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73-471: The story differs slightly depending on which version is played, though the opening premise is always the same. In the year 2048, a large mechanical sphere falls from space and starts attacking major cities around the world. After much destruction, the sphere hovers over the jungles of South America, drawing lines into the ground similar to the Nazca Line drawings as it expands itself and draws energy from

146-527: A cosmetic . Rouge cuts more slowly than some modern polishes, such as cerium(IV) oxide , but is still used in optics fabrication and by jewelers for the superior finish it can produce. When polishing gold, the rouge slightly stains the gold, which contributes to the appearance of the finished piece. Rouge is sold as a powder, paste, laced on polishing cloths, or solid bar (with a wax or grease binder). Other polishing compounds are also often called "rouge", even when they do not contain iron oxide. Jewelers remove

219-630: A Swiss art historian specializing in Egypt and the Middle East, published a book in 1983 linking the Nazca Lines to the production of ancient textiles that archeologists have found wrapping mummies of the Paracas culture . He contended that the people may have used the lines and trapezes as giant, primitive looms to fabricate the extremely long strings and wide pieces of textiles typical of

292-483: A level-up, but at higher levels, more chips are required to reach the next level. Green chips make the weapon level up instantly. Each weapon has a function that can be manipulated with the Shot-Control button, changing around the weapon's abilities to suit different situations. Switching to another weapon is done by picking up a numbered item, with initials representing one of the eight weapons. The player's health

365-402: A reminder to just how fragile these figures are." In 2012, squatters occupied land in the area, damaging a Nazca-era cemetery and allowing their pigs to have access to some of the land. In 2013, machinery used in a limestone quarry was reported to have destroyed a small section of a line, and caused damage to another. In December 2014, a controversy arose involving Greenpeace activity on

438-448: A small team of people could recreate even the largest figures within days, without any aerial assistance. Scientific American characterized Nickell's work as "remarkable in its exactness" when compared to the existing lines. Most of the lines are formed on the ground by a shallow trench, with a depth between 10 and 15 cm (4 and 6 in). Such trenches were made by removing the reddish-brown, iron oxide -coated pebbles that cover

511-400: A solution of sodium bicarbonate , an inert electrolyte, with an iron anode: The resulting hydrated iron(III) oxide, written here as FeO(OH) , dehydrates around 200 °C . The overwhelming application of iron(III) oxide is as the feedstock of the steel and iron industries, e.g., the production of iron , steel, and many alloys. Iron oxide (Fe2O3) has been used in stained glass since

584-439: A spatial, functional and religious relationship between these geoglyphs and the temples of Cahuachi . In particular, using remote sensing techniques (from satellite to drone based remote sensing), they investigated and found "five groups of geoglyphs, each of them characterized by a specific motif and shape, and associated with a distinct function." They identified a ceremonial one, characterized by meandering motifs. Another

657-516: A story in which an aircraft landed on Earth, and the local people watched in amazement as "human-like beings with golden, shimmering skins" walked, mined for metals and then flew away in their ship. These ancient astronauts supposedly soon returned where they built landing tracks and then eventually left forever. The amazed Native Americans then considered Nazca a place of pilgrimage and generations of their people built more figures and runways as an invitation for gods to return, but they never did. At

730-464: Is antiferromagnetic below ~260 K ( Morin transition temperature), and exhibits weak ferromagnetism between 260 K and the Néel temperature , 950 K. It is easy to prepare using both thermal decomposition and precipitation in the liquid phase. Its magnetic properties are dependent on many factors, e.g., pressure, particle size, and magnetic field intensity. γ-Fe 2 O 3 has a cubic structure. It

803-433: Is added to solutions of soluble Fe(III) salts, a red-brown gelatinous precipitate forms. This is not Fe(OH) 3 , but Fe 2 O 3 ·H 2 O (also written as Fe(O)OH ). Several forms of the hydrated oxide of Fe(III) exist as well. The red lepidocrocite (γ- Fe(O)OH ) occurs on the outside of rusticles , and the orange goethite (α- Fe(O)OH ) occurs internally in rusticles. When Fe 2 O 3 ·H 2 O

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876-522: Is cubic body-centered (space group Ia3), metastable , and at temperatures above 500 °C (930 °F) converts to alpha phase. It can be prepared by reduction of hematite by carbon, pyrolysis of iron(III) chloride solution, or thermal decomposition of iron(III) sulfate . The epsilon (ε) phase is rhombic, and shows properties intermediate between alpha and gamma, and may have useful magnetic properties applicable for purposes such as high density recording media for big data storage. Preparation of

949-477: Is heated, it loses its water of hydration. Further heating at 1670 K converts Fe 2 O 3 to black Fe 3 O 4 ( Fe Fe 2 O 4 ), which is known as the mineral magnetite . Fe(O)OH is soluble in acids, giving [Fe(H 2 O) 6 ] . In concentrated aqueous alkali, Fe 2 O 3 gives [Fe(OH) 6 ] . The most important reaction is its carbothermal reduction , which gives iron used in steel-making: Another redox reaction

1022-461: Is in a 10 by 4 km (6 by 2 mi) rectangle, south of the hamlet of San Miguel de la Pascana. In this area, the most notable geoglyphs are visible. The first published mention of the Nazca Lines was by Pedro Cieza de León in his book of 1553, and he described them as trail markers . In 1569, Luis Monzón reported having seen ancient ruins in Peru, including the remains of "roads". Although

1095-426: Is insoluble in water but dissolves readily in strong acid, e.g., hydrochloric and sulfuric acids . It also dissolves well in solutions of chelating agents such as EDTA and oxalic acid . Heating iron(III) oxides with other metal oxides or carbonates yields materials known as ferrates (ferrate (III)): Iron(III) oxide is a product of the oxidation of iron. It can be prepared in the laboratory by electrolyzing

1168-606: Is metastable and converted from the alpha phase at high temperatures. It occurs naturally as the mineral maghemite . It is ferromagnetic and finds application in recording tapes, although ultrafine particles smaller than 10 nanometers are superparamagnetic . It can be prepared by thermal dehydratation of gamma iron(III) oxide-hydroxide . Another method involves the careful oxidation of iron(II,III) oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ). The ultrafine particles can be prepared by thermal decomposition of iron(III) oxalate . Several other phases have been identified or claimed. The beta phase (β-phase)

1241-437: Is possible to convert lives into Special Lives with a certain power-up; these allow the player to come back at the exact place they were killed, losing no progress. If the player has enough lives that a number is used to display them, then the icon becomes red if they have at least one Special Life left. The player's ship cannot be directly harmed by on-screen background structures, but will be crushed if caught between an edge of

1314-437: Is related to calendrical purpose, as proved by the presence of radial centers aligned along the directions of winter solstice and equinox sunset. As have earlier scholars, the two Italians believe that the geoglyphs were the venues of events linked to the agriculture calendar. These also served to strengthen social cohesion among various groups of pilgrims, sharing common ancestors and religious beliefs. Other theories were that

1387-479: Is the extremely exothermic thermite reaction with aluminium . This process is used to weld thick metals such as rails of train tracks by using a ceramic container to funnel the molten iron in between two sections of rail. Thermite is also used in weapons and making small-scale cast-iron sculptures and tools. Partial reduction with hydrogen at about 400 °C produces magnetite, a black magnetic material that contains both Fe(III) and Fe(II): Iron(III) oxide

1460-635: Is the same group that some believe created the well-known geoglyph known as the Paracas Candelabra . Farther north from the Nazca, Palpas region and along the Peruvian coast are other glyphs from the Chincha culture that have also been discovered. The following are images of some of the Nazca lines. Ferric oxide Iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide is the inorganic compound with

1533-411: Is tied to the level of their weapon. When the ship is hit, the weapon loses four levels of power (but it cannot go below 0). If the weapon is already at level 0 upon getting hit, the player dies. This means the weapon must be at level 5 or 6 for the ship to survive two hits. Also, there are two types of extra lives ; normally, if the player dies, they try the level again at the last checkpoint. However, it

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1606-468: The Dakar Rally , which is visible from satellite imagery. In January 2018, an errant truck driver was arrested but later released for lack of evidence indicating any intent other than a simple error. He had damaged three of the geoglyphs by leaving substantial tire marks across an area of approximately 46 m by 107 m (150 by 350 feet). The Paracas culture is considered by some historians to be

1679-451: The earthwork project is huge and complex: the area encompassing the lines is nearly 450 km (170 sq mi), and the largest figures can span nearly 370 m (1,200 ft). Some figures have been measured: the hummingbird is 93 m (305 ft) long, the condor is 134 m (440 ft), the monkey is 93 by 58 m (305 by 190 ft), and the spider is 47 m (154 ft). The very dry, windless, and constant climate of

1752-616: The Americas and elsewhere constructed earthworks that combined such astronomical sighting with their religious cosmology, as did the late Mississippian culture at Cahokia and other sites in present-day United States. Another example is Stonehenge in England. Newgrange in Ireland has tombs that are oriented to admit light at the winter solstice. Gerald Hawkins and Anthony Aveni , experts in archaeoastronomy , concluded in 1990 that

1825-473: The Gods and Chariots of the Gods? were considered to not have any intellectual credibility or literary merit. Before Von Däniken's work, other authors had presented ideas of extraterrestrial contact with ancient humans, but he failed to credit these authors, even when making the same claims and also using identical or similar evidence. Nevertheless, Von Däniken's books drew in thousands of visitors and believers to

1898-479: The Nazca geoglyphs. The team believes that some of the bird images that previous researchers assumed to be indigenous species more closely resemble exotic birds found in non-desert habitats. They speculated that "The reason exotic birds were depicted in the geoglyphs instead of indigenous birds is closely related to the purpose of the etching process." The discovery of 143 new geoglyphs on the Nazca Pampa and in

1971-491: The Nazca lines form shapes that are best seen from the air (at around 500 m [1,600 ft]), although they are also visible from the surrounding foothills and other high places. The shapes are usually made from one continuous line. The largest ones are about 370 m (400 yd) long. Because of its isolation and the dry, windless, stable climate of the plateau , the lines have mostly been preserved naturally. Extremely rare changes in weather may temporarily alter

2044-426: The Nazca region has preserved the lines well. The discovery of two new small figures was announced in early 2011 by a Japanese team from Yamagata University . One of these resembles a human head and is dated to the early period of Nazca culture or earlier. The other, undated, is an animal. The team has been conducting fieldwork there since 2006, and by 2012 has found approximately 100 new geoglyphs . In March 2012,

2117-685: The Super NES's 'mode 7' graphical features to present differing level styles. A manga based on the game and written by Kubo Muneo, was published by 'Monthly ASCII Comic' and released on February 22, 1993 in Japan. Nazca Lines The Nazca lines ( / ˈ n ɑː z k ə / , /- k ɑː / ) are a group of over 700 geoglyphs made in the soil of the Nazca Desert in southern Peru . They were created between 500 BC and 500 AD by people making depressions or shallow incisions in

2190-611: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in cosmetics. Iron oxides are used as pigments in dental composites alongside titanium oxides. Hematite is the characteristic component of the Swedish paint color Falu red . Iron(III) oxide was the most common magnetic particle used in all types of magnetic storage and recording media, including magnetic disks (for data storage) and magnetic tape (used in audio and video recording as well as data storage). Its use in computer disks

2263-489: The age of the design complex. Joe Nickell , an American investigator of the paranormal, religious artifacts, and folk mysteries, reproduced the figures in the early twenty-first century by using the same tools and technology that would have been available to the Nazca people. In so doing, he refuted the 1969 hypothesis of Erich von Däniken , who suggested that " ancient astronauts " had constructed these works. With careful planning and simple technologies, Nickell proved that

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2336-455: The ancient Nazca culture to try to determine the purpose of the lines and figures. Paul Kosok and Maria Reiche advanced a purpose related to astronomy and cosmology , as has been common in monuments of other ancient cultures: the lines were intended to act as a kind of observatory , to point to the places on the distant horizon where the sun and other celestial bodies rose or set at the solstices . Many prehistoric indigenous cultures in

2409-564: The anthropologists researching the area and are expected to enable them to discover many more. In 2024, a team of archaeologists from the Japanese University of Yamagata’s Nazca Institute , in collaboration with IBM Research , used artificial intelligence (AI) to discover 303 previously unknown geoglyphs depicting parrots, cats, monkeys, killer whales, and even decapitated heads near the Nazca Lines in Peru. The field survey took place between September 2022 and February 2023 and

2482-409: The area in mid-February 2007, Mario Olaechea Aquije, archaeological resident from Peru's National Institute of Culture , and a team of specialists surveyed the area. He said, "[T]he mudslides and heavy rains did not appear to have caused any significant damage to the Nazca Lines". He noted that the nearby Southern Pan-American Highway did suffer damage, and "the damage done to the roads should serve as

2555-516: The area. According to his theory, the figurative patterns (smaller and less common) were meant only for ritualistic purposes. This theory is not widely accepted, although scholars have noted similarities in patterns between the textiles and the Nazca Lines. They interpret these similarities as arising from the common culture. The first systematic field study of the geoglyphs was made by Markus Reindel and Johny Cuadrado Isla. Since 1996, they have documented and excavated more than 650 sites. They compared

2628-401: The availability of water, which directly related to the success and productivity of crops. He interpreted the lines as sacred paths leading to places where these deities could be worshiped. The figures were symbols representing animals and objects meant to invoke the aid of the deities in supplying water. The precise meanings of many of the individual geoglyphs remain unknown. Henri Stierlin ,

2701-468: The criteria for selecting the lines she chose to measure, nor did she pay much attention to the archaeological data Clarkson and Silverman had unearthed. Her case did little justice to other information about the coastal cultures, save applying, with subtle contortions, Urton's representations of constellations from the highlands. As historian Jacquetta Hawkes might ask: was she getting the pampa she desired? Swiss pseudoscientific writer Erich von Däniken

2774-493: The desert floor, removing pebbles and leaving different-colored dirt exposed. There are two major phases of the Nazca lines, Paracas phase , from 400 to 200 BC, and Nazca phase , from 200 BC to 500 AD. In the 21st century, several hundred new figures had been found with the use of drones, and archaeologists believe that there are more to be found. Most lines run straight across the landscape, but there are also figurative designs of animals and plants. The combined length of all

2847-622: The evidence was insufficient to support such an astronomical explanation. Maria Reiche asserted that some or all of the figures represented constellations . By 1998, Phyllis B. Pitluga, a protégé of Reiche and senior astronomer at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago, had concluded that the animal figures were "representations of heavenly shapes." According to The New York Times , Pitluga "contends they are not shapes of constellations, but of what might be called counter constellations ,

2920-500: The first scholar to study the Nazca Lines in depth. While in Peru in 1940–41 to study ancient irrigation systems, he flew over the lines and realized that one was in the shape of a bird. Another chance observation helped him see how lines converged on the horizon at the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere. Kosok began to study how the lines might have been created, as well as to try to determine their purpose. He

2993-403: The formula Fe 2 O 3 . It occurs in nature as the mineral hematite , which serves as the primary source of iron for the steel industry. It is also known as red iron oxide , especially when used in pigments . It is one of the three main oxides of iron , the other two being iron(II) oxide (FeO), which is rare; and iron(II,III) oxide ( Fe 3 O 4 ), which also occurs naturally as

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3066-430: The general designs. As of 2012, the lines are said to have been deteriorating because of an influx of squatters inhabiting the lands. The figures vary in complexity. Hundreds are simple lines and geometric shapes ; more than 70 are zoomorphic designs, including a hummingbird, arachnid, fish, condor, heron, monkey, lizard, dog, cat, and a human. Other shapes include trees and flowers. Scholars differ in interpreting

3139-407: The geometric lines could indicate water flow or irrigation schemes, or be a part of rituals to "summon" water. The spiders, birds, and plants may be fertility symbols. It also has been theorized that the lines could act as an astronomical calendar . Phyllis Pitluga, senior astronomer at the Adler Planetarium and a protégé of Reiche, performed computer-aided studies of star alignments. She asserted

3212-511: The giant spider figure is an anamorphic diagram of the constellation Orion . She further suggested that three of the straight lines leading to the figure were used to track the changing declinations of the three stars of Orion's Belt . In a critique of her analysis, Dr. Anthony F. Aveni noted she did not account for the other 12 lines of the figure. He commented generally on her conclusions, saying: I really had trouble finding good evidence to back up what she contended. Pitluga never laid out

3285-628: The iconography of the lines to ceramics of the cultures. As archeologists, they believe that the figurative motifs of geoglyphs can be dated to having been made between 600 and 200 BC. Based on the results of geophysical investigations and the observation of geological faults, David Johnson argued that some geoglyphs followed the paths of aquifers from which aqueducts (or puquios ) collected water. Nicola Masini and Giuseppe Orefici have conducted research in Pampa de Atarco, about 10 km (6 mi) south of Pampa de Nasca, which they believe reveals

3358-502: The irregularly-shaped dark patches within the twinkling expanse of the Milky Way ." Anthony Aveni criticized her work for failing to account for all the details. Alberto Rossel Castro (1977) proposed a multi-functional interpretation of the geoglyphs. He classified them into three groups: the first appeared to be tracks connected to irrigation and field division, the second are lines that are axes connected with mounds and cairns, and

3431-477: The jungle foliage. Equipped with its own defense system, The Sphere destroys all attacks made on it by Earth's military. The original Aleste fighter ship's failure to stop the sphere's growth prompts the construction of a space fighter capable of wielding amazing weaponry, that fighter being the Super Aleste. Tasked with flying into and destroying the sphere, the Super Aleste must also destroy any reinforcements

3504-474: The lab. Additionally, at high pressure an amorphous form is claimed. Molten Fe 2 O 3 is expected to have a coordination number of close to 5 oxygen atoms about each iron atom, based on measurements of slightly oxygen deficient supercooled liquid iron oxide droplets, where supercooling circumvents the need for the high oxygen pressures required above the melting point to maintain stoichiometry. Several hydrates of Iron(III) oxide exist. When alkali

3577-553: The lines is more than 1,300 km (800 mi), and the group covers an area of about 50 km (19 sq mi). The lines are typically 10 to 15 cm (4–6 in) deep. They were made by removing the top layer of reddish-brown ferric oxide –coated pebbles to reveal a yellow-grey subsoil. The width of the lines varies considerably, but more than half are slightly more than 33 cm (13 in) wide. In some places they may be only 30 cm (12 in) wide, and in others reach 1.8 m (6 ft) wide. Some of

3650-511: The lines were partially visible from nearby hills, the first to report them in the twentieth century were Peruvian military and civilian pilots. In 1927, Peruvian archaeologist Toribio Mejía Xesspe spotted them while he was hiking through the foothills. He discussed them at a conference in Lima in 1939. Paul Kosok , an American historian from Long Island University in New York, is credited as

3723-441: The medieval period, with evidence suggesting its use in stained glass production dating back to the early Middle Ages, where it was primarily used to create yellow, orange, and red colors in the glass, still being used for industrial purposes today. A very fine powder of ferric oxide is known as "jeweler's rouge", "red rouge", or simply rouge. It is used to put the final polish on metallic jewelry and lenses , and historically as

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3796-461: The mineral magnetite . Iron(III) oxide is often called rust , since rust shares several properties and has a similar composition; however, in chemistry, rust is considered an ill-defined material, described as hydrous ferric oxide. Ferric oxide is readily attacked by even weak acids . It is a weak oxidising agent , most famously when reduced by aluminium in the thermite reaction. Fe 2 O 3 can be obtained in various polymorphs . In

3869-645: The possible precursor that influenced the development of the Nazca Lines. In 2018, drones used by archaeologists revealed 25 geoglyphs in the Palpa province that are being assigned to the Paracas culture. Many predate the associated Nazca lines by a thousand years. Some demonstrate a significant difference in the subjects and locations, such as some being on hillsides. Their co-discoverer, Peruvian archaeologist Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, indicates that many of these newly discovered geoglyphs represent warriors. The Paracas

3942-470: The primary polymorph, α, iron adopts octahedral coordination geometry. That is, each Fe center is bound to six oxygen ligands . In the γ polymorph, some of the Fe sit on tetrahedral sites, with four oxygen ligands. α- Fe 2 O 3 has the rhombohedral , corundum (α-Al 2 O 3 ) structure and is the most common form. It occurs naturally as the mineral hematite , which is mined as the main ore of iron. It

4015-559: The pure epsilon phase has proven very challenging. Material with a high proportion of epsilon phase can be prepared by thermal transformation of the gamma phase. The epsilon phase is also metastable, transforming to the alpha phase at between 500 and 750 °C (930 and 1,380 °F). It can also be prepared by oxidation of iron in an electric arc or by sol-gel precipitation from iron(III) nitrate . Research has revealed epsilon iron(III) oxide in ancient Chinese Jian ceramic glazes, which may provide insight into ways to produce that form in

4088-566: The purpose of the designs, but in general, they ascribe religious significance to them. They were designated in 1994 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The high, arid plateau stretches more than 80 km (50 mi) between the towns of Nazca and Palpa on the Pampas de Jumana, approximately 400 km (250 mi) south of Lima . The main PE-1S Panamericana Sur runs parallel to it. The main concentration of designs

4161-419: The purpose of the lines. Determining how they were made has been easier than determining why they were made. Scholars have theorized that the Nazca people could have used simple tools and surveying equipment to construct the lines. Archaeological surveys have found wooden stakes in the ground at the end of some lines, which supports this theory. One such stake was carbon-dated and was the basis for establishing

4234-422: The residual rouge on jewelry by use of ultrasonic cleaning . Products sold as " stropping compound" are often applied to a leather strop to assist in getting a razor edge on knives, straight razors, or any other edged tool. Iron(III) oxide is also used as a pigment , under names "Pigment Brown 6", "Pigment Brown 7", and "Pigment Red 101". Some of them, e.g., Pigment Red 101 and Pigment Brown 6, are approved by

4307-460: The screen and an object scrolling towards that edge. The Japanese version has more content than the European and American versions: In episode 3 of season 1, British television show Bad Influence! reviewed Super Aleste and scored it 10 out of 10 stars. In 1997, Electronic Gaming Monthly ranked it the 46th best console video game of all time, citing its ingenuous power-ups and usage of

4380-477: The site, as Greenpeace activists set up a banner within the lines of one of the geoglyphs, damaging the site. Greenpeace issued an apology following the incident, though one of the activists was convicted and fined for their part in causing damage. The Greenpeace incident also directed attention to other damage to geoglyphs outside of the World Heritage area caused in 2012 and 2013 by off-road vehicles of

4453-496: The site. Conservationists who seek to preserve the Nazca Lines are concerned about threats of pollution and erosion caused by deforestation in the region. The Lines themselves are superficial, they are only 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) deep and could be washed away... Nazca has only ever received a small amount of rain. But now there are great changes to the weather all over the world. The Lines cannot resist heavy rain without being damaged. After flooding and mudslides in

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4526-415: The sphere calls for which come from the deepest depths of space. In the original Japanese story, the Super Aleste is piloted by an ace named Raz and his co-pilot is a mysterious young alien woman named Thi, a prisoner aboard the sphere who harnesses strange powers freed by the constant attacks against the sphere. Thi's role in the game is to fly with Raz into the sphere, weaken its defenses and properly wrest

4599-441: The sphere's power source. The presence of both characters, and thus the game's original ending, were cut from Space Megaforce and the European version of Super Aleste. There are eight types of weapons to use, and each can be powered up by collecting chips (small egg-shaped items). Picking up chips causes the player's current weapon to level-up, to a maximum of six. There are two types of chips to find; Orange chips contribute to

4672-592: The surface of the Nazca Desert. When this gravel is removed, the light-colored clay earth exposed in the bottom of the trench contrasts sharply in color and tone with the surrounding land surface, producing visible lines. This sub-layer contains high amounts of lime . With moisture from morning mist, it hardens to form a protective layer that shields the lines from winds, thereby preventing erosion . The Nazca used this technique to "draw" several hundred simple, but huge, curvilinear animal and human figures. In total,

4745-524: The surrounding area was announced in 2019 by Yamagata University and IBM Japan . One of these was found by using machine learning-based methods. Lines forming the shape of a cat were discovered on a hill in 2020. The figure is on a steep slope prone to erosion, explaining why it had not previously been discovered until archaeologists carefully studied the image. Drones are revealing sites for further research. The number of known Nazca geoglyphs amounted to 358 in 2022. Drones now are being used to assist

4818-417: The third was linked to astronomical interpretations. In 1985, archaeologist Johan Reinhard published archaeological, ethnographic , and historical data demonstrating that worship of mountains and other water sources predominated in Nazca religion and economy from ancient to recent times. He theorized that the lines and figures were part of religious practices involving the worship of deities associated with

4891-413: The time of Erich von Däniken's publishing of Chariots of the Gods? , scientists and archeologists such as Maria Reiche declared that his ideas were absurd and should be discarded. These scientists and archeologists also were able to prove that these lines could have been made using simple tools that would have been available to the people at the time they were created. Erich von Däniken's books Arrival of

4964-534: The university announced that it would open a new research center at the site in September 2012, related to a longterm project to study the area for the next 15 years. A June 2019 article in Smithsonian magazine describes recent work by a multi-disciplinary team of Japanese researchers who identified or re-identified some of the birds depicted. They note that birds are the animals most frequently depicted in

5037-430: The water oxidation performance of Fe 2 O 3 using nanostructuring, surface functionalization, or by employing alternate crystal phases such as β- Fe 2 O 3 . Calamine lotion, used to treat mild itchiness , is chiefly composed of a combination of zinc oxide , acting as astringent , and about 0.5% iron(III) oxide, the product's active ingredient, acting as antipruritic . The red color of iron(III) oxide

5110-552: Was conducted on foot for ground truthing under the permission of the Peruvian Ministry of Culture. It required 1,440 labor hours and resulted in 303 newly confirmed figurative geoglyphs. The 1,309 candidates with high potential were further sorted into three ranks. A total of 1,200 labor hours were spent screening the AI-model geoglyph candidate photos. Anthropologists , ethnologists , and archaeologists have studied

5183-459: Was fascinated by Nazca and was also a strong believer in extraterrestrial visitations. Von Däniken published a best-selling book titled Chariots of the Gods? in 1968. In this book he describes his theory that the lines were used as landing sites for UFOs. Däniken claimed that the Nazca lines site reflected visits by astronauts from other worlds, who became the creators of ancient civilizations. According to Von Däniken, Sanskrit literature describes

5256-497: Was joined by archaeologist Richard P. Schaedel from the United States, and Maria Reiche , a German mathematician and archaeologist from Lima , to try to determine the purpose of the Nazca Lines. They proposed that the figures were designed as astronomical markers on the horizon to show where the sun and other celestial bodies rose on significant dates. Archaeologists, historians, and mathematicians have all tried to determine

5329-421: Was superseded by cobalt alloy, enabling thinner magnetic films with higher storage density. α- Fe 2 O 3 has been studied as a photoanode for solar water oxidation. However, its efficacy is limited by a short diffusion length (2–4 nm) of photo-excited charge carriers and subsequent fast recombination , requiring a large overpotential to drive the reaction. Research has been focused on improving

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