roman Catholic Poland, and John Sobieski was chosen instead. In 1677, George served with distinction with his elder brother Christian in the Scanian War against Sweden. As a Protestant , George was considered a suitable partner for the niece of King Charles II of England , Lady Anne . They were distantly related (second cousins once removed; they were both descended from King Frederick II of Denmark ), and had never met. George
10120-542: Was buried privately at midnight on 13 November in Westminster Abbey. Anne refused initially to appoint a new Lord High Admiral, and insisted on carrying out the duties of the office herself, without appointing a member of the government to take George's place. She burst into tears on the first occasion she was brought papers to sign in George's stead. Undeterred, the Junto demanded the appointment of Lord Orford,
10230-420: Was constructed at the north end of Portland Road, to carry the new atmospheric line over the conventional steam line below. In 1847, the atmospheric propulsion experiment was abandoned. Following construction of new lines, the station closed on 1 June 1859 and was replaced by a new station on the south side of the road, Norwood Junction , which is still in use, now part of the newly-extended East London line of
10340-432: Was content to spend his time building model ships —but he was a loyal and supportive husband to Queen Anne. Their marriage was a devoted, loving and faithful one, though beset by personal tragedy. The previous husband of a British queen regnant , William of Orange, had become king, refusing to take a subordinate rank to Mary. William and Mary had exemplified the traditional gender roles of seventeenth-century Europe: Mary
10450-415: Was created in 1922, under which important routes connecting large population centres, or for through traffic, were designated as Class I, and roads of lesser importance were designated as Class II. The definitive list of those roads was published on 1 April 1923, following consultations with local authorities . Government funding towards the repairs of these roads were set at 60% for the former and 50% for
10560-629: Was decided to reserve the numbers 7, 8 & 9 for Scotland. In Scotland, where roads were the responsibility of the Scottish Office (Scottish Government after 1999), the decision was taken to adopt a scheme whereby motorways took the numbers of the all-purpose routes they replaced. As a result, there is no M7 (as no motorway follows the A7 ), and when the A90 was re-routed to replace the A85 south of Perth ,
10670-669: Was hosted by Charles II in London in 1669, but Anne had been in France at the time of George's visit. Both Denmark and Britain were Protestant, and Louis XIV was keen on an Anglo-Danish alliance to contain the power of the Dutch Republic . Anne's uncle Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester , and the English Secretary of State for the Northern Department , Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland , negotiated
10780-625: Was in Italy, and George's elder brother, Christian V , inherited the Danish throne . George returned home through Germany. He travelled through Germany again in 1672–73, to visit two of his sisters, Anna Sophia and Wilhelmine Ernestine , who were married to the electoral princes of Saxony and the Palatinate . In 1674, George was a candidate for the Polish elective throne , for which he
10890-443: Was intended as a watering stop for horses and cattle using the road, and still contains a railing to prevent animals straying into deep water. The "Conquering Hero" pub was built next to the pond for the use of people stopping to allow livestock to use the pond, and remains today. The composer and organist of St Paul's Cathedral , Thomas Attwood , lived in a large house on Beulah Hill from 1821 to 1834. Felix Mendelssohn stayed at
11000-605: Was known as the "Cockpit Circle" after their London residence. On 5 November 1688, William invaded England in an action, known as the " Glorious Revolution ", which ultimately deposed King James. George was forewarned by the Danish envoy in London, Frederick Gersdorff, that William was assembling an invasion fleet. George informed Gersdorff that James's army was disaffected, and as a result he would refuse any command under James, but only serve as an uncommissioned volunteer. Gersdorff's alternative plan to evacuate George and Anne to Denmark
11110-567: Was married to Anne's elder sister, Mary . Anne and Mary's father, the British ruler James II and VII , was deposed in the Glorious Revolution in 1688, and William and Mary succeeded him as joint monarchs with Anne as heir presumptive . The new monarchs granted George the title of Duke of Cumberland . William excluded George from active military service, and neither George nor Anne wielded any great influence until after
11220-789: Was no consistent approach to the renumbering – some A roads retained their existing number as non-primary roads (e.g. the A40 running alongside the M40 ), others were given "less significant" numbers (e.g. the A34 in Warwickshire became the A3400 after the M40 was built), and the remainder were downgraded to B or unclassified roads (e.g. the A38 , which was replaced by the M5 between Tiverton and Exeter ). Occasionally,
11330-474: Was nominally responsible. Pressure grew to replace Admiral Churchill with someone more dynamic. By October 1708, five powerful politicians, known as the Whig Junto —Lords Somers , Halifax , Orford , Wharton and Sunderland —were clamouring for the removal of both Prince George and Churchill. Marlborough wrote to his brother telling him to resign, but Churchill refused, protected by Prince George. Amid
11440-408: Was not ambitious, and hoped to live a quiet life of domesticity with his wife. He wrote to a friend: We talk here of going to tea, of going to Winchester, and everything else except sitting still all summer, which was the height of my ambition. God send me a quiet life somewhere, for I shall not be long able to bear this perpetual motion. Within months of the marriage, Anne was pregnant but the baby,
11550-431: Was notable for many years in having one of the few Ancient lights notices in London outside central London, on a private house immediately opposite the station. The sign was taken down in 2005. Woodside railway station was built in 1871 to serve Croydon Racecourse ( see below ). The station was unusual in being designed for horses, with access ramps instead of steps and with unusually high entrances designed to accommodate
11660-500: Was rejected by George. George accompanied the King's troops to Salisbury in mid-November, but other nobles and their soldiers soon deserted James for William. At each defection, George apparently exclaimed, "Est-il possible?" (Is it possible?). He abandoned James on 24 November, and sided with William. "So 'Est-il possible' is gone too", James supposedly remarked. In his memoirs, James dismissed George's defection as trivial, saying
11770-474: Was set aside during the revolution of 1688–89 but dogged relations during the latter's reign. George held mortgages on Femern , Tremsbüttel and Steinhorst, Schleswig-Holstein , which he surrendered to the Duke of Holstein as part of the peace of Altona of 1689 negotiated by William between Denmark and Sweden. William agreed to pay George interest and the capital in compensation, but George remained unpaid. During
11880-476: Was the dutiful wife and William held the power. George and Anne, however, reversed the roles: George was the dutiful husband and it was Anne who exercised the royal prerogatives. William had assumed incorrectly that George would use his marriage to Anne as a means of building a separate power base in Britain, but George never challenged his wife's authority and never strove to accrue influence. Anne occasionally used
11990-411: Was the husband of Anne, Queen of Great Britain . He was the consort of the British monarch from Anne's accession on 8 March 1702 until his death in 1708. The marriage of George and Anne was arranged in the early 1680s with a view to developing an Anglo-Danish alliance to contain Dutch maritime power. As a result, George was disliked by his Dutch brother-in-law, William III, Prince of Orange , who
12100-577: Was the sister of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , later Elector of Hanover . From 1661, his governor was Otto Grote , later Hanoverian minister to Denmark. Grote was "more courtier and statesman than educator" and when he left for the Hanoverian court in 1665, he was replaced by the more effective Christen Lodberg . George received military training, and undertook a Grand Tour of Europe, spending eight months in 1668–69 in France and mid-1669 in England. His father died in 1670, while George
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