145-578: Radio broadcasting began in New Zealand in 1922, and is now dominated by almost thirty radio networks and station groups. The Government has dominated broadcasting since 1925, but through privatisation and deregulation (in 1989) has allowed commercial talk and music stations to reach large audiences. New Zealand also has several radio stations serving Māori tribes , Pasifika communities, ethnic minorities, evangelical Christians and special interests. State-owned broadcaster Radio New Zealand reaches
290-780: A radio network that provides content in a common radio format , either in broadcast syndication or simulcast , or both. The encoding of a radio broadcast depends on whether it uses an analog or digital signal . Analog radio broadcasts use one of two types of radio wave modulation : amplitude modulation for AM radio , or frequency modulation for FM radio . Newer, digital radio stations transmit in several different digital audio standards, such as DAB ( Digital Audio Broadcasting ), HD radio , or DRM ( Digital Radio Mondiale ). The earliest radio stations were radiotelegraphy systems and did not carry audio. For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had to be incorporated. The thermionic valve ,
435-427: A "radio station" as a government-licensed AM or FM station; an HD Radio (primary or multicast) station; an internet stream of an existing government-licensed station; one of the satellite radio channels from XM Satellite Radio or Sirius Satellite Radio ; or, potentially, a station that is not government licensed. AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed. AM refers to amplitude modulation ,
580-999: A $ 43 million loan from the Government in 2011 before briefly going into receivership in 2013. Since Mark Weldon took charge of the company in August 2014, it has outlined plans for greater integration between radio and television. This includes the planned introduction of a combined news service, NewsHub, in 2016. Since its inception in 2004, MediaWorks has relaunched local heritage stations to its adult contemporary More FM and easy listening The Breeze brands, reducing or removing local programming. Its other music brands include The Edge , The Rock and The Sound . It has rolled out new talk radio network Radio Live and local music station Kiwi FM , converted Radio Pacific to LiveSport , and purchased brands Mai FM and George FM . MediaWorks affiliates include Times FM in Orewa , Coromandel FM on
725-694: A 2AG station (L.K. Ewen) was also in Whanganui , as was 2AH (Whanganui Amateur Wireless Club), 2AI in Wellington (W.L. Harrison), 2AJ in Stratford (Bransgrove), 2AK (L. Rawson, Hāwera ), 2AP (P. Collier, Brooklyn ) 2YK (Dominion Radio, Wellington), 2XA (Experimental Station, Wellington), Christchurch stations 3AA (R.J. Orbell), 3AB (F. Vincent), 3AC (Radio Society), 3AF (L.F. Ball), Greymouth 3AD (R.G.F. Blake), 4AA (F.D. Bell, Palmerston ), 4AC (R.E. Robinson, Dunedin), 4AD (A.E. Jordan, Invercargill ), 4YA
870-721: A General User Radio licence (GURL). Some frequency restrictions apply to areas under the flight paths into Auckland Airport and Wellington Airport to minimise interference with the airports' instrument landing systems (which operate on 109.9 MHz and 110.3 MHz). Prior to June 2010, the lower band was located between 88.1 and 88.8 and a maximum of 500 mW EIRP allowed. Broadcasters on these frequencies are required to cease operations if they interfere with other, licensed broadcasters and have no protection from interference from other licensed or unlicensed broadcasters. Contact details must also be broadcast every hour. One licensee may operate two transmitters anywhere (close together), but
1015-494: A business opportunity to sell advertising or subscriptions to a broader audience. This is more efficient than broadcasting to a single country, because domestic entertainment programs and information gathered by domestic news staff can be cheaply repackaged for non-domestic audiences. Governments typically have different motivations for funding international broadcasting. One clear reason is for ideological, or propaganda reasons. Many government-owned stations portray their nation in
1160-420: A corruption of Waiopai , meaning wai (water or stream) of Pai. Southland was a scene of early extended contact between Europeans and Māori, notably whalers and missionaries – Wohlers at Ruapuke Island . In 1853, Walter Mantell purchased Murihiku from local Māori iwi , claiming the land for European settlement. Otago , of which Southland was itself part, was the subject of planned settlement by
1305-422: A fine favour by Alex Lithgow who named his famous march after his boyhood home. The Invercargill March is possibly the best advertisement the town has ever had as the work is a brass-band favourite and the word 'Invercargill' is whispered amongst audiences worldwide. There is only one Invercargill in the world – this one". When Invercargill hosted the national brass band contest in 1909, Alex's brother Tom asked for
1450-653: A government department. In 1962, this gave way to the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation (NZBC), an independent public body modelled on the BBC in the UK. Until the 1980s, stations used a series of New Zealand call signs , consisting of a single digit and two letters (see right). In addition to YA National programme stations, YC Concert programme stations and a limited number of privately owned X stations, several stations were operated commercially by
1595-463: A kind of vacuum tube , was invented in 1904 by the English physicist John Ambrose Fleming . He developed a device that he called an "oscillation valve," because it passes current in only one direction. The heated filament, or cathode , was capable of thermionic emission of electrons that would flow to the plate (or anode ) when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in
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#17327838612021740-472: A large indoor sports complex located at Surrey Park . For horse racing aficionados there is a racecourse in the aptly named Racecourse Road, on the east side of the city. Two motorcycle speedway tracks are located within 1 kilometre of each other, and 10 kilometres west from the centre of the city by Oreti Beach. The Oreti Park Speedway and the Riverside Speedway both host important events,
1885-466: A local morning programme, has the highest market share at 14.5 percent, and has around 34,000 listeners. Long-running and predominantly local station The Breeze has 12.7 percent station share and over 38,000 listeners. The Hits and The Edge also have more than 30,000 listeners and more than 7 percent market share. Around 1,500 people are surveyed for the Christchurch market, in which 72.8 percent of
2030-546: A mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted. The medium-wave band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting. Europe also uses the long wave band. In response to the growing popularity of FM stereo radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some North American stations began broadcasting in AM stereo , though this never gained popularity and very few receivers were ever sold. The signal
2175-592: A national boundary. In other cases, a broadcast may be considered "pirate" due to the type of content, its transmission format, or the transmitting power (wattage) of the station, even if the transmission is not technically illegal (such as a webcast or an amateur radio transmission). Pirate radio stations are sometimes referred to as bootleg radio or clandestine stations. Digital radio broadcasting has emerged, first in Europe (the UK in 1995 and Germany in 1999), and later in
2320-438: A number of predominantly low-power stations that operate in a single market. Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch are the largest commercial radio markets, surveyed four times a year by GfK New Zealand. Between 1991 and 2015, the survey was conducted by TNS New Zealand. Smaller markets like Waikato receive four surveys a year as well, but the data is an average of the past four quarters, as opposed to isolated quarterly results in
2465-676: A population density of 150 people per km . This comprises 51,700 people in the Invercargill urban area, 1,840 people in the Bluff urban area, and 5,060 people in the surrounding settlements and rural area. Invercargill City had a population of 55,599 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 1,395 people (2.6%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 3,903 people (7.5%) since the 2013 census . There were 27,255 males, 28,137 females and 210 people of other genders in 22,326 dwellings. 3.1% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age
2610-443: A population of 84,000 people, with The Edge attracting 21,000 listeners and The Hits securing 13.8 percent market share. The Hawke's Bay market includes 107,000 people, with 23,000 listeners tuning into The Edge and Newstalk ZB maintaining 15.6 percent market share. Manawatu has a radio market of 97,000, with 18 thousand listening The Edge and 15 percent of market share going to The Rock. Radio broadcasting Radio broadcasting
2755-426: A positive, non-threatening way. This could be to encourage business investment in or tourism to the nation. Another reason is to combat a negative image produced by other nations or internal dissidents, or insurgents. Radio RSA , the broadcasting arm of the apartheid South African government, is an example of this. A third reason is to promote the ideology of the broadcaster. For example, a program on Radio Moscow from
2900-463: A scheme in Carlisle , England, it returns profits to city amenities. Even today, alcohol is not sold in supermarkets. Publicity has been brought to the city by the election of Tim Shadbolt , a colourful and outspoken former student activist and former mayor of Waitemata City , as mayor. He once appeared in a cheese advertisement stating "I don't mind where, as long as I'm Mayor". His supporters like
3045-417: A sense of national identity. It is also a Civil Defence broadcaster. Radio New Zealand National , formerly National Radio, is Radio New Zealand's general public service broadcaster. It broadcasts flagship news programmes like Morning Report, Midday Report and Checkpoint, alongside morning show Nine to Noon, afternoon show The Panel and a range of interviews and magazine programmes. Radio New Zealand Concert
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#17327838612023190-460: A significant threat to the AM broadcasting industry. It required purchase of a special receiver. The frequencies used, 42 to 50 MHz, were not those used today. The change to the current frequencies, 88 to 108 MHz, began after the end of World War II and was to some extent imposed by AM broadcasters as an attempt to cripple what was by now realized to be a potentially serious threat. FM radio on
3335-485: A simulcasted FM version of Newstalk ZB . Radio New Zealand started broadcasting on FM in the early 1980s and most networks now broadcast on FM. On 22 February 1982, Victoria University of Wellington's student station Radio Active became the first station in Wellington to legally broadcast on FM. From 1966, Radio Hauraki broadcast from the MV Tiri that was moored in international waters near Auckland, and in 1968 from
3480-633: A test piece for the contest and Alex offered this piece to the city. On the music he wrote, To Invercargill, the Southernmost City in New Zealand (End of the World), and its Citizens, I dedicate this March as a memento of the many pleasant years spent there in my boyhood. All high schools in Invercargill are Year 7–13, following a Ministry of Education review in 2004 that made most of Invercargill's primary schools Year 1–6, while also closing
3625-583: A third transmitter must be at least 25 km away from at least one of the first two transmitters. Radio Inspectors regularly monitor and make random unannounced visits to broadcasters, and will impose fines for violations of the regulations. New broadcasters are also subject to an initial compulsory inspection. The high cost of frequencies in Auckland , Wellington and Christchurch makes low-power broadcasting particularly popular in these markets. Radio stations in New Zealand include some network stations and
3770-666: A week as far away as Dunedin. The government facilitated the creation of RBC and gave it a 5-year contract. Auckland Radio was then taken over by the Radio Broadcasting Company of New Zealand on 20 November 1925. A new studio, with a more powerful transmitter and 204 ft (62 m) mast, opened on 9 August 1926 in Newton and could be heard in Rarotonga . It cost about £8,500 and used a 500W International Western Electric Company transmitter, able to reach most of
3915-619: Is FM radio network broadcasting classical , jazz , and rock music and regular news updates. The playlist is among the most diverse and eclectic of the world's state run classical music networks. Other services offered by Radio New Zealand include the Radio New Zealand International Pacific shortwave service , the AM Network Parliamentary broadcaster and The Wireless youth website. Te Whakaruruhau o Ngā Reo Irirangi Māori
4060-631: Is Nobby Clark . The electorate of Invercargill in the New Zealand Parliament is held by Penny Simmonds , a Member of Parliament and Minister from the government party National Party . Under the Māori electorates system, Invercargill is part of the large Te Tai Tonga electorate, which covers the entire South Island and the surrounding islands, and is currently held by the Te Pāti Māori MP Tākuta Ferris . Invercargill
4205-845: Is New Zealand's largest independent CHR Pop/Top 40 radio network, wholly privately owned and operated. From studios in Taupo and operations/offices in Auckland. Iain Stables (ex ZM/Edge) and Danielle Jones(ex Beach FM and MWorks/MoreFm) own the majority of this company and have some media holdings too in Western Australia. Whanganui on 93.6 FM, Ohakune 106.2 FM, Ruapehu south/Turoa 91.8, National Park/Whakapapa 105.4, Rotorua 90.0 FM, Taihape Mangaweka 90.0 FM, Taumarunui 91.1, Taupo and Turangi 1224 AM /87.8 FM, and online via Tune-In, iHeart Radio and www.skifmnetwork.co.nz. Originally established in
4350-399: Is Waikato, in which there are 227,000 people and 79.7 percent of people listen to the radio each week. Locally founded The Edge has the most listeners at 47,000, followed by ZM with 44,000 listeners. Partly local The Hits has 12.2 percent market share and 33,000 listeners, just ahead of locally founded The Rock with 12.1 percent market share and 32,000 listeners. Three other markets also cover
4495-460: Is a marae (meeting ground) of the Waihōpai Rūnanga branch of Ngāi Tahu , and includes Te Rakitauneke wharenui (meeting house). During the late 1880s a small periodical called Literary Southland contained stories as well as memoirs of the pioneering days of the region. The publication was distributed from a store in the northern end of Invercargill. While largely forgotten today, it
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4640-527: Is a Māori radio network of bilingual English and Māori language radio stations serving local Māori iwi through local frequencies and online streaming. The individual stations are all funded by and accountable to Te Māngai Pāho . They broadcast national and local news coverage, music, educational programming, comedy, drama and programmes that teach the Māori language, with local personalities, community shows and shared network programmes. The Pacific Media Network
4785-727: Is a New Zealand's state-owned national public service radio broadcasting service. It was formed in 1925, and took on its modern form under the Radio New Zealand Act 1995. The broadcaster is bound by the Charter and Operating Principles included in the Act, which is reviewed by the New Zealand Parliament every five years and was last amended in 2004. The broadcaster is required to provoke debate and critical thought, reflect New Zealand and Māori cultural diversity, cater for varied ages and interests, promote music and drama and create
4930-411: Is a New Zealand-based financial institution that traces its roots back to 1869. Originally established as a building society in Invercargill by James Walker Bain to help local communities achieve their financial goals, SBS Bank has evolved into a full-service bank offering a wide range of banking and financial products. With its headquarters in Invercargill. Murihiku Marae is located in Invercargill. It
5075-464: Is a loose grouping of the current and former student radio stations. These radio stations broadcast local independent news and current affairs, and have provided a platform for new or independent New Zealand artists. The network has co-operated on advertising sales, collaborated on ideas and shared original programming. Some stations are run by student associations while others are owned by independent non-profit trusts. The 2011 Canterbury earthquake and
5220-509: Is a pan-Pasifika national broadcasting group owned and operated by the National Pacific Radio Trust and funded by New Zealand on Air . It has a legislative role of serving Pacific peoples and communities in English and ten Pacific languages, in a way that shapes the country's national identity. It also aims to "empower, encourage and nurture Pacific cultural identity and economic prosperity in New Zealand, to celebrate
5365-426: Is all that is necessary for a narrowband FM signal. The 200 kHz bandwidth allowed room for ±75 kHz signal deviation from the assigned frequency, plus guard bands to reduce or eliminate adjacent channel interference. The larger bandwidth allows for broadcasting a 15 kHz bandwidth audio signal plus a 38 kHz stereo "subcarrier" —a piggyback signal that rides on the main signal. Additional unused capacity
5510-449: Is currently unused (as of February 2024). Low-power FM stations use frequencies from 87.6 MHz to 88.3 MHz and from 106.7 MHz to 107.7 MHz. New Zealand permits Radio Data System subcarriers, Radio NZ National uses RDS for its FM network with AF (Alternative Frequency) enabled, commercial radio use of RDS for station identification and program information is widespread. The first station to broadcast on FM in New Zealand
5655-484: Is home to the Southern Institute of Technology , which has introduced a zero-fees scheme. The scheme was partly responsible for rejuvenating the city when it was in a steady state of population decline. However the major factor in Invercargill's regrowth is the dairy industrial boom of the 2000s (decade) due to an increased demand for New Zealand milk, cheese and butter. New dairy factories have opened around
5800-421: Is little affected by daily changes in the ionosphere, so broadcasters need not reduce power at night to avoid interference with other transmitters. FM refers to frequency modulation , and occurs on VHF airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 MHz everywhere except Japan and Russia . Russia, like the former Soviet Union , uses 65.9 to 74 MHz frequencies in addition to the world standard. Japan uses
5945-837: Is occasionally seen during the winter months of June to September. It ties with neighbouring Dunedin as the cloudiest city in New Zealand, with only 1,680 hours of sunshine per annum. Despite its cloudiness, and a relatively high frequency of rainy days, Invercargill receives less rain than either Auckland or Wellington. Invercargill is also New Zealand's second-windiest city, after Wellington. Inner Invercargill suburbs: Outer Invercargill localities: - major settlement The average temperature high ranges from 18.7 °C (65.7 °F) in January to 9.5 °C (49.1 °F) in July, but temperatures do occasionally exceed 25 °C (77 °F) in summer. Invercargill's hottest temperature on record
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6090-527: Is operated by NZME under a long-term lease contract. MediaWorks New Zealand operates ten radio brands alongside its television brands, TV3 and FOUR . It was formed in 2004 when CanWest Global Communications combined television company TV3 Network Services and radio company RadioWorks, to sell-down its shares in the company on the NZSX and sell its remaining stake to Ironbridge Capital . MediaWorks has continued to face ongoing financial difficulties, requiring
6235-412: Is sometimes mandatory, such as in New Zealand, which uses 700 kHz spacing (previously 800 kHz). The improved fidelity made available was far in advance of the audio equipment of the 1940s, but wide interchannel spacing was chosen to take advantage of the noise-suppressing feature of wideband FM. Bandwidth of 200 kHz is not needed to accommodate an audio signal — 20 kHz to 30 kHz
6380-453: Is subject to interference from electrical storms ( lightning ) and other electromagnetic interference (EMI). One advantage of AM radio signal is that it can be detected (turned into sound) with simple equipment. If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is needed; building an unpowered crystal radio receiver was a common childhood project in the early decades of AM broadcasting. AM broadcasts occur on North American airwaves in
6525-405: Is the automation of radio stations. Some stations now operate without direct human intervention by using entirely pre-recorded material sequenced by computer control. Invercargill Invercargill ( / ˌ ɪ n v ər ˈ k ɑːr ɡ ɪ l / IN -vər- KAR -ghil , Māori : Waihōpai ) is the southernmost and westernmost city in New Zealand, and one of the southernmost cities in
6670-515: Is the broadcasting of audio (sound), sometimes with related metadata , by radio waves to radio receivers belonging to a public audience . In terrestrial radio broadcasting the radio waves are broadcast by a land-based radio station , while in satellite radio the radio waves are broadcast by a satellite in Earth orbit. To receive the content the listener must have a broadcast radio receiver ( radio ). Stations are often affiliated with
6815-736: Is the southernmost city in the Commonwealth of Nations . Invercargill is situated on the fertile and alluvial Southland Plains , which is amongst some of New Zealand's most fertile farmland. Southern Invercargill lies on the shore of the New River Estuary , while the northern parts lie on the banks of the Waihopai River . A tributary of the Waihopai is the Otepuni Stream or Creek, which flows from east to west through
6960-447: Is used by some broadcasters to transmit utility functions such as background music for public areas, GPS auxiliary signals, or financial market data. The AM radio problem of interference at night was addressed in a different way. At the time FM was set up, the available frequencies were far higher in the spectrum than those used for AM radio - by a factor of approximately 100. Using these frequencies meant that even at far higher power,
7105-533: The Weird Culture, Weird Custom compilation was released with twelve tracks on the album, two chosen by competition by each of the six member stations. Artists included Jean-Paul Sartre Experience , Putty in Her Hands, and Cassandra's Ears . It was distributed by Jayrem Records . Freak The Sheep Vol. 2 was another similar compilation album released by Flying Nun Records in 1992. The Ski FM Network
7250-797: The 2018 census , and an increase of 3,456 people (7.6%) since the 2013 census . There were 23,877 males, 24,930 females and 183 people of other genders in 19,752 dwellings. 3.2% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 39.2 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 9,048 people (18.5%) aged under 15 years, 9,120 (18.6%) aged 15 to 29, 21,783 (44.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 9,036 (18.4%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 81.4% European ( Pākehā ); 18.8% Māori ; 4.9% Pasifika ; 8.3% Asian ; 1.4% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.4% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
7395-495: The BBC World Service and Hindi station Radio Tarana also have audiences above 30,000. The Wellington market covers an area of around 335,000 people, where 64.1 percent of people listen to commercial radio during the week. Despite the absence of former local breakfast duo Polly and Grant, ZM continues to lead the ratings with around 42,000 listeners each week and 6.7 percent market share. Newstalk ZB has local news and
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#17327838612027540-580: The Coromandel Peninsula , Radio Dunedin in Otago and Port FM in Timaru . Rhema Media is the country's largest Christian media organisation, and a major New Zealand radio company. Christchurch evangelist Richard Berry first proposed Radio Rhema in the 1960s, and it began permanently broadcasting in 1976. Rhema Media is the founding organisation of United Christian Broadcasters and provides
7685-706: The Free Church of Scotland , an offshoot of the Church of Scotland . Settlement broadened with the discovery of gold in Central Otago in the 1860s. Traces of Scottish speech persist in Southland voices, with R often pronounced with a rolling burr. This is more noticeable among country people. In 1856, a petition was put forward to Thomas Gore Browne , the Governor of New Zealand , for a port at Bluff. Due to
7830-606: The Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975 , the country switched from 10 kHz to 9 kHz channel spacing on the AM band on 23 November 1978. The Government deregulated the broadcasting market in 1989, and the number of private stations grew exponentially as a result. Most were locally owned and operated, but eventually became part of the Mediaworks group of stations, and by 2004 the majority of former privately owned stations had been rebranded (see below) and owned by
7975-570: The Marconi Research Centre 2MT at Writtle near Chelmsford, England . A famous broadcast from Marconi's New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was made by the famous soprano Dame Nellie Melba on June 15, 1920, where she sang two arias and her famous trill. She was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The 2MT station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922. The BBC
8120-498: The Second World War . Drinking continued meanwhile, thanks to hotels and liquor merchants in outlying districts, huge volumes of beer, often in kegs, brought to private homes, or sold by the glass by keggers at hiding spots round the city. When prohibition ended, a committee of citizens persuaded the Government to give the monopoly on liquor sales in Invercargill to the specially formed Invercargill Licensing Trust . Based on
8265-516: The medium wave frequency range of 525 to 1,705 kHz (known as the "standard broadcast band"). The band was expanded in the 1990s by adding nine channels from 1,605 to 1,705 kHz. Channels are spaced every 10 kHz in the Americas , and generally every 9 kHz everywhere else. AM transmissions cannot be ionospheric propagated during the day due to strong absorption in the D-layer of
8410-880: The 'Friendly Road', was run by 'Uncle Tom' Garland and the Reverend Colin Scrimgeour . In 1932, RBC's assets were acquired by the government, which established the New Zealand Broadcasting Board (NZBB). This would later be replaced by the New Zealand National Broadcasting Service (NBS) and the National Commercial Broadcasting Service (NCBS). In the 1950s, these merged to become the New Zealand Broadcasting Service (NZBS),
8555-529: The 15+ population, giving it 10.2 percent station share. The Concert programme reaches 138,000 or 4 percent of the 15+ population, with an estimated market share of 1.4 percent. Commercial radio surveys, by comparison, are based on listeners 10+. Auckland is the country's largest radio market. Surveys are conducted four times a year to garner the listener habits of more than 1.2 million people who live in Auckland's urban centres. Due in part to high levels of peak hour commuter traffic congestion, 74.6 percent listen to
8700-570: The 1880s, the development of an export industry based on butter and cheese encouraged the growth of dairy farming in Southland. On 6 August 1884, a group of women gathered together in the Don Street Primitive Methodist Church to form a local branch of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union . Eliza Ann Brown , wife of Charles W. Brown (who that same year co-founded the local Independent Order of Rechabites ), led
8845-702: The 1960s to the 1980s was What is Communism? A second reason is to advance a nation's foreign policy interests and agenda by disseminating its views on international affairs or on the events in particular parts of the world. During the Cold War the American Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty and Indian Radio AIR were founded to broadcast news from "behind the Iron Curtain " that was otherwise being censored and promote dissent and occasionally, to disseminate disinformation . Currently,
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#17327838612028990-541: The 2005 film The World's Fastest Indian . In September 2010, Invercargill's heaviest snowfall in living memory heralded a run of unseasonably cold weather. A few buildings were damaged, notably Stadium Southland , the roof of which collapsed under the weight of the snow; and a decorating store. Many other stores were shut, and Invercargill Airport was closed for a day. The Invercargill City territorial authority covers 389.92 km (150.55 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 58,600 as of June 2024, with
9135-593: The 76 to 90 MHz frequency band. Edwin Howard Armstrong invented wide-band FM radio in the early 1930s to overcome the problem of radio-frequency interference (RFI), which plagued AM radio reception. At the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart in the radio frequency spectrum. Instead of 10 kHz apart, as on the AM band in the US, FM channels are 200 kHz (0.2 MHz) apart. In other countries, greater spacing
9280-695: The ILT Foundation are major funders of community projects in Invercargill. The ILT Foundation provides donations and grants totalling around $ 10 million a year to over 500 organisations. The trust has also been influential in the development of city facilities such as the ILT Stadium Southland and Invercargill Velodrome . The trust are also big-time backers of local sporting franchises the Southern Steel , Southland Sharks and Southland Stags . The Community Trust of Southland
9425-592: The MV Tiri II . This was the only ship-based pirate station to ever broadcast in the Southern Hemisphere which it did for 1,111 days, although it was subsequently discovered that the ship had always been moored in the New Zealand territorial waters off the Hauraki Gulf. In 1970 it was granted a licence to broadcast from land and a successor company still broadcasts to the Auckland market under
9570-497: The Otago gold rush, the region's population grew during the 1860s with the settlement of Bluff . Browne agreed to the petition and gave the name Invercargill to the settlement north of the port. The settlement's chief surveyor was John Turnbull Thomson , a British civil engineer. Under the influence of James Menzies , Southland Province (a small part of the present Region, centred on Invercargill) seceded from Otago in 1861 following
9715-1106: The Pacific spirit". Its primary source of income is a $ 3.25 million annual grant from the Government. Pacific Media includes the nationwide Niu FM radio network set up in 2002, the Auckland-based Radio 531pi station launched in 1993, and the independent Pacific Radio News service. The Association of Community Access Broadcasters represents the twelve community radio stations set-up between 1981 and 2010 which have received government funding since 1989. They broadcast community programming and provide facilities, training and on-air time for individuals and community groups to produce programming. The stations are also required to represent particular religions, cultures, languages, ages and sexualities. There are currently local access stations in Auckland , Waikato , Taranaki , Hawke's Bay , Manawatu , Wairarapa , Kapiti , Wellington , Nelson , Canterbury , Otago and Southland . The Student Radio Network (known as bNet between 1998 and 2009)
9860-521: The Rad-One Card, a low-cost discount and loyalty card with on-air competitions, to raise funds. Similar schemes have now been launched by other stations, such as the Active card by Radio Active and the bCard by bFM and Bank of New Zealand . It adopted the name bNet for over a decade, using the brand of Auckland member station bFM , and held the bNet NZ Music Awards between 1998 and 2007 to promote
10005-539: The Radio Hauraki brand and is networked nationwide. In 1972, Radio Bosom broadcast briefly until Post Office inspectors found and seized the transmitter which was concealed in a maintenance tunnel under a University of Auckland building. Now known as 95bFM , the station broadcasts legally from the University of Auckland student union building. Kiwi Radio began broadcasting as 4YZW on 1977, and as WKNZ on
10150-538: The Southland Region, as well as more efficient meat processing works and research and development facilities. Invercargill is on the Southern Scenic Route (tourist road), allowing day trips to Queenstown , Stewart Island , Dunedin , Te Anau and Fiordland . The Invercargill Licensing Trust is one of several trusts in the city of Invercargill. The Invercargill Licensing Trust and
10295-496: The Trust provides significant funding to a wide range of projects and programmes. Each year, it distributes between $ 7 and $ 10 million in the region, not including the large sums given to sports franchises and building projects and since its inception has distributed close to $ 140 million in grants. Invercargill was home to Invercargill Brewery , the southernmost manufacturer of beer in New Zealand . Established in 1999, it
10440-506: The U.S. Federal Communications Commission designates the 88–92 megahertz band in the U.S. for non-profit or educational programming, with advertising prohibited. In addition, formats change in popularity as time passes and technology improves. Early radio equipment only allowed program material to be broadcast in real time, known as live broadcasting. As technology for sound recording improved, an increasing proportion of broadcast programming used pre-recorded material. A current trend
10585-759: The US and Canada , just two services, XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio exist. Both XM and Sirius are owned by Sirius XM Satellite Radio , which was formed by the merger of XM and Sirius on July 29, 2008, whereas in Canada , XM Radio Canada and Sirius Canada remained separate companies until 2010. Worldspace in Africa and Asia, and MobaHO! in Japan and the ROK were two unsuccessful satellite radio operators which have gone out of business. Radio program formats differ by country, regulation, and markets. For instance,
10730-580: The US operates similar services aimed at Cuba ( Radio y Televisión Martí ) and the People's Republic of China , Vietnam , Laos and North Korea ( Radio Free Asia ). Besides ideological reasons, many stations are run by religious broadcasters and are used to provide religious education, religious music, or worship service programs. For example, Vatican Radio , established in 1931, broadcasts such programs. Another station, such as HCJB or Trans World Radio will carry brokered programming from evangelists. In
10875-691: The United States and Canada have chosen to use HD radio , an in-band on-channel system that puts digital broadcasts at frequencies adjacent to the analog broadcast. HD Radio is owned by a consortium of private companies that is called iBiquity . An international non-profit consortium Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), has introduced the public domain DRM system, which is used by a relatively small number of broadcasters worldwide. Broadcasters in one country have several reasons to reach out to an audience in other countries. Commercial broadcasters may simply see
11020-541: The United States came from KDKA itself: the results of the Harding/Cox Presidential Election . The Montreal station that became CFCF began broadcast programming on May 20, 1920, and the Detroit station that became WWJ began program broadcasts beginning on August 20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time. In 1920, wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from
11165-643: The United States, France, the Netherlands, South Africa, and many other countries worldwide. The simplest system is named DAB Digital Radio, for Digital Audio Broadcasting , and uses the public domain EUREKA 147 (Band III) system. DAB is used mainly in the UK and South Africa. Germany and the Netherlands use the DAB and DAB+ systems, and France uses the L-Band system of DAB Digital Radio. The broadcasting regulators of
11310-571: The broadest range of listeners with bilingual flagship broadcaster Radio New Zealand National . Several previously state-owned radio brands like top-rating talk station Newstalk ZB are now owned by NZME Radio , which operates eight networks on terrestrial radio and iHeartRadio . Ten radio networks are operated by MediaWorks New Zealand , including top-rating music stations The Edge and The Rock . Independent stations like The SkiFM Network, 1XX and Coast FM continue to serve local communities, alongside low-powered and internet stations. New Zealand
11455-728: The case of the Broadcasting Services of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , both governmental and religious programming is provided. Extensions of traditional radio-wave broadcasting for audio broadcasting in general include cable radio , local wire television networks , DTV radio , satellite radio , and Internet radio via streaming media on the Internet . The enormous entry costs of space-based satellite transmitters and restrictions on available radio spectrum licenses has restricted growth of Satellite radio broadcasts. In
11600-422: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 5,388 (13.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 21,870 (54.8%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 11,079 (27.7%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 39,500, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 3,042 people (7.6%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
11745-422: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 5,988 (13.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 25,002 (55.1%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 12,597 (27.8%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 39,900, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 3,627 people (8.0%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
11890-574: The city, through Otepuni Gardens , and under the railway yards. 10 kilometres west of the city centre lies Oreti Beach , a long expanse of sand stretching from the Sandy Point area to nearby Riverton . Invercargill has a temperate oceanic climate . The mean daily temperature ranges from 5.2 °C (41.4 °F) in July to 14 °C (57 °F) in January. The yearly mean temperature is 9.8 °C (49.6 °F). Rainfall averages 1,112 millimetres (43.8 in) annually, and measurable snowfall
12035-722: The college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs. By 1931, a majority of U.S. households owned at least one radio receiver . In line to ITU Radio Regulations (article1.61) each broadcasting station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily. Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include AM and FM stations. There are several subtypes, namely commercial broadcasting , non-commercial educational (NCE) public broadcasting and non-profit varieties as well as community radio , student-run campus radio stations, and hospital radio stations can be found throughout
12180-521: The colour he brings to the city. His opponents refer to his controversial mayoral career in the Auckland suburbs and to his attitude to veterans during his opposition to the Vietnam War . Publicity and students have also come to the city by the Southern Institute of Technology 's "Zero Fees" scheme, which allows New Zealand citizens and permanent residents to study while only paying for material costs of their study, and not tuition fees. Invercargill
12325-550: The commercial radio activities of Radio New Zealand were sold-off in 1996, putting the Sports Roundup service and the Newstalk ZB , Classic Hits and ZM networks into entirely private ownership. The company now runs talk radio network Newstalk ZB and sports radio network Radio Sport alongside music networks Radio Hauraki , Coast , Flava , The Hits and Mix . Privately owned Gore station Hokonui Gold
12470-714: The company and the Carver Corporation later cut the number of models produced before discontinuing production completely. As well as on the medium wave bands, amplitude modulation (AM) is also used on the shortwave and long wave bands. Shortwave is used largely for national broadcasters, international propaganda, or religious broadcasting organizations. Shortwave transmissions can have international or inter-continental range depending on atmospheric conditions. Long-wave AM broadcasting occurs in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The ground wave propagation at these frequencies
12615-467: The country at night. During the night, absorption largely disappears and permits signals to travel to much more distant locations via ionospheric reflections. However, fading of the signal can be severe at night. AM radio transmitters can transmit audio frequencies up to 15 kHz (now limited to 10 kHz in the US due to FCC rules designed to reduce interference), but most receivers are only capable of reproducing frequencies up to 5 kHz or less. At
12760-447: The country, with codes such as rugby union , netball , basketball, cricket , and hockey being popular. Many professional sportsmen too, have come out of Southland as well. Invercargill also has some high quality sporting facilities, including an indoor velodrome , an Olympic sized swimming centre, a 20,000 capacity rugby stadium and also international playing arenas for both hockey and cricket. The city's 4500 capacity indoor stadium
12905-601: The country. RBC's similar 3YA in Christchurch started broadcasting on 1 September 1926. Its 2YA Wellington studio was officially opened on 16 July 1927. Listenership rose rapidly, from 3,588 licences in 1926 to 18,162 in 1927. In addition to those stations, in 1923 there were also Auckland stations 1AA (C.N. Edwards), 1AB (V.J. Penny), 1AC (L.S. Spackman), 1AH (Hartle & Gray), 1AM ( Hamilton Amateur Radio Club), 2YA (then owned by Wilkins & Field, Nelson ), 2AB (D. Wilkinson, Motueka ), Gisborne had 2AD (P.R. Stevens), 2AE (R.J. Patty), 2AF (W.J. Sinclair), 2AG (I.H. O'Meara),
13050-486: The dominant medium, especially in cities. Because of its greater range, AM remained more common in rural environments. Pirate radio is illegal or non-regulated radio transmission. It is most commonly used to describe illegal broadcasting for entertainment or political purposes. Sometimes it is used for illegal two-way radio operation. Its history can be traced back to the unlicensed nature of the transmission, but historically there has been occasional use of sea vessels—fitting
13195-581: The early 80s as a niche market platform, the brand has seen three owners over the years and since 2012 the current owners have solidified and expanded the business. The Ski Brand has a regional coverage model across multiple frequencies which includes a population footprint of 135,772 plus the Summer and Winter visitor population spikes, it allows their advertisers to buy at regional rates and receive metropolitan origin visitor/F.I.T audiences. Currently, with no need for individual breakouts agencies/ advertisers find
13340-399: The escalation of political tensions. However, rising debt forced Southland to rejoin Otago in 1870 and the provincial system, and with it the province of Otago, was abolished entirely in 1876. This debt was caused by a population decline stemming from poor returns from pastoral farming. In 1874, Invercargill's population was less than 2,500, which reflected the drift north to large centres. In
13485-518: The final letter was assigned from the town or city name such as 4ZG in Gore and 1ZH in Hamilton. These ZA and other stations, also now owned by NZME , were rebranded as Classic Hits and rebranded again in 2014 as The Hits. 1YA, 2YK, 3AQ, 4YA were the first stations operating in the country's four main cities, and 5ZB was a mobile radio station broadcast in railway carriages during the 1940s. As part of
13630-466: The first broadcast in New Zealand from the University of Otago physics department on 17 November 1921. The first radio station, Radio Dunedin , began broadcasting on 4 October 1922, but it was only in 1925 that the Radio Broadcasting Company (RBC) began broadcasts throughout New Zealand. Auckland Radio Service started broadcasting at 7:45pm on 13 April 1923 and 1YA was soon being heard on 4 evenings
13775-486: The following two decades. Broadcasting to Marlborough, Nelson, Whanganui, Taihape, Timaru, Oamaru, Ashburton, Alexandra and Cromwell. The station does not use DJs, instead plays music with short ad-libbed commercials. The Wolf was a short-lived radio network based at Lake Tekapo in South Canterbury . The station was independently owned from its outset in 2001, and broadcast to rural areas where in some cases
13920-566: The former has held qualifying rounds of the Speedway World Championship in 1976 and 1983 and the New Zealand Solo Championship six times. The " Invercargill March ", an internationally famous tune, was written by Alex Lithgow , who attended Invercargill Grammar School (now Middle School). In his book Invercargill – 150 Years , Lloyd Esler 's opening sentence reads, "Invercargill was done
14065-709: The government. In each region, the largest city was assigned a ZB station (1ZB Auckland, 2ZB Wellington, 3ZB Christchurch and 4ZB Dunedin) and a ZM music station (1ZM Auckland, 2ZM Wellington and 3ZM Christchurch). The Newstalk ZB and ZM brands continue to be used by NZME (formerly The Radio Network ). The second largest city was assigned a ZA station: 1ZA in Taupō , 2ZA in Palmerston North , 3ZA in Greymouth and 4ZA in Invercargill . In other towns and cities
14210-470: The group to establish eight main objectives, which included gathering signatures for a petition for women's suffrage. This was the first all-women's organisation established in New Zealand. After affiliating with the new national organisation, the Women's Christian Temperance Union of New Zealand, under the guidance of world missionary Mary C. Leavitt , Roberta Annie Hinton, wife of the new Baptist minister, led
14355-583: The highest and lowest sidebands is quite apparent to the listener. Such distortion occurs up to frequencies of approximately 50 MHz. Higher frequencies do not reflect from the ionosphere, nor from storm clouds. Moon reflections have been used in some experiments, but require impractical power levels. The original FM radio service in the U.S. was the Yankee Network , located in New England . Regular FM broadcasting began in 1939 but did not pose
14500-414: The inner-city regions compared to the surrounding countryside. This is typically between 1-2°C and depends on factors like wind speed and cloud cover. Owing to its relatively high latitude (46° 24′), the city enjoys nearly 16 hours of daylight at the summer solstice in late December, with astronomical night lasting as little as 2.5 hours. Conversely, the city receives only around 8.5 hours of daylight at
14645-557: The introduction of voluntary student membership have raised fresh concerns about the future of student broadcasting, but the role of the stations continues to be recognised by New Zealand on Air and the Ministry for Culture and Heritage . The network began as a grouping of university student radio stations in major centres, and for a while operated as a commercial network of student union stations and former student union stations in six markets. In 1986 member station Radio One launched
14790-474: The ionosphere. In a crowded channel environment, this means that the power of regional channels which share a frequency must be reduced at night or directionally beamed in order to avoid interference, which reduces the potential nighttime audience. Some stations have frequencies unshared with other stations in North America; these are called clear-channel stations . Many of them can be heard across much of
14935-1083: The larger network stations did not broadcast or operate local stations. The network started at a time when many New Zealand stations had been taken over by New Zealand's two largest radio companies The Radio Network and MediaWorks New Zealand or replaced with a network product based from one of the main centres, particularly Auckland . Due to funding issues, it went off the air permanently in 2003. The network broadcasts on 100.6 FM in several centres, including Temuka , Blenheim , Kaikōura , Methven , Waimate , Oamaru , Alexandra , Gore , Mount Cook Village , Reefton , Geraldine , Twizel , Fairlie , Murchison , Timaru , Westport , Hanmer Springs and Karamea . It also broadcast on 91.9 FM in Hokitika , 97.8 FM in Lake Tekapo , 99.0 FM in Kāpiti Coast , 105.4 FM in Auckland and 1593 AM in Christchurch . The Wolf
15080-415: The major markets. Radio New Zealand networks do not participate in commercial market surveys, meaning they are not included in listener numbers and are not counted in market share. However, a Nielsen Media Research survey commissioned by Radio New Zealand suggests its National and Concert stations reach a combined audience of 563,000 unique listeners. The National programme reaches 503,000, or 14 percent of
15225-475: The medium wave band in 1978. On 25 March 1980 they launched a pirate Radio Freedom broadcast on both shortwave and FM. In 1983, the name was changed to Kiwi Radio , due to not wanting to be confused with the many other stations named Radio Freedom. Kiwi Radio was known to relay other pirates, such as some from Australia, before it ceased broadcasting in 1997. In 2013, Radio Totse began broadcasting on shortwave to North America on 6.925 MHz. Radio New Zealand
15370-480: The model of broadcasting for member organisations in other countries. For example, Australia's Rhema FM is modelled on New Zealand's Rhema. The organisation is predominantly funded by donations, and operates young-oriented Life FM , family-oriented Rhema and Star for older listeners. The future of some of its networks was brought into question in 2010, when the Government required Rhema Media to raise 6.4 million dollars to renew its commercial radio frequencies for
15515-402: The most common perception of a pirate—as broadcasting bases. Rules and regulations vary largely from country to country, but often the term pirate radio describes the unlicensed broadcast of FM radio, AM radio, or shortwave signals over a wide range. In some places, radio stations are legal where the signal is transmitted, but illegal where the signals are received—especially when the signals cross
15660-489: The new band had to begin from the ground floor. As a commercial venture, it remained a little-used audio enthusiasts' medium until the 1960s. The more prosperous AM stations, or their owners, acquired FM licenses and often broadcast the same programming on the FM station as on the AM station (" simulcasting "). The FCC limited this practice in the 1960s. By the 1980s, since almost all new radios included both AM and FM tuners, FM became
15805-588: The new club as it worked to strengthen the temperance movement in the area and support the needs of women and children across the nation. By 1897, a founding member of this first branch of the WCTU Invercargill, Mrs. Elizabeth Stephen Baird, led the establishment of the Victoria Home for Friendless Girls. In December 1905, Invercargill voted in local prohibition of alcohol sales. This lasted for 40 years until voted out by returning servicemen in
15950-451: The one company. New Zealand's original FM broadcasting allocation, until 1986 was 89.0 to 94.0 MHz, and then from 1986, until 2000 was 89.0 to 100.0 MHz. Meanwhile, the segments of the band not used for FM broadcasting, such as the band above 100 MHz had been had been allocated to land-based AM mobile radio-telephone users (taxis, fire and others), an allocation that dates back to the late 1950s. New Zealand's FM frequency allocation issue
16095-690: The population of 365,000 people are radio listeners. Under breakfast hosts Simon Barnett and Gary McCormick , More FM consistently leads the ratings with around 70,000 listeners. Newstalk ZB maintains the highest market share at 15.3 percent, with nearly 56,000 listeners. Its local news and morning programme provide a particular focus on the issues that have followed the 2010 Canterbury earthquake . The Breeze has 57,000 listeners and 9.9 percent station share; The Sound has 44,000 listeners and 9.1 percent station share; and The Edge, The Rock and ZM also have more than 30,000 listeners and more than 3 percent station share. The largest of New Zealand's provincial markets
16240-615: The population was 54,204, up 2.7% on the 2006 census number and up 4.8% on the 2013 census number. Inver comes from the Scottish Gaelic word inbhir meaning a river's mouth and Cargill is in honour of Captain William Cargill , who was at the time the Superintendent of Otago , of which Southland was then a part. The Māori name for the city, Waihōpai , comes from the Waihopai River . It may be
16385-714: The radio on a weekly basis. Newstalk ZB has maintained a long-running first place in the ratings under successive breakfast hosts Paul Holmes and Mike Hosking , with a 13.4 percent station share and a weekly cumulative audience of 178,000 listeners in the latest Q2-14 survey for August to September 2014. The Edge has 7.7 percent share and 169,200 listeners; ZM has 4.5 percent share and 136,900 listeners; The Breeze has 7.8 percent share and 136,200 listeners; Mai FM has 5.2 percent share and 126,200 listeners; and Coast has 7.8 percent share and 105,400 listeners. Radio Live, The Hits, The Sound, The Rock, George FM, More FM, Flava and Radio Hauraki all maintain audiences over 50,000. Radio Sport ,
16530-455: The range of a given FM signal was much shorter; thus its market was more local than for AM radio. The reception range at night is the same as in the daytime. All FM broadcast transmissions are line-of-sight, and ionospheric bounce is not viable. The much larger bandwidths, compared to AM and SSB, are more susceptible to phase dispersion. Propagation speeds are fastest in the ionosphere at the lowest sideband frequency. The celerity difference between
16675-455: The return on investment for full network placement works exceptionally well and great value for campaign spend due to Ski's reach. New Zealand Media and Entertainment is one of New Zealand's largest radio companies. It was formed in 2014 through the formal merger of The Radio Network and the New Zealand assets of APN News & Media , which includes magazines and newspapers like The New Zealand Herald . The Radio Network, in turn, began when
16820-475: The reverse direction because the plate was not heated, and thus not capable of thermionic emission of electrons. Later known as the Fleming valve , it could be used as a rectifier of alternating current, and as a radio wave detector . This greatly improved the crystal set , which rectified the radio signal using an early solid-state diode based on a crystal and a so-called cat's whisker . However, an amplifier
16965-481: The role the stations played in fostering New Zealand music across genres. However, the group agreed to change its name back to Student Radio Network at a meeting in 2009, to reflect the broader range of student radio brands. The stations continue to provide a spotlight for local bands, having previously helped promote Fat Freddys Drop , Kora , Jordan Reyne , Dimmer , Jet Jaguar , Shocking Pinks , The Enright House and some underground and electronica acts. In 1986
17110-410: The same service area. This prevents the sideband power generated by two stations from interfering with each other. Bob Carver created an AM stereo tuner employing notch filtering that demonstrated that an AM broadcast can meet or exceed the 15 kHz baseband bandwidth allotted to FM stations without objectionable interference. After several years, the tuner was discontinued. Bob Carver had left
17255-628: The south-west corner of the South Island and the Catlins coastal region. Many streets in the city, especially in the centre and main shopping district, are named after rivers in Scotland. These include the main streets Dee and Tay , as well as those named after the Tweed , Forth , Tyne , Esk , Don , Ness , Yarrow , Spey , Eye and Ythan rivers, amongst others. The 2018 census showed
17400-534: The station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . Westinghouse relaunched the station as KDKA on November 2, 1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in the United States. The commercial broadcasting designation came from the type of broadcast license ; advertisements did not air until years later. The first licensed broadcast in
17545-408: The time that AM broadcasting began in the 1920s, this provided adequate fidelity for existing microphones, 78 rpm recordings, and loudspeakers. The fidelity of sound equipment subsequently improved considerably, but the receivers did not. Reducing the bandwidth of the receivers reduces the cost of manufacturing and makes them less prone to interference. AM stations are never assigned adjacent channels in
17690-460: The upper North Island. Northland covers 112,000 people, with More FM reaching 27,000 listeners and 17.3 percent market share. Tauranga covers 136 thousand people, with Coast reaching 23,000 listeners and 15 percent market share. Only 47,000 people live in the Rotorua market, where Flava leads with 8,000 listeners and Coast has 16.6 percent market share. In the central North Island, Taranaki includes
17835-419: The winter solstice in late June. Invercargill is the "City of Water and Light". The "light" refers to the long summer twilights and the aurora australis (southern lights). The "water" reference, humorists suggest, comes from notorious horizontal, driving rain in high wind at the corner of the two main streets, Dee and Tay. A recent sign also states, "Invercargill, where dreams can come true" with an image from
17980-607: The world. It is the commercial centre of the Southland region . The city lies in the heart of the wide expanse of the Southland Plains to the east of the Ōreti or New River some 18 km (11 miles) north of Bluff , which is the southernmost town in the South Island . It sits amid rich farmland that is bordered by large areas of conservation land and marine reserves, including Fiordland National Park covering
18125-519: The world. Many stations broadcast on shortwave bands using AM technology that can be received over thousands of miles (especially at night). For example, the BBC , VOA , VOR , and Deutsche Welle have transmitted via shortwave to Africa and Asia. These broadcasts are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions and solar activity. Nielsen Audio , formerly known as Arbitron, the United States –based company that reports on radio audiences, defines
18270-485: Was 33.8 °C (92.8 °F), recorded on 2 January 1948. Extended periods of heat are rare; however, January 2018 was notable for the city recording three consecutive days above 30 for the first time in its recorded history, peaking with the city's second-highest temperature on record of 32.3 °C (90.1 °F) on 14 January 2018. Like other urban areas in New Zealand, Invercargill sometimes experiences an urban heat island effect; temperatures are slightly higher within
18415-510: Was 40.0 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 10,233 people (18.4%) aged under 15 years, 10,035 (18.0%) aged 15 to 29, 25,083 (45.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 10,251 (18.4%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 82.2% European ( Pākehā ); 19.4% Māori ; 4.7% Pasifika ; 7.6% Asian ; 1.3% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.5% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
18560-457: Was a temporary station in Whakatāne called FM 90.7 . The station ran from 5 January 1982 until 31 January 1982. The first permanent station in New Zealand to broadcast on FM was Magic 91FM in Auckland broadcasting on 91.0FM followed by 89 Stereo FM broadcasting on 89.4FM. Both stations are no longer in operation; Magic 91 is the local Auckland frequency for ZM and 89 Stereo FM today broadcasts
18705-508: Was also one of the first countries to introduce Christian radio, with Rhema Media now operating three networks around the country. The Student Radio Network began with the start of bFM in 1969 and the first of the country's community access broadcasters was founded in 1981. Te Māngai Pāho funds Māori iwi radio stations, and the Pacific Media Network continues to receive Government support. Professor Robert Jack made
18850-530: Was amalgamated in 1922 and received a Royal Charter in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world, followed by Czechoslovak Radio and other European broadcasters in 1923. Radio Argentina began regularly scheduled transmissions from the Teatro Coliseo in Buenos Aires on August 27, 1920, making its own priority claim. The station got its license on November 19, 1923. The delay
18995-496: Was an internationally award-winning production brewery which also contract brews for other iconic New Zealand breweries, including Yeastie Boys . The company went into receivership in 2018. Invercargill has a growing tourism sector. Attractions such as E Hayes, Bill Richardson Transport World, Dig This and Classic Motorcycle Mecca attract people to the area. SBS Bank , or the Southland Building Society,
19140-517: Was available nationwide on the Sky Television digital service. Low power broadcasting licences in New Zealand are issued by Radio Spectrum Management and managed by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment . In many cases, they provide community groups with easy access to broadcasting. Any resident is allowed a free licence at a maximum of 1 watt EIRP in the FM guardbands from 87.6 to 88.3 and from 106.7 to 107.7 MHz under
19285-513: Was carrying audio by the next year. (Herrold's station eventually became KCBS ). In The Hague, the Netherlands, PCGG started broadcasting on November 6, 1919, making it arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916, Frank Conrad , an electrical engineer employed at the Westinghouse Electric Corporation , began broadcasting from his Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania garage with the call letters 8XK. Later,
19430-621: Was considered relatively popular at the time, if at times controversial. The Southern Sting (Netball- Now Southern Steel) won seven National titles from 1999 to 2004, 2007, while the local rugby team the Southland Stags held the Ranfurly Shield from 22 October 2009 to 9 October 2010 and have made the NPC Semi-finals for the past three years. Southland also has one of the highest percentages of sports participants in
19575-460: Was due to the lack of official Argentine licensing procedures before that date. This station continued regular broadcasting of entertainment, and cultural fare for several decades. Radio in education soon followed, and colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula. Curry College in Milton, Massachusetts introduced one of the first broadcasting majors in 1932 when
19720-498: Was established after Westpac bought out the Trust Bank Southland in the late 1990s. It was sold for approximately $ 150 million, with those funds now being set aside for the people of the Southland regions, including Queenstown , Arrowtown and Tapanui. It is widely recognised as one of New Zealand's leading community trusts, with the benefit of a large capital base for a relatively small population. Consequently,
19865-469: Was not fixed until the late 1990s, after those users had been progressively reassigned channels elsewhere, when the band was expanded to the full 20 MHz. New Zealand now uses the standard global allocation of 87.5–108 MHz for FM. Today, full-power FM stations use frequencies between 88.6 MHz and 106.5 MHz, although the band between 101.8 MHz and 103.3 MHz is allocated to future government, Maori and limited short term broadcasting, it
20010-537: Was quickly becoming viable. However, an early audio transmission that could be termed a broadcast may have occurred on Christmas Eve in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden , although this is disputed. While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to radiotelephone devices by which only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to larger audiences. Charles Herrold started broadcasting in California in 1909 and
20155-510: Was severely damaged in 2010, its roof collapsing following a heavy snowfall. Southland also has four professional sporting sides that are based in Invercargill: Invercargill is home to the only indoor cycling velodrome in the South Island. The indoor 250 metres wooden velodrome is home to Track Cycling in Southland. The Invercargill Licensing Trust supports the velodrome which is situated at Stadium Southland ,
20300-541: Was spoken by 96.9%, Māori language by 3.8%, Samoan by 0.8% and other languages by 8.4%. No language could be spoken by 2.0% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 15.6, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 33.4% Christian , 1.2% Hindu , 0.7% Islam , 0.6% Māori religious beliefs , 0.6% Buddhist , 0.4% New Age , and 1.3% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 54.1%, and 7.9% of people did not answer
20445-541: Was spoken by 97.1%, Māori language by 3.7%, Samoan by 0.8% and other languages by 7.8%. No language could be spoken by 1.9% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 14.8, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 33.0% Christian , 1.1% Hindu , 0.6% Islam , 0.6% Māori religious beliefs , 0.6% Buddhist , 0.4% New Age , and 1.3% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 54.6%, and 8.1% of people did not answer
20590-494: Was still required. The triode (mercury-vapor filled with a control grid) was created on March 4, 1906, by the Austrian Robert von Lieben ; independently, on October 25, 1906, Lee De Forest patented his three-element Audion . It was not put to practical use until 1912 when its amplifying ability became recognized by researchers. By about 1920, valve technology had matured to the point where radio broadcasting
20735-522: Was that 20,550 (51.5%) people were employed full-time, 5,400 (13.5%) were part-time, and 1,053 (2.6%) were unemployed. The Invercargill City Council governs the territorial authority of Invercargill. It is made up of an elected mayor and 12 additional councillors. They are elected under the First Past the Post system in triennial elections, with the last election being held in 2022 . The current mayor
20880-423: Was that 23,430 (51.6%) people were employed full-time, 6,246 (13.8%) were part-time, and 1,167 (2.6%) were unemployed. The Invercargill urban area covers 62.95 km (24.31 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 51,700 as of June 2024, with a population density of 821 people per km . Invercargill had a population of 48,987 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 1,143 people (2.4%) since
21025-636: Was then owned by British Electric Supply and, with 4YO (Radio Supply Company), also in Dunedin, and 1YA (then Auckland Radio Service) had the only three 500 watt transmitters in the country. Further stations in 1926 were 1YC (N.C. Shepherd, Whangārei ), 1YD (L.R. Keith, Auckland) and 2YL (B. C. Spackman, Napier ). In 1930, station 1ZR began operating from the Queen Street premises of Lewis Eady Limited in Auckland. Pioneer broadcasters included Aunt Daisy , Dudley Wrathall and Rod Talbot. A "radio church",
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