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57-588: One of its demands was for "freeing a large section of medical men and women from such distasteful and incongruous work as the assessing and collecting of fees for services rendered." It wanted to build on the National Insurance Act 1911 and develop a National Health Service, including hospital care in a comprehensive service. Dr Benjamin Moore and Dr. Milson Russen Rhodes of Didsbury were prominent members. The plans produced by Lord Dawson for

114-503: A child, caring for a severely disabled person for more than 20 hours a week or claiming unemployment or sickness benefits, can gain National Insurance credits which protects their rights to various benefits. National Insurance is a significant contributor to UK government revenues, with contributions estimated to comprise 18% of total revenue in the 2019/2020 financial year. National insurance contributions (NICs) fall into

171-611: A contributions record while not working, or to those applying for benefits whose contribution record is only slightly short of the requirements for those benefits. In the latter case, they cannot be used to fill "gaps" in past years in contribution records for some benefits. The benefit component comprises a number of contributory benefits of availability and amount determined by the claimant's contribution record and circumstances. Weekly income benefits and some lump-sum benefits to participants upon death, retirement, unemployment, maternity and disability are provided. Benefits for which there

228-532: A fixed weekly or monthly payment, and partly on a percentage of net profits above a certain threshold. Individuals may also make voluntary contributions, in order to fill a gap in their contributions record and thus protect their entitlement to benefits. Contributions are collected by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) through the PAYE system, along with Income Tax and repayments of Student Loans and Postgraduate Loans. People in certain circumstances, such as caring for

285-701: A level with Germany; we should not emulate them only in armaments ." His measure gave the British working classes the first contributory system of insurance against illness and unemployment. The Act only applied to wage earners—about 70% of the work force—their families and the unwaged were not covered. After first praising the proposal, the Conservatives split, and most voted against it. But when returned to office they did not change it. Some trade unions who operated their own insurance schemes, and friendly societies who had their own schemes, at first opposed

342-419: A number of classes. Class 1, 2 and 3 NICs paid are credited to an individual's NI account, which determines eligibility for certain benefits - including the state pension. Class 1A, 1B and 4 NIC do not count towards benefit entitlements but must still be paid if due. Class 1 contributions are paid by employers and their employees. In law, the employee contribution is referred to as the 'primary' contribution and

399-405: A periodic basis, usually weekly or monthly depending on how the employee is paid, with no reference to earnings in previous periods. Those for company directors are calculated on an annual basis, to ensure that the correct level of NICs are collected regardless of how often the director chooses to be paid. There are a number of milestone figures which determine the rate of NICs to be paid. These are

456-460: A qualifying contribution record for contributions-based Jobseekers Allowance , but do count towards Employment and Support Allowance . Class 3 contributions are voluntary NICs paid by people wishing to fill a gap in their contributions record which has arisen either by not working or by their earnings being too low. Class 3 contributions only count towards State Pension and Bereavement Benefit entitlement. The main reason for paying Class 3 NICs

513-408: A result and unlike Income Tax , a weekly paid employee will face a charge in any week where earnings exceed 1/52 of the annual limit. It is therefore possible for a charge to arise on someone who earns below the limit on an annual basis but who has occasional payments above the weekly limit. A further complication is that an employee has an allowance per employer, unlike income tax where the allowance

570-613: A single national organisation in the healthcare field (the National Health Service ) which, among other things, fulfilled the role of the Approved Societies; Approved Societies thus became redundant, and ceased to exist in 1948. The National Insurance Act Part II provided for time-limited unemployment benefit for certain highly cyclical industries, especially the building trades, mechanical engineering, foundries, vehicle manufacturing, and sawmills. The scheme

627-592: A system of health insurance for industrial workers in Great Britain based on contributions from employers, the government, and the workers themselves. It was one of the foundations of the modern welfare state. It also provided unemployment insurance for designated cyclical industries. It formed part of the wider social welfare reforms of the Liberal Governments of 1906–1915, led by Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith . David Lloyd George ,

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684-441: A year. If a self-employed worker earns £8,632 or more a year they will be categorised as Class 4. Class 2 contributions are charged at £3.00 per week and are usually paid by direct debit. While the amount is calculated to a weekly figure, they were typically paid monthly or quarterly until 2015. For future years, class 2 is collected as part of the tax self-assessment process. For the most part, unlike Class 1, they do not form part of

741-455: A year. The money would be collected from labour exchanges . By 1913, 2.3 million were insured under the scheme for unemployment benefit and almost 15 million insured for sickness benefit. A key assumption of the Act was an unemployment rate of 4.6%. At the time the Act was passed, unemployment was at 3% and the fund was expected to quickly build a surplus. Under the Act, employees' contributions to

798-424: Is a contribution condition: Historic benefits for which there was a contribution condition: To administer the National Insurance system, a National Insurance number is allocated to every child shortly after their birth when a claim to Child Benefit is made. People coming from overseas have to apply for a NI number before they can qualify for benefits; although holding a NI number is not a prerequisite for working in

855-514: Is currently set at the figure at which the higher rate of Income Tax becomes chargeable for a person on the standard personal allowance for Income Tax in all parts of the UK except Scotland (which can set its own level for the tax threshold, but not for the NI upper limit). The 2019-24 government 's manifesto in the 2019 general election promised to restore the parity between the NI and Income Tax thresholds by

912-434: Is determined by the claimant's contribution record and circumstances. Weekly income and some lump-sum benefits are provided for participants upon death, retirement, unemployment, maternity and disability. In order to obtain the benefits which are related to the contributions, a National Insurance number is necessary. The current system of National Insurance has its roots in the National Insurance Act 1911 , which introduced

969-503: Is done through the PAYE (Pay As You Earn) system along with Income Tax , repayments of Student Loans and any Apprenticeship Levy which the employer is liable to pay. National Insurance contributions form a significant proportion of the UK Government's revenue, raising £145 billion in 2019-20 (representing 17.5% of all tax revenue). The benefit component includes several contributory benefits, availability and amount of which

1026-405: Is to ensure that a person's contribution record is preserved to provide entitlement to these benefits, though care needs to be taken not to pay unnecessarily as it is not necessary to have contributions in every year of a working life in order to qualify. Class 4 contributions are paid by self-employed people as a portion of their profits. The amount due is calculated with income tax at the end of

1083-583: The Government Actuary's Department and the resulting reports must be presented to the UK Parliament. The most recent review was conducted as at April 2020, with the report being published two years later. The contributions component of the system, "National Insurance Contributions" (NICs) are paid by employees and employers on earnings, and by employers on certain benefits-in-kind provided to employees. The self-employed contribute partly by

1140-754: The Lloyd George government in 1920 drew on the ideas of the Association. It published a journal, Medical World from 1913 which was adopted by the Medical Practitioners' Union in 1914. When the Socialist Medical Association was founded in 1930 it absorbed many of the members and the organisation collapsed as a result. National Insurance Act 1911 The National Insurance Act 1911 ( 1 & 2 Geo. 5 . c. 55) created National Insurance , originally

1197-462: The National Insurance Act 1911 and expanded by the Labour government in 1948, the system has been subjected to numerous amendments in succeeding years. Initially, it was a contributory form of insurance against illness and unemployment, and eventually provided retirement pensions and other benefits. Currently, workers pay contributions from the age of 16 years, until the age they become eligible for

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1254-482: The RPI . As indicated above, the rates at which an individual and their employer pay contributions depend on a number of factors. Consequently, there are many possible sets of employer/employee contribution rates to allow for all combinations of the various factors. HMRC allocate a letter of the alphabet, referred to as an 'NI Table Letter', to each of these sets of contribution rates. Employers are responsible for allocating

1311-594: The "ninepence for fourpence"). Under the Act, workers could take sick leave and be paid 10 shillings a week for the first 13 weeks, and 5 shillings a week for the next 13 weeks. Workers also gained access to free treatment for tuberculosis, and the sick were eligible for treatment by a panel doctor. Due to pressure from the Co-operative Women's Guild , the National Insurance Act provided maternity benefits. In parts of Scotland whose economy

1368-641: The Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer, was the prime moving force behind its design, negotiations with doctors and other interest groups, and final passage, assisted by Home Secretary Winston Churchill . Lloyd George followed the example of Germany, which under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck had provided compulsory national insurance against sickness from 1884. After visiting Germany in 1908, Lloyd George said in his 1909 Budget speech that Britain should aim to be "putting ourselves in this field on

1425-644: The Lower Earnings Limit (LEL), Primary Threshold (PT), Secondary Threshold (ST) and Upper Earnings Limit (UEL), though often the PT and ST are set to the same value. The cash value of most of these figures normally changes each year, either in line with inflation or by some other amount decided by the Chancellor . The PT is normally indexed to inflation using the CPI , while other thresholds remain indexed using

1482-643: The NIRS/2 system from its inception when problems with the new system attracted widespread media coverage. Due to these computer problems, Deficiency Notices (telling individuals of a possible shortfall in their contributions), which had been sent out on an annual basis prior to 1996, stopped being issued; the Inland Revenue took several years to clear the backlog. As a result, many customers were unaware whether they had incomplete years of contributions towards their State Pension (including women affected by

1539-714: The NPS computer system ( National Insurance and PAYE Service ). This came into use in June and July 2009 and brought NIC and Income Tax records together on one system for the first time. The original National Insurance Recording System (NIRS) was a more archaic system first used in 1975 without direct user access to its records. A civil servant working within the Contributions Office (NICO) would have to request paper printouts of an individual's account which could take up to two weeks to arrive. New information to be added to

1596-719: The National Insurance Fund than they took out. In 1925, and then 1931, further Acts were passed which reduced the government contribution to the fund: the government pressured the backers of Approved Societies (the insurance companies, trade unions, and so on) to take on the financial burden themselves. Together with increasing government control on which treatments they were allowed to fund, this led many Societies to complain that they had become little more than branches of government, and membership attendance at society meetings dwindled away, becoming virtually non-existent by 1940. The National Insurance Act 1946 introduced

1653-459: The PAYE procedures. Making NI contributions is still often described by people as paying their stamp . As the system developed, the link between individual contributions and benefits was weakened. The National Insurance Funds are used to pay for certain types of welfare expenditure and National Insurance payments cannot be used directly to fund general government spending. However, any surplus in

1710-567: The State pension. Contributions are due from employed people earning at or above a threshold called the Lower Earnings Limit, the value of which is reviewed each year. Self-employed people contribute through a percentage of net profits above a threshold, which is reviewed periodically. Individuals may also make voluntary contributions to fill a gap in their contributions record and thus protect their entitlement to benefits. Contributions are collected by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC). For employees, this

1767-491: The UK, a tax code cannot be operated without one. An NI number is in the format: two letters, six digits and one further letter or a space. The example used is typically QQ123456C. It is usual to pair off the digits - such separators are seen on forms used by government departments (both internal and external, notably the P45 and P60 ). National Insurance contributions for all UK residents and some non-residents are recorded using

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1824-416: The account would be sent to specialised data entry operatives on paper to be input into NIRS. NIRS/2, introduced in 1996, was a large and complex computer system which had several uses. These included individual applications to access or update an individual National Insurance account, to view employer's National Insurance schemes and a general work management application. There was some controversy regarding

1881-476: The concept of benefits based on contributions paid by employed people and their employer. William Martin-Smith was issued with the First NI number A1. The chosen means of recording the contributions required the employer to buy special stamps from a Post Office and affix them to contribution cards. The cards formed proof of entitlement to benefits and were given to the employee when the employment ended, leading to

1938-482: The correct table letter to each employee depending on their particular circumstances. Each tax year, HMRC publish look-up tables for each table letter to assist with manual calculation of contributions, though these days most of the calculations are done by computer systems and the tables are available only as downloads. In addition, HMRC provide an online National Insurance Calculator. Class 1A contributions were introduced from 6 April 1991, and are paid by employers on

1995-659: The details after inspecting the German system. The medical profession and the British Medical Association were angry with the law, despite support from some prominent leaders such as Victor Horsley . Some critics on the right such as Hilaire Belloc considered the Act to be a manifestation of The Servile State , which Belloc criticised in his book of the same name. Collection of contributions began in July 1912, and payments on 15 January 1913. The bill

2052-575: The employee rates are as shown below and the non-zero employer rates are 0.5% lower than those shown below. Class 2 contributions are fixed weekly amounts paid by the self-employed until 5 April 2024. They are due regardless of trading profits or losses, but those with low earnings can apply for exemption from paying and those on high earnings with liability to either Class 1 or 4 can apply for deferment from paying. As of January 2020, self-employed National Insurance Contributions (NICs) will be categorised as Class 2 when profits are between £6,365 and £8,631.99

2109-421: The employer contribution as the 'secondary', but they are usually referred to simply as employee and employer contributions. The employee contribution is deducted from gross wages by the employer, with no action required by the employee. The employer then adds in their own contribution and remits the total to HMRC along with income tax and other statutory deductions. Contributions for employees are calculated on

2166-405: The employer meets the tax liabilities on certain benefits). Class 1B contributions are paid at the same rate as Class 1A contributions and do not provide any benefit entitlement for individuals. Contribution rates are set for each tax year by the government. The general rates for the tax year 2023/24 between 6 January and 5 April 2024 are shown below. For those who qualify for the mariners rates,

2223-464: The end of their first term in office. The limits were harmonised on 6 July 2022. The limits and rates for the following tax year are normally announced at the same time as the autumn budget made by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Current rates are shown on the hmrc.gov.uk website. The calculation of contributions for employees has to be made on each pay period (for non-directors of a company). As

2280-553: The four NHS organisations are partially funded from NI contributions but not from the NI Fund. Less than half of benefit expenditure (42.1%) now goes on contributory benefits, compared with over 65% in 1978–79 because of the growth of means-tested benefits since the late 1970s. An actuarial evaluation of the long-term prospects for the National Insurance system is mandated every 5 years, or whenever any changes are proposed to benefits or contributions. Such evaluations are conducted by

2337-531: The funds is invested in government securities, and so is effectively lent to the government at low rates of interest. National Insurance contributions are paid into the various National Insurance Funds after deduction of monies specifically allocated to the National Health Services (NHS). However a small percentage is transferred from the funds to the NHS from certain of the smaller sub-classes. Thus

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2394-404: The government with 7 O'Brienites against it. It became law on 16 December 1911, and went into effect on 1 July 1912. The National Insurance Act Part I provided for a National Insurance scheme with provision of medical benefits. All workers who earned under £160 a year had to pay 4 pence a week to the scheme; the employer paid 3 pence, and general taxation paid 2 pence (Lloyd George called it

2451-505: The loss of a job often being referred to as being given your cards , a phrase which endures to this day although the card itself no longer exists. Initially there were two schemes running alongside each other, one for health and pension insurance benefits (administered by "approved societies" including friendly societies and some trade unions) and the other for unemployment benefit which was administered directly by Government. The Beveridge Report in 1942 proposed expansion and unification of

2508-407: The proposal, but Lloyd George convinced most of them to support it. The friendly societies and trade unions were given a major role in administering health insurance. Covered workers outside those agencies dealt with the local post office. The government picked up responsibility for the basic benefits that the unions and societies had promised, thus greatly helping their financial reserves. The Act

2565-533: The rise in State Pension age ). As noted above, the employee contribution was a flat rate stamp until 1975. After this, the rates have been as follows: On 7 September 2021, the government announced an increase of NI rates by 1.25 percentage points for the 2022–23 tax year, breaking its 2019 manifesto promise. From 2023, a new health and social care levy charged at the 1.25% rate would be introduced with NI rates reverting to their previous rates. This move

2622-622: The scheme were to be compulsory and taken by the employer before the workers' salary was paid. Amended by National Insurance Act 1913 c. 37, draft regulations were published in November 1913. National Insurance National Insurance ( NI ) is a fundamental component of the welfare state in the United Kingdom . It acts as a form of social security , since payment of NI contributions establishes entitlement to certain state benefits for workers and their families. Introduced by

2679-596: The societies. The 1911 Act only allowed Approved Societies to collect the contributions of their members; they could not keep the money, but had to forward it to the National Insurance Fund. The societies' own expenditure, such as the cost of treatment for their members, would be reimbursed by the Fund, on a six-monthly basis. The government did not reimburse any "improper" payments, such as "treatments" that did not comply with government regulations, or corrupt payments. Any organisation could become an Approved Society, as long as it

2736-405: The value of company cars and certain other benefits in kind provided to their employees and directors, at the standard employer contribution percentage rate for the tax year. Class 1A contributions do not provide any benefit entitlement for individuals. Class 1B contributions were introduced on 6 April 1999 and are payable by employers as part of a PAYE Settlement Agreement (an arrangement whereby

2793-671: The welfare state under a scheme of what was called social insurance. In March 1943 Winston Churchill in a broadcast entitled " After the War " committed the government to a system of "national compulsory insurance for all classes for all purposes from the cradle to the grave." After the Second World War, the Attlee government pressed ahead with the introduction of the Welfare State , of which an expanded National Insurance scheme

2850-1100: The year, based on figures supplied on the SA100 tax return . Contributions are based around two thresholds, the Lower Profits Limit (LPL) and the Upper Profits Limit (UPL). These have the same cash values as the Primary Threshold and Upper Earnings Limit used in Class 1 calculations. Class 4 contributions do not form part of a qualifying contribution record for any benefits, including the State Pension, as self-employed people qualify for these benefits by paying Class 2 contributions. People who are unable to work for some reason may be able to claim NI credits (technically credited earnings , since 1987 ). These are equivalent to Class 1 NICs, though are not paid for. They are granted either to maintain

2907-492: Was a major component. As part of this process, in 1948, a single stamp was introduced which covered all the benefits of the new Welfare State. At that point, responsibility passed to the new Ministry of National Insurance; many of the former approved societies went into liquidation as a result. Stamp cards for class 1 (employed) contributions persisted until 1975 when these contributions finally ceased to be flat-rate and became earnings related, collected along with Income Tax under

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2964-487: Was based on actuarial principles, and it was planned that it would be funded by fixed payments from workers, employers, and taxpayers. It made no provision for dependants. Part II worked in a similar way to Part I. The worker gave 2 1 ⁄ 2 d (i.e pre-decimal pence) per week while employed, the employer 2 1 ⁄ 2 d, and the taxpayer 3d. After one week of unemployment, the worker would start to be eligible to receive 7 shillings (i.e. 84d) per week for up to 15 weeks in

3021-526: Was introduced by Lloyd George to Parliament on 4 May 1911. On the Third Reading, the government was victorious by a huge majority. Most Unionists abstained, although 11 voted against the bill and 9 in favour of it, while the Labour Party was also split, with 32 Labour MPs supporting the government and 5 from the party's socialistic wing voting against. In addition, 58 'Redmonite' Irish voted with

3078-666: Was psychologically important, as it removed the need for unemployed workers to rely on the stigmatised social welfare provisions of the Poor Law . This hastened the end of the Poor Law as a social welfare provider: the Poor Law Unions were abolished in 1929, and the administration of poor relief was transferred to the counties and county boroughs. Key figures in the implementation of the Act included Robert Laurie Morant and especially economist William Braithwaite, who drafted

3135-637: Was registered under the Act, and complied with the Act's obligations, including to operate on a not-for-profit basis. As well as societies created by the trade unions and friendly societies , commercial insurers also established Approved Societies, such as the National Amalgamated Approved Society (created by Pearl Assurance and others); the largest Approved Societies were the four operated by Prudential , which collectively looked after 4.3 million members. Many Approved Societies were nominally profitable, contributing more to

3192-583: Was reversed by new chancellor Kwasi Kwarteng effective 6 November 2022. In the early 2000s the lower threshold for employee contributions was aligned with the standard personal allowance for Income Tax but has since diverged significantly, as illustrated in the following table. For 2015–16 there was therefore up to £304.80 payable by someone who has not reached the point where they are liable for Income Tax. This has risen to £352.80 for 2016–17, to £400.32 for 2017–18, to £411.12 for 2018-19 and to £464.16 for 2019–20. This fell to £360 for 2020–21. The upper limit

3249-572: Was still largely based on subsistence farming , the collection of cash contributions was impractical. The Highlands and Islands Medical Service was established in the crofting counties on a non-contributory basis in 1913. Though the fund was held centrally, and the obligation to pay into it was a nationally imposed one, access to the scheme was via "Approved Societies", who collected the contributions, paid out for treatment, and provided day-to-day administration. A worker could choose which Approved Society to belong to; this stimulated competition between

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