Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces . The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps.
93-666: Sullia (also known as Sulya ) is a town in the Dakshina Kannada district of the state of Karnataka , India . It is the headquarters of the Sullia taluk . Sullia is located 300 kilometres west of the state capital Bengaluru . A historical revolution took place during 1837, when a majority of the Gowdas, Bunts, Kydiyas, Adidravidas and other castes from Amara Sullia, Madikeri, Siddapura, Bhagamandala, Shanivarasanthe, Bellare, Puttur and Nandavara went and fought for freedom against
186-604: A 'no-tax' campaign, forcing the British to rethink their tax policy on the poor. The British then invaded Coorg when its ruler objected to British interference and took all territory of the state below the Western Ghats, adding it to Kanara district. In 1837, the British faced the Amara Sullia rebellion. After the British had deposed Kalyanaswami, a pretender to the throne of Coorg, he went to Bellare , and gathered
279-413: A broader sense is used, particularly in medical fields such as neurology . An objective of topography is to determine the position of any feature or more generally any point in terms of both a horizontal coordinate system such as latitude, longitude, and altitude . Identifying (naming) features, and recognizing typical landform patterns are also part of the field. A topographic study may be made for
372-510: A district of Mysore State in 1956 which later was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The Udupi district was formed from the northern taluks of Dakshina Kannada in 1997. Later, the Karnataka Government, for the purpose of administration, split the greater Dakshina Kannada district into Udupi and present day Dakshina Kannada districts on 15 August 1997. Three taluks of the former district – Udupi , Karkala and Kundapura – formed
465-400: A language in the census. Konkani is the 3rd largest language, spoken by 9.9% of the population. The dialect of Konkani here has strong influence from Tulu and Kannada. Kannada , even though the official language of the state, is only spoken by 9.3% of the population here. There are many dialects of Kannada spoken, some of which are Are Bhashe , spoken by Gowdas , and Havigannada , spoken by
558-602: A large booty from the Kollur Mookambika temple. Due to this unrest, Hyder Ali was able to sack Bidnur in 1763 and annex Tulu Nadu the same year. He conquered Mangalore, and set a governor Latif Ali Baig. This threatened English shipping in the Arabian Sea, so during the First Anglo Mysore War in 1766 Company soldiers from Bombay conquered Mangalore. However, as soon as he heard the news of
651-657: A large force to besiege Mangalore, and after two months took the fort. Tippu's rule was harsh for the local chiefs, who he executed and dispossessed due to their perceived collaboration with the English. During the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799, the British returned the lands to their feudal chiefs. After Tippu's defeat, the British gave the Raja of Coorg several maganes which had been taken from him by Hyder Ali and set up their administration, with Thomas Munro
744-510: A large number of supporters who marched on Puttur. Kalyanaswami defeated two companies of sepoys near Puttur, and Kalyanaswami then marched on Mangalore, causing the British to flee. For two weeks Kalyanaswami held Mangalore, released prisoners and set the homes of British soldiers alight. When British forces came from Thalassery to Mangalore, his poorly armed forces melted away. Kalyanaswami and other prominent leaders were hanged while others were deported to Singapore. Before 1860, Dakshina Kannada
837-668: A length of 378 kilometres (235 mi). Highway Topography Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief , but also natural , artificial, and cultural features such as roads, land boundaries, and buildings. In the United States, topography often means specifically relief , even though the USGS topographic maps record not just elevation contours, but also roads, populated places, structures, land boundaries, and so on. Topography in
930-655: A maximum elevation of 1,115 m (3,658 ft), is the highest point in Dakshina Kannada. Dakshina Kannada features a Tropical Monsoon climate (Am) according to the Köppen climate classification . The average annual rainfall in Dakshina Kannada is 4,030 millimetres (159 in). The rainfall varies from 3,774.1 millimetres (149 in) at the Mangalore coast, 4,530 millimetres (178 in) at Moodabidri and 4,329 millimetres (170 in) at Puttur near
1023-589: A narrow sense involves the recording of relief or terrain , the three-dimensional quality of the surface, and the identification of specific landforms ; this is also known as geomorphometry . In modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in digital form ( DEM ). It is often considered to include the graphic representation of the landform on a map by a variety of cartographic relief depiction techniques, including contour lines , hypsometric tints , and relief shading . The term topography originated in ancient Greece and continued in ancient Rome , as
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#17327724116131116-486: A remote sensing technique that uses a laser instead of radio waves, has increasingly been employed for complex mapping needs such as charting canopies and monitoring glaciers. Terrain is commonly modelled either using vector ( triangulated irregular network or TIN) or gridded ( raster image ) mathematical models. In the most applications in environmental sciences , land surface is represented and modelled using gridded models. In civil engineering and entertainment businesses,
1209-420: A surface or extract land surface objects. The contour data or any other sampled elevation datasets are not a DLSM. A DLSM implies that elevation is available continuously at each location in the study area, i.e. that the map represents a complete surface. Digital Land Surface Models should not be confused with Digital Surface Models, which can be surfaces of the canopy, buildings and similar objects. For example, in
1302-405: A variety of reasons: military planning and geological exploration have been primary motivators to start survey programs, but detailed information about terrain and surface features is essential for the planning and construction of any major civil engineering , public works , or reclamation projects. There are a variety of approaches to studying topography. Which method(s) to use depends on
1395-413: Is a general term for geodata collection at a distance from the subject area. Besides their role in photogrammetry, aerial and satellite imagery can be used to identify and delineate terrain features and more general land-cover features. Certainly they have become more and more a part of geovisualization , whether maps or GIS systems. False-color and non-visible spectra imaging can also help determine
1488-461: Is at a distance of 88 km. Flights are available to major Indian cities like Delhi , Bangalore , Hyderabad , Chennai , Mumbai and Middle East countries like Abu Dhabi , Bahrain , Dammam , Doha , Dubai–International , Kuwait , Muscat . The closest railway station to the city is Subrahmanya Road Railway Station (Station Code:SBHR), which is around 48 km via the fastest road. Dakshina Kannada Dakshina Kannada district
1581-459: Is called "Nada Kacheri". The district has 2 revenue subdivisions, namely Mangaluru and Puttur. Mangaluru subdivision has 5 taluks and Puttur subdivision has 4 taluks. Important cities and towns in Dakshina Kannada include Mangalore , Surathkal , Puttur , Sullia , Bantwal , Vittal , Moodabidri , Kinnigoli , Uppinangady , Nellyadi , Kadaba, Belthangady , Guruvayankere , Venur , Mulki , Dharmasthala , Ujire and Subramanya . The district
1674-497: Is called "Taluk Kacheri". The Taluk (Taluka or Tehsil) are further divided into Hobli's. Mangalore, Surathkal , Gurupura and Mulki are Hobli's under Mangaluru taluk. Panemamangalore, Vitla and Bantval are under Bantwal taluk. Puttur and Uppinangady are under Puttur taluk. Belthangadi, Kokkada and Venoor are under Belthangady taluk. Sulya and Panja Hobli's are under Sullia taluk. The newly formed taluks of Moodabidri, Ullala and Kadaba have one Hobli each. The office in which Hoblis function
1767-460: Is concerned with underlying structures and processes to the surface, rather than with identifiable surface features. The digital elevation model (DEM) is a raster -based digital dataset of the topography ( hypsometry and/or bathymetry ) of all or part of the Earth (or a telluric planet ). The pixels of the dataset are each assigned an elevation value, and a header portion of the dataset defines
1860-543: Is found in Sangam literature , specifically in a poem of Mamulanar . M Govinda Pai identified the kingdom of Harita mentioned in the Harivamsha as Dakshina Kannada, specifically correlating the word Mudugara with Moger, part of the title of the fishermen community in the district. Pai speculated as an alternative that the entire strip from North Kanara to Kanyakumari was inhabited by Nagas who worshipped snakes, and that
1953-637: Is located at Yekkur near Kankanady . Mangalore University is a public university in Konaje near Mangalore . It has jurisdiction over the districts of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu . The district is home to research institutes such as the Directorate of Cashew Research at Puttur . The Central Plantation Crops Research Institute is in Vitla in the Bantwal taluk. The engineering colleges in
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#17327724116132046-631: Is located in the state of Karnataka in India , with its headquarters in the coastal city of Mangalore . The district covers an area nestled in between the Western Ghats to its east and the Arabian Sea to its west. Dakshina Kannada receives abundant rainfall during the Indian monsoon . It is bordered by Udupi district (formerly a part of this district) to the north, Chikmagalur district to
2139-525: Is raw and uninterpreted. It may contain holes (due to cloud cover for example) or inconsistencies (due to the timing of specific image captures). Most modern topographic mapping includes a large component of remotely sensed data in its compilation process. In its contemporary definition, topographic mapping shows relief. In the United States, USGS topographic maps show relief using contour lines . The USGS calls maps based on topographic surveys, but without contours, "planimetric maps." These maps show not only
2232-422: Is to something else). Topography has been applied to different science fields. In neuroscience , the neuroimaging discipline uses techniques such as EEG topography for brain mapping . In ophthalmology , corneal topography is used as a technique for mapping the surface curvature of the cornea . In tissue engineering , atomic force microscopy is used to map nanotopography . In human anatomy , topography
2325-425: Is well known for beaches, red clay roof tiles ( Mangalore tiles ), cashew nut and its products, banking, education, healthcare and cuisine. Mangalore being the second largest city of Karnataka and Puttur are the largest and the major cities of Dakshina Kannada. Dakshina Kannada District has 1 City Corporation (Mangalore), 2 City Municipal Councils, 3 Town Municipal Councils, and 8 Town Panchayaths. According to
2418-728: The Masjids at Kodungallur , Kollam , Madayi , Barkur , Mangalore , Kasaragod , Kannur , Dharmadam , Panthalayani ( Koyilandy ), and Chaliyam , were built during the era of Malik Dinar , and they are among the oldest Masjid s in the Indian subcontinent . It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town. Two of them, Mangalore and Barkur lie in Tulu Nadu . The 16th century work Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen written by Zainuddin Makhdoom II appears to be
2511-464: The 2011 census , Dakshina Kannada has a population of 2,089,649, of which male and female were 1,034,714 and 1,054,935 respectively. roughly equal to the nation of North Macedonia . This gives it a ranking of 220th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 457 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,180/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011
2604-479: The Aminidivi Islands. During the 1920s, several newspapers in the district drew inspiration from the freedom struggle such as Tilaka Sandesh , Satyagrahi and others. South Kanara participated in the non-cooperation movement led in the district by Karnad Sadashiva Rao . All independence movement movements gained significant traction in the district, and Gandhi and Nehru both visited Mangalore during
2697-795: The Billava , Mogaveera , Bunt , Kulala , Tulu Gowda and Devadiga communities, are the largest ethnic group in the district. Of these the Billavas are the most numerous community. The Konkani people , Brahmins, Holeyas , the hill-tribes ( Koragas ), Muslims , Mangalorean Catholics and Arebhashe Gowdas comprise rest of the population. The Brahmins belong chiefly to the Shivalli , Saraswat , Havyaka , Chitpavan , Daivadnya and Kota sub-sections. Religion in Dakshina Kannada In Dakshina Kannada, Hindus form
2790-593: The Havyaka Brahmin community. Malayalam is 3.6% spoken by Maniyani (Yadava) and Vaniya community mainly in regions bordering Kerala. Deccani Urdu is spoken by 1.6% mainly seen in Mangalore city and Moodabidri. Hindi , Marathi and Tamil are also spoken by very small minorities. Koraga is an indigenous tribal language still spoken by some individuals in the district. In Dakshina Kannada, primary and secondary education have reached every section of
2883-617: The Markandeya Purana is believed to be the town of Kollur , the abode of Mookambika Devi . Several rivers in the district, including the Netravati, are believed to be mentioned in the Markandeya Purana. Other traditions in the local Paddanas speak of Mayurasharma 's inviting of Brahmins from Ahichchhatraa and his organisation of the district. The earliest recording of what would become Dakshina Kannada district
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2976-641: The Masjid Zeenath Baksh at Mangalore is one of the oldest mosques in the Indian subcontinent . According to the Legend of Cheraman Perumals , the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty , who left from Dharmadom to Mecca and converted to Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad (c. 570–632). According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad ,
3069-462: The Persian Gulf . Bus services in this district are run by private players namely Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association (DKBOA) and the state-run KSRTC . The district had public limited (public listed) companies running transport business even before the independence of India in 1947. The district has five national highways connecting parts of Karnataka and India. NH-66 connects
3162-550: The Western Ghats . The average humidity is 75% and peaks in July at 89%. As per the Gramappadhathi , Dakshina Kannada (along with the rest of the west coast) was created by Parshurama standing on top of the Western Ghats, and caused the land to rise from the sea by throwing his axe. It was then given to 64 families of Brahmins to settle. He created a temple on Kunjaragiri Hill in memory of his mother. Kutashila spoken of in
3255-651: The "Topographical Bureau of the Army", formed during the War of 1812 , which became the Corps of Topographical Engineers in 1838. After the work of national mapping was assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1878, the term topographical remained as a general term for detailed surveys and mapping programs, and has been adopted by most other nations as standard. In the 20th century, the term topography started to be used to describe surface description in other fields where mapping in
3348-522: The Alupa rule was basically ended and replaced with Barakur and Mangaluru rajyas , sometimes united into one Tulu Rajya. The governors were often transferred: during the reign of Devaraya II , there were eight governors of Mangaluru rajya . During the usurpation of Saluva Narasimharaya , he did much to improve the horse trade, which had suffered under previous rulers with his governor Mallappa Nayaka. When Krishnadevaraya came to power, he largely relied on
3441-754: The Alupas are mentioned as subordinates to the Kadambas. In 602, the Mahakuta Pillar inscription refers to the Aluvas as being conquered by Kirtivarman I of the Chalukyas. In the Aihole inscription , it appears the Chalukyas had crushed an Alupa rebellion in the early 7th century. During the reign of Vinayadtiya , it is mentioned how the Alupa chiefs helped the king restore peace after the disastrous war with
3534-540: The British. According to the 2011 census report, Hindus form the largest religious group in Sullia taluk (1,23,507 that is 85.04% of the Taluk population). The number of Muslims is 19,556 (13.47% of the Taluk population) and the number of Christians in the Taluk is 2,076 (1.43%). Religions in Sullia taluk source: Sullia Taluk Census 2011 data The nearest airport to Sullia is Mangalore International Airport which
3627-585: The Cholas occupied Alupa territory during the reign of Rajaraja I , Bankideva Alupendra drove the Cholas out. In the late 11th and early 12th century, the Alupas had to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Chalukyas of Kalyani , before it was attacked by the Hoysalas and forced to acknowledge their suzerainty. An Old Malayalam inscription ( Ramanthali inscriptions ), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa,
3720-549: The Continental U.S., for example), the compiled data forms the basis of basic digital elevation datasets such as USGS DEM data. This data must often be "cleaned" to eliminate discrepancies between surveys, but it still forms a valuable set of information for large-scale analysis. The original American topographic surveys (or the British "Ordnance" surveys) involved not only recording of relief, but identification of landmark features and vegetative land cover. Remote sensing
3813-551: The Cradle of Indian banking. The district geography consists of seashore in the west and Western Ghats in the east. The soil is mostly lateritic type, characterised by high iron and aluminium content. The major rivers are Netravathi , Kumaradhara , Gurupura (Phalguni) , Shambhavi , Nandini or Pavanje and Payaswini; all join the Arabian Sea . At Uppinangadi , the Netravathi and Kumaradhara rivers rise during
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3906-741: The Freedom struggle. In 1942 large numbers of leaders were jailed in the Quit India movement. In 1947 South Kanara joined India as part of Madras State. In 1956, the states were reorganised on linguistic lines. The Malayalam-majority Kasaragod subdivision became a part of Kerala, the Aminidivi Islands were joined with the Laccadive and Minicoy islands in a union territory, while the Tulu and Kannada majority Dakshina Kannada subdivision became
3999-699: The Nayakas of Keladi, now with capital at Bidnur , conquered the entirety of Tulu Nadu. Shivappa Nayaka utterly defeated the power of the Portuguese in Tulu Nadu. His successor made a treaty with the Portuguese where they could set up unarmed factories in Mangalore and Basrur, but were not to convert the locals. His successor, Keladi Chennamma , is famous for sheltering Rajaram and fending off Aurangzeb 's forces. She also put down rebellions of Tuluva chieftains. During this time Arab traders, who were kicked out by
4092-548: The Netravati. Ptolemy mentions two ports: Barace and Maganur which modern-day scholars identified with Barsur and Mangalore respectively. Ptolemy mentioned an inland centre of pirates called Oloikhera, which has been identified with Alvakheda, or territories of the Alupas. The region also finds mention in a play called the Chariton Mime , which contains dialogue in a language scholars have variously interpreted as an early form of Kannada or Tulu. The Alupas (ಆಳುಪರು) ruled
4185-480: The Pallavas. This Alupa ruler, Aluvarassa I, travelled from Mangalapura (modern Mangalore). After a civil war, and the overthrow of the Chalukyas by Dantidurga in 753, the Alupas entered into tributary relations with the Pallavas. Starting in the 9th century, the Alupas began to lose territory and Rashtrakuta king Krishna II sent a military expedition which placed the Alupas firmly under Rashtrakuta control. When
4278-514: The Portuguese invasions of the 1500s. Languages of Dakshina Kannada (2011) Tulu is the major language of the district and is spoken by 48.6% of the population. It is the oldest language of the district and has a long literary tradition. Tulu has several dialects and sociolects including a Northern dialect near Udupi and Southern dialect centred on Mangalore. It is the majority language in Bantwal, Beltangadi and Puttur taluks. Many have demanded
4371-474: The Portuguese, burnt Mangalore and other trade towns. In 1714, due to trade disputes, the Portuguese bombarded Mangalore and defeated the ruler Basavappa Nayaka I, who promised to ban Arab traders from entering. From 1757 to 1763, while Queen Veerammaji was looking after the kingdom, the Ali Raja of Kannur along with Maratha followers led a devastating raid into the district. They plundered to Manjeshwar and took
4464-456: The Portuguese. She stopped paying tribute to the Portuguese, causing them to send a fleet to Mangalore and force a settlement, but soon she aided the enemies of the Portuguese and again stopped tribute payment. In 1566, she defeated a Portuguese expedition and killed its commander, causing the Portuguese in Goa to send an armada to subdue her in 1567. On 15 January 1568, however, the Portuguese defeated
4557-491: The Rani and forced her to sign a new treaty. The Nayakas of Keladi were a Veerashaiva family which had ruled a large portion of Tulu Nadu starting in the 16th century, when they had control over Mangalore and the rest of Tulu Nadu. Eventually in 1613, Venkatappa Nayaka I became independent and was the most powerful ruler in Tulu Nadu, taking territory which owed fealty to Bijapur and aiding Rani Abbakka. Under Shivappa Nayaka ,
4650-506: The Serpent God Subramanya . According to legend, the district was reclaimed by Parashurama from the sea. According to the 17th-century Malayalam work Keralolpathi , the lands of Kerala and Tulu Nadu were recovered from the sea by the axe-wielding warrior sage Parasurama , the sixth avatar of Vishnu (hence, Kerala is also called Parasurama Kshetram 'The Land of Parasurama' ). Parasurama threw his axe across
4743-498: The ability to evangelize. However, in 1776, Hyder Ali revoked all these privileges, ejected the Portuguese from Mangalore and built up a large navy in the region. During the Second Anglo-Mysore War starting in 1781 the British quickly took over most of Tulunadu, as well as Bidnur, due to the treachery of the fort's guardian Iyaz Khan. In March 1783, however, they were forced to capitulate the fort. Tippu also sent
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#17327724116134836-669: The area of coverage, the units each pixel covers, and the units of elevation (and the zero-point). DEMs may be derived from existing paper maps and survey data, or they may be generated from new satellite or other remotely sensed radar or sonar data. A geographic information system (GIS) can recognize and analyze the spatial relationships that exist within digitally stored spatial data. These topological relationships allow complex spatial modelling and analysis to be performed. Topological relationships between geometric entities traditionally include adjacency (what adjoins what), containment (what encloses what), and proximity (how close something
4929-455: The basis for much derived topographic work. Digital Elevation Models, for example, have often been created not from new remote sensing data but from existing paper topographic maps. Many government and private publishers use the artwork (especially the contour lines) from existing topographic map sheets as the basis for their own specialized or updated topographic maps. Topographic mapping should not be confused with geologic mapping . The latter
5022-428: The capture of Bangalore, Tipu Sultan made a lightning attack on Mangalore and forced the British to retreat only a week after they captured Mangalore. Hyder Ali then confiscated all Portuguese holdings in the region due to their support for the English. In 1770, Hyder Ali made a treaty with the British allowing for rice to be supplied from Mangalore to Bombay. The next year, he gave Portuguese some privileges back such as
5115-747: The case of surface models produces using the lidar technology, one can have several surfaces – starting from the top of the canopy to the actual solid earth. The difference between the two surface models can then be used to derive volumetric measures (height of trees etc.). Topographic survey information is historically based upon the notes of surveyors. They may derive naming and cultural information from other local sources (for example, boundary delineation may be derived from local cadastral mapping). While of historical interest, these field notes inherently include errors and contradictions that later stages in map production resolve. As with field notes, remote sensing data (aerial and satellite photography, for example),
5208-604: The character Shankachuda mentioned in several works including the work Nagananda , was from this region. Several scholars identified the Satiyaputras mentioned in Ashoka's edicts as belonging to this region. The region, owing to its position on the west coast, also finds mention in Greek sources. Pliny mentioned pirates that infested the coast between the regions of Muziris and Nitiras, which many scholars have identified with
5301-460: The chief rebels were arrested. At this time, the district was in severe distress due to the many bloody wars waged across it. The British deputed an administrator to study the economic condition of Kanara district, which noted severe deprivation in the south but more commerce further north. The Company then imposed harsh revenue demands on the poor peasants, who were already reeling from depression. The peasants organised themselves and participated in
5394-414: The common points are identified on each image . A line of sight (or ray ) can be built from the camera location to the point on the object. It is the intersection of its rays ( triangulation ) which determines the relative three-dimensional position of the point. Known control points can be used to give these relative positions absolute values. More sophisticated algorithms can exploit other information on
5487-454: The contours, but also any significant streams or other bodies of water, forest cover , built-up areas or individual buildings (depending on scale), and other features and points of interest. While not officially "topographic" maps, the national surveys of other nations share many of the same features, and so they are often called "topographic maps." Existing topographic survey maps, because of their comprehensive and encyclopedic coverage, form
5580-641: The dental colleges. The District is also home to Edward & Cynthia Institute of Public Health , which is the only specialized institute for public health academics, training and research in the district. The Degree colleges in the district include St Aloysius College (Autonomous) , St Agnes College (Autonomous) , SDM College, Canara College , Besant College, Govinda Dasa College etc Most people of this district follow traditional traditions, customs and rituals. The district has many temples of Hindu gods and goddesses, which are ancient and have deep spiritualism attached to them. The people of Dakshina Kannada worship
5673-573: The detailed description of a place. The word comes from the Greek τόπος ( topos , "place") and -γραφία ( -graphia , "writing"). In classical literature this refers to writing about a place or places, what is now largely called ' local history '. In Britain and in Europe in general, the word topography is still sometimes used in its original sense. Detailed military surveys in Britain (beginning in
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#17327724116135766-624: The district are Catholics, now called the Mangalorean Catholics . They trace their ancestry to Goa. A minority are Protestants, its followers were converted by missionaries in the late 1800s who established numerous educational institutions. Historically Jainism and Buddhism had a significant presence in the district. Jainism was the traditional religion of the Alupas as well as the Chowtas . The Chowtas ruled Dakshina Kannada during
5859-542: The district include A J Institute of Medical Science , Father Muller Medical College , KS Hegde Medical Academy , Kasturba Medical College , Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre , Yenepoya Medical College & Research Institute, G R Medical College and KVG Medical College. Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore , A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, A J Institute of Dental Sciences, Yenepoya Dental College & Research Institute and Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences are some of
5952-714: The district include St. Joseph Engineering College , KVG College of Engineering , Mangalore Institute of Technology & Engineering , Canara Engineering College , P A College of Engineering , Srinivas Institute of Technology , Srinivas School of Engineering, Vivekananda College of Engineering & Technology, Shree Devi Institute of Technology, Alvas Institute of Engineering & Technology, Karavali Institute of Technology, Sahyadri College of Engineering and Management, Yenepoya Institute of Technology, A J Institute of Engineering and Technology , SDM Institute of Technology , Bearys Institute of Technology and Prasanna College of Engineering & Technology. The medical colleges in
6045-477: The district was from 1345 in Attavara . For the next three centuries, the empire administered Tulu Nadu with a firm hand especially as Tulu Nadu was the conduit through which much of their western trade, and how they secured horses from Arabia. Harihara Raya built a fort at Barkur, and instituted a revenue system where half of crops went to the cultivators while the rest were divided between landlords, Brahmins and
6138-865: The district with Udupi , Karwar , Mumbai , Goa , Kannur , Kozhikode , Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram . NH-169 connects Shimoga with Dakshina Kannada. NH-75 connects the district with Vellore , Kolar , Bangalore , Kunigal , Hassan and Sakleshpur . The NH-73 connects Mangalore to Tumkur via Charmadi , Mudigere , Belur and Tiptur . Major ghat sections in Dakshina Kannada include Shiradi Ghat ( Nelyadi to Sakleshpura ), Charmadi Ghat ( Charmadi to Kottigehara ), Sampaje Ghat ( Sampaje to Madikeri ) and Bisle Ghat (Subramanya to Sakleshpura , popularly known as Green Route by trekkers ). NH-275 also connects Mangalore with Bangalore via Mysore. It starts at Bantwal near Mangalore city and passes through Puttur , Madikeri , Hunsur , Mysore , Mandya and Channapatna . It ends at Bangalore spanning
6231-545: The erstwhile Dakshina Kannada region between the 8th and 14th century CE. Their origins go back further, and if Greek identifications are to be believed the Alupas may have been prominent local chiefs since the 2nd century CE. The Halmidi inscription of 450 CE mentions an Alupa chief fighting as a commander of the Kadambas in a battle against the Kekayas and Pallavas . In a stone inscription near Gudnapur dated to c. 500 CE,
6324-564: The first Collector of Kanara. However Vittala Hegde, who had fled when Tippu campaigned in Tulunadu and returned at the start of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, began to develop an armed following to retake his lands. His ally Subba Rao attacked the Tehsildar of Kadaba, but was defeated by a British ally, Kumara Hegde. In July 1800, the British pursued the last remnants of Vittala Hedge's army into Shishila Ghat, where they were defeated and many of
6417-749: The first historical work written in detail about the contemporary history of Mangalore. It is written in Arabic and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize Tulu Nadu and Malabar coast . The district is connected by air through the Mangalore International Airport at Bajpe . Airlines such as Air India , SpiceJet and IndiGo offer daily flights to national and international destinations near
6510-485: The first topographic maps was begun in France by Giovanni Domenico Cassini , the great Italian astronomer. Even though remote sensing has greatly sped up the process of gathering information, and has allowed greater accuracy control over long distances, the direct survey still provides the basic control points and framework for all topographic work, whether manual or GIS -based. In areas where there has been an extensive direct survey and mapping program (most of Europe and
6603-403: The hilly areas towards the east. The Geological Survey of India has identified this district as a moderately earthquake-prone region and categorised it in the Seismic III Zone. In rural Dakshina Kannada, houses are in the midst of a farm field or plantations of coconut or arecanut , separated by a few hundred metres. Shirlalu village (in the Kudremukh range of Belthangady taluk ), with
6696-553: The land. P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar theorised, that Senguttuvan may have been inspired by the Parasurama legend, which was brought by early Aryan settlers. Nagaradhane or snake worship is practiced according to the popular belief of the Naga Devatha to go underground and guard the species on the top. Rituals such as Bhuta Kola are performed to satisfy the spirits. Kambala , a form of buffalo race on muddy track in
6789-581: The language's inclusion in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. Beary is the next largest language, spoken by 22.4% of the population, and is spoken by the Muslim community who were traditionally traders. Although in origin related to Malayalam , it has undergone significant influence from Tulu as well as Arabic , Persian and the languages of other foreign traders. It is not recognized as
6882-512: The late eighteenth century) were called Ordnance Surveys , and this term was used into the 20th century as generic for topographic surveys and maps. The earliest scientific surveys in France were the Cassini maps after the family who produced them over four generations. The term "topographic surveys" appears to be American in origin. The earliest detailed surveys in the United States were made by
6975-456: The lie of the land by delineating vegetation and other land-use information more clearly. Images can be in visible colours and in other spectrum. Photogrammetry is a measurement technique for which the co-ordinates of the points in 3D of an object are determined by the measurements made in two photographic images (or more) taken starting from different positions, usually from different passes of an aerial photography flight. In this technique,
7068-488: The local feudal chiefs to remain obedient. Sadashiva Nayaka of Keladi ruled over Barakuru, Mangaluru, Chandragutti and Araga rajyas . When the Portuguese first arrived in the region, they described Tulunadu as a prosperous trading country populated by both Moors (Muslims) and Genitles (Hindus). They were received well by Krishnadevaraya. But when they discovered Muslim merchants in Mangalore and Barakur, they blockaded
7161-512: The majority, while Muslims and Christians form significant minorities. Muslims and Christians have greater presence in urban areas. The Beary community forms 90% of Dakshina Kannada's Muslim population. The Masjid Zeenath Baksh , the oldest mosque in the region, was built in 644 CE, only 12 years after the death of Muhammad. Almost all Muslims in Dakshina Kannada are Sunni, following the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence. The majority of Christians in
7254-565: The monsoon and meet. This event is called "Sangam", which in Sanskrit means confluence. Near Mangalore, an estuary is formed by the union of the rivers Netravathi and the Gurupura which merge into the Arabian Sea. The topography of the district is plain up to 30 km (18.64 mi) inside the coast and changes to undulating hilly terrain sharply towards the east in the Western Ghats. Teak , bamboo and rosewood trees are found in
7347-479: The most representations of land surface employ some variant of TIN models. In geostatistics , land surface is commonly modelled as a combination of the two signals – the smooth (spatially correlated) and the rough (noise) signal. In practice, surveyors first sample heights in an area, then use these to produce a Digital Land Surface Model in the form of a TIN . The DLSM can then be used to visualize terrain, drape remote sensing images, quantify ecological properties of
7440-459: The new Udupi district . The district comprises nine talukas : Mangalore , Puttur , Sullia , Bantwal , Belthangady , Kadaba , Ullala , Mulki and Moodabidri . It used to include seven northern talukas ( Udupi , Kundapur , Karkala , Hebri , Brahmavar , Kaup and Byndoor ), but these were separated in August 1997 to form Udupi district . The office where taluk administration is hosted
7533-471: The northeast, Hassan district to the east, Kodagu to the southeast and Kasaragod district of Kerala to the south. According to the 2011 census of India, Dakshina Kannada district had a population of 2,083,625. It is the only district in Karnataka state to have all modes of transport like road, rail, water and air due to the presence of a major hub, Mangalore . This financial district is also known as
7626-454: The paddy field is organised in 16 sites across the district. Cock fight (Kori Katta in Tulu) is another pastime of the rural agrarian people. Yakshagana is the popular folk art of this district. The Yakshagana is a night-long dance and drama performance practiced in Tulu Nadu with great fanfare. Pilivesha (literally, tiger dance) is a unique form of folk dance in the region fascinating
7719-472: The rivers leading there in 1526, they conquered Mangalore facing some resistance. Franciscan friars began preaching in Mangalore and the surrounding regions, while the Portuguese began collecting tribute in grain and other goods. In 1530, the Portuguese stormed the Mangalore fort again facing resistance they easily annihilated. In 1547, Aliya Rama Raya entered into a treaty with the Portuguese by which all imports and exports passed through their hands. This treaty
7812-568: The ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore , can be found at Ezhimala (the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty ) near Kannur , in the North Malabar region of Kerala . A 1204 inscription shows Mangalore had regained its position as capital from Barkur . Over the course of the 13th and 14th centuries, Alupa power declined steadily until Alupakheda was annexed by the Vijayangara Empire . The first Vijayanagara inscription in
7905-425: The scale and size of the area under study, its accessibility, and the quality of existing surveys. Surveying helps determine accurately the terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them using leveling instruments such as theodolites , dumpy levels and clinometers . GPS and other global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are also used. Work on one of
7998-462: The scene known a priori (for example, symmetries in certain cases allowing the rebuilding of three-dimensional co-ordinates starting from one only position of the camera). Satellite RADAR mapping is one of the major techniques of generating Digital Elevation Models (see below). Similar techniques are applied in bathymetric surveys using sonar to determine the terrain of the ocean floor. In recent years, LIDAR ( LI ght D etection A nd R anging),
8091-494: The sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari . The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation; so Parasurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki , who spat holy poison and converted the soil into fertile lush green land. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of
8184-580: The society. Some of them are St Agnes CBSE school, St Theresa ICSE School and St Aloysius School, Vivekananda collage, A host of educational institutes offering courses in Medicine , Engineering , Pharmacy , Nursing , Hotel and Catering, Law and Management are in this district. Dakshina Kannada is home to the National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK) Surathkal , one of India's top engineering colleges. The College of Fisheries
8277-534: The state. Ibn Batutta mentioned how the Muslim governor of 'Honore' paid tribute to a Vijayanagara revenue collector in Barkur with the title Wadiyar. While passing from Karwar to Kozhikode, he stayed in a port identified as 'Manjarur', identified as Mangalore, and noted the country to be prosperous but with few wheeled vehicles. Two hero stones dated to 1398 in Bhatkal record a rebellion in Tulu Nadu. At this time,
8370-432: The young and the old alike, which is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami . Karadi Vesha (literally, bear dance) is another popular dance performed during Dasara . The people of Dakshina Kannada also celebrate traditional Hindu festivals like Bisu , Yugadi ( Ugadi ), Krishna Janmashtami , Ganesha Chaturthi , Navaratri ( Dasara ), Deepavali , Aati Hunime, etc. According to Kerala Muslim tradition,
8463-571: Was 9.8%. Dakshina Kannada has a sex ratio of 1018 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 88.62%. 47.67% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7.09% and 3.94% of the population respectively. The literacy rate of Mangalore city is 94%. According to the 2011 Indian Census, the district ranks second in per capita income , second in HDI , first in literacy and third in sex ratio among all districts in Karnataka . Tuluvas , distributed among
8556-561: Was highly unpopular among the local chiefs, who often resisted Portuguese tributary collection. Some chiefs even supported the alliance of sultanates which defeated Aliya Rama Raya at the Battle of Talikota , hoping to get rid of Portuguese influence. In 1571, this failed when the Portuguese defeated Bijapur at Goa. Rani Abbakka , the Chowta wife of Banga Raja and the Queen of Ullal , fought
8649-736: Was part of a district called Kanara , which was under a single administration in the Madras Presidency . In 1860, the British split the area into South Canara and North Canara , the former being retained in the Madras Presidency, while the latter was made a part of Bombay Presidency in 1862. Kundapur Taluk was earlier included in North Kanara but was later re-included in South Kanara. South Kanara included present Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Kasaragod districts and
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