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64-686: The Supreme Junta (or Junta Suprema de Caracas ) was the institution that governed the Captaincy General of Venezuela following the forced resignation of the Captain General Vicente Emparán on April 19, 1810, marking the beginning of the Venezuelan War of Independence . It lasted until March 2, 1811, when the first constituent congress of the First Republic of Venezuela was established. Before

128-552: A brief setback when the city had to be evacuated in 1573 due to ferocious attacks by native local tribes. The European settlement returned a short while later, in 1574, however, for which it was re-founded by Captain Pedro Maldonado under Governor Diego de Mazariegos 's command and assuming the name of Nueva Zamora de Maracaibo. "Nueva Zamora" comes from Mazariego's place of birth, Zamora, in Spain. Since its definite foundation,

192-469: A citywide wave of violence and looting, resulting in mass emigration, most of which was headed to the United States. Zulia's main income comes from oil extraction and refining, agriculture (coffee, rice, maize, cassava, cocoa, sugar cane), livestock production, and mining (clay, limestone, coal and sand ). The municipality of Maracaibo is divided into 18 parishes as follows: Maracaibo is one of

256-629: A dummy ship full of gunpowder to explode near them, after which the crew of the Soledad surrendered. By faking a landward attack on the fort, thereby convincing the Spanish governor to shift his cannon, he eluded their guns and escaped. In June 1678, Michel de Grammont , the French commander of six ships and 700 men, captured Maracaibo then followed the plundering of several smaller towns as Gibraltar , penetrating as far inland as Trujillo . In 1810,

320-489: A nation called La República Independiente del Zulia , 'the Independent Republic of Zulia', but this has never come to be. Come the 20th century, cars, buses, and lorries, with their constant flow of manufactured goods and agricultural product to and from the city port, depended on ferry services between the city and the eastern shore which was poorly connected to the country's motorway system. Maracaibo and

384-482: A period of marked economic growth for Venezuela. Cocoa plantations were established along the littoral valleys, which resulted in large importations of slaves . The growth of the cocoa-exporting economy was created by the Real Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas , which was granted a full monopoly over exports and imports in 1728. The company's second largest export was tobacco . It also promoted

448-492: A state composed of regional departments . Venezuela became the Department of Venezuela through this territorial reorganization. The rising animosity between Venezuelans and New Granadians , due to irreconcilable differences in opinion as to how the new republic ought to be governed, led to the inevitable collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830. After 1830, the provinces within the old Captaincy General of Venezuela constituted

512-738: Is Coke , while in Maracaibo it is Pepsi . This has made many brands create special localized advertising of their products (including several Pepsi commercials spoken by local celebrities). The Gaita is a style of Venezuelan folk music from Maracaibo. According to Joan Corominas , it may come from gaits, the Gothic word for "goat", which is the skin generally used for the membrane of the "furro" instrument. Other instruments used in gaita include maracas, cuatro, charrasca and tambora (Venezuelan drum). Song themes range from humorous and love songs to protest songs.The style became popular throughout Venezuela in

576-570: Is now regarded as South America . Following years of colonization by colonial Spain , the Bourbon dynasty took steps towards reorganizing their overseas possessions and Venezuela, in particular. When the New Granadan Viceroyalty was reestablished in 1739, the governor-captain general of Caracas was given military jurisdiction over the provinces of Maracaibo , Cumaná, Guayana, Trinidad and Margarita. The 18th century also marked

640-635: Is provided by the Royal Decree [ Real Cédula ] of February 15 of this year on the addition of the City of Trujillo and its jurisdiction to the Government of Maracaibo; and the creation for the present of a separate Command in the Province of Barinas. And to avoid the harm that would arise for the inhabitants of said Provinces of Maracaibo, Cumamá, Guayana, Margarita and Island of Trinidad, comprising

704-679: The 1974 Little League World Series . Rugby in Venezuela was first played in Maracaibo, thanks to the influence of the English community based on the Zulia State Team: Culture in Maracaibo maintains strong Indigenous influences, from its gaitas , desserts, style, and other customs. Most major houses of advertising in Venezuela acknowledge how different the culture of Maracaibo is from that of Caracas. Studies of both prove, for example, that Caracas' leading soft drink brand

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768-540: The Bogotá Audiencia  [ es ] ; the other three provinces by the one in Santo Domingo . The following year a joint governorship- captaincy general with powers over military and administrative matters was established for the same provinces. Regional governors and military commanders were subordinated to the governor-captain general of Caracas. To maintain uniformity in judicial matters, in 1777

832-638: The Bourbon Reforms and laid the groundwork for the future nation of Venezuela, in particular by orienting the province of Maracaibo towards the province of Caracas . In 1494, despite the presence of indigenous peoples in the Americas, Pope Alexander VI issued a papal decree with the Treaty of Tordesillas that unilaterally granted the Crown of Castile with full dominion over the majority of what

896-610: The Captaincy General of Venezuela , were deposed by an expanded municipal government in Caracas that called itself: the Supreme Junta to Preserve the Rights of Ferdinand VII ( La Suprema Junta Conservadora de los Derechos de Fernando VII ). One of the first measures taken by the revolutionaries, after securing the support of six provinces, was to send diplomatic missions abroad with the hope of gaining support and recognition for

960-607: The Klein-Venedig period (1528–1546), when the Welser bankers of Augsburg received a concession over Venezuela Province from Charles I of Spain . In August 1529, the German Ambrosius Ehinger made his first expedition to Lake Maracaibo , which was bitterly opposed by the indigenous Coquivacoa . After winning a series of bloody battles, he founded the settlement on 8 September 1529. Ehinger named

1024-796: The Province of Trinidad was lost to the British in 1797. New Spain American Confederation of Venezuela Caudillismo Andean Hegemony Democratic period Bolivarian Revolution The Royal Decree establishing the Captaincy General: The King.—Inasmuch and keeping in mind what has been reported to me by the current Viceroy, Governor and Captain General of the New Kingdom of Granada and

1088-780: The Unión Atlético Maracaibo and the Zulia FC in football , the Maracaibo Rugby Football Club and the Zulianos Rugby Club . In the 2000 Little League World Series , the Sierra Maestra Little League of Maracaibo, Venezuela defeated Bellaire Little League of Bellaire, Texas in the championship game of the 54th Little League World Series. The Coquivocoa Little League team from Maracaibo placed third in

1152-612: The restoration of the Republic and attempts by Pablo Morillo to suspend the Audiencia, both the Audiencia and the Captaincy General continued to function until 1821. Independence for Venezuela was consolidated in 1821 as part of Gran Colombia . The Congress of Cucuta looked to the territorial area of former Viceroyalty of New Granada (during the period of 1739–1777) as the basis for its territorial claims, and created

1216-407: The Captaincy General of Venezuela, in the same manner that they are in regards to the administration of my Royal Treasury to the new Intendancy established in said Province and city of Caracas, its capital. In the same manner I have resolved to separate in judicial matters from the Audiencia of Santa Fe, and to add to the old one of Santo Domingo, the two mentioned Provinces of Maracaibo and Guayana, in

1280-682: The Captaincy General. The provinces of Maracaibo and Guayana, along with the city of Coro, rejected the republic, and after a year of war against the royalists, this First Republic collapsed. The provinces that had created the Venezuelan Republic were reconquered by Frigate Captain Domingo de Monteverde , who usurped power from the appointed Captain General Fernando Miyares . Because of this the Cortes of Cádiz erected

1344-586: The Caribbean Sea, particularly the Dutch Antilles, Colombian coastal cities, Cuba, Hispaniola and later on Miami, New York and Hamburg. This isolation from the rest of Venezuela was both a challenge and an advantage. The very nature of the city's location made for a population known for their independent thought and character. The history of this region is rife with stories about the creation of an independent and sovereign nation apart from Venezuela,

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1408-522: The Cedula de Poblacion of 1783 opening the island of Trinidad to immigration from, primarily, the French Caribbean islands. Negotiated by Phillipe Rose Roume de Saint-Laurant , the edict consists of 28 articles governing various forms of land grants to encourage population growth, the naturalization of inhabitants, taxation, the arming of slave owners, the duty and function of a militia to protect

1472-495: The Cortes. With Ferdinand VII's return, Venezuela was reunited in one captaincy general. In 1812 a new Audiencia appointed by the Cortes was able to return in Caracas. Under the leadership of Dominican-born Regent José Francisco Heredia (father of Cuban poet José María Heredia y Heredia ), the Audiencia put up fierce resistance to Monteverde's attempts to rule the Captaincy General under martial law . After an interruption due to

1536-589: The First Republic of Venezuela was established, King Ferdinand VII of Spain accepted the abdication of his father and chose to renounce his name as King on May 10, 1808. This left Napoleon Bonaparte to place his brother, Joseph Bonaparte , in charge as King of Spain through a royal decree on June 6, 1808. Following the events of the Revolution of April 19, 1810 , the commanding General and other colonial officials designated by Joseph Bonaparte to oversee

1600-539: The Lake Maracaibo narrows near the city were in the works. The general's government had decided that this "city of independent thought" should be more "connected" to the rest of the country. Proposals for a bridge design that included rail transport and tourist facilities were seriously considered. The fall of the Pérez Jiménez regime on January 23, 1958, quickly led to a less elaborate design project that

1664-585: The Lake Maracaibo region's economy was more linked to Colombia and the Caribbean than to eastern Venezuela due to the natural route available through Lake Maracaibo then leading to the sea. In January 1903, as the naval blockade of Venezuela continued during the negotiations with presidente Cipriano Castro , the German warship SMS Panther attempted to enter Lake Maracaibo , which was a center of German commercial activity. On 17 January, it exchanged fire with

1728-604: The Provinces of Maracaibo and Guayana observe the provisions that in the future my Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo issues, accepting the appeals that are lodged before it according to and in the manner they have been, or should have been done, before the Audiencia of Santa Fe; such is my will. Given in San Ildefonso on the eighth of September of 1777.—I the King. As representative of the King of Spain, José de Gálvez signed

1792-444: The city became a transshipment point for inland settlements after Gibraltar , at the head of the lake, had been destroyed by pirates in 1669. It was not until the first decades of the 17th century that the first town was settled. Petroleum was discovered in 1917, leading to a large increase in population from migration. Maracaibo is served by La Chinita International Airport . The General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge connects Maracaibo to

1856-434: The city was attacked by the British pirate William Jackson . In 1667, l'Olonnais with a fleet of eight ships and a crew of six hundred pirates sacked Maracaibo and Gibraltar. En route, l'Olonnais crossed paths with a Spanish treasure ship, which he captured, along with its rich cargo of cacao , gemstones and more than 260,000 pieces of eight . In March 1669, Henry Morgan sacked Maracaibo , which emptied when his fleet

1920-414: The country through a new system of highways. The project was completed on schedule in 40 months. This bridge construction project was a remarkable feat. Built under very difficult conditions, when completed, it became the longest prestressed concrete bridge in the world. The structure is in constant use and remains today as the most important link between Maracaibo, along with much of the state of Zulia, and

1984-422: The country's leading psychology schools. However, recent political instability has led to the decline of the universidad. The Diocese of Maracaibo (23 July 1965) was elevated to Archdiocese on 30 April 1966 by Pope Paulus VI . Maracaibo was visited by Pope John Paul II in 1985. Since November 2000, its Archbishop has been Ubaldo Ramón Santana Sequera . In 2019, power outages and widespread poverty caused

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2048-482: The delay in the decisions with the most grave harm to my Royal Service. Therefore, to avoid these and greater harm, which would result in case of an invasion, I have best resolved the absolute separation of said Provinces of Cumaná, Guayana and Maracaibo, and islands of Trinidad and Margarita, from the Viceroyalty and Captaincy General of the New Kingdom of Granada, and add them in government and military matters to

2112-736: The exploration and settlement of Venezuela's frontiers, most famously under the Expedition of the Limits, 1750-1761 headed by José de Iturriaga y Aguirre, which resulted in new settlements in Guayana Province . This growth was not experienced evenly, and the monopoly hurt small farmers, who continued to sell most of their product in the contraband trade. Resentment of the Company exploded in open revolt in 1749 headed by Canarian immigrant Juan Francisco de León. The Captaincy General, which

2176-449: The first name of this land in the local language was "Maara-iwo" meaning "Place where serpents abound". The first indigenous settlements were of Arawak and Carib origin. Around the main group were the Añu tribe who built rows of stilt houses all over the northern riviera of Lake Maracaibo. The first Europeans arrived in 1499. The city was founded three times: the first time was during

2240-410: The governors of the Provinces of Guayana and Maracaibo on the inconveniences that are created in the indicated provinces, as well as those of Cumaná and Islands of Margarita and Trinidad, by remaining united as they are to the Viceroyalty and Captaincy General of the indicated New Kingdom of Granada, because of the distance at which they find themselves from its capital Santa Fe, resulting as a consequence

2304-517: The hottest cities in Venezuela and all of South America as well. The rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta gives the city a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSh ) Attenuated only by the moderating influence of the lake; Maracaibo's average historical temperature is 29 °C (84.2 °F). In the past, the climate of the city, indeed all along the coast of Lake Maracaibo,

2368-442: The interest of that country to support the Supreme Junta. This Venezuelan history -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Captaincy General of Venezuela The Captaincy General of Venezuela ( Spanish : Capitanía General de Venezuela ), was an administrative district of colonial Spain , created on September 8, 1777, through the Royal Decree of Graces of 1777, to provide more autonomy for

2432-513: The intervening years from the frontier regions of Maracaibo Province. The Audiencia was composed of a regent judge, three judges and a crown attorney. The governor-captain general served as its president. It was to carry out justice and to watch over the action of royal officials in the area of its jurisdiction. It only communicated directly with the Council of the Indies in Spain. A consulado

2496-498: The island, and trade and mercantile issues. The Royal Decree ( Real Cédula ) of June 13, 1786, was the first to establish the Real Audiencia, describe its functions and to define its limits (subsequent ones defined further faculties and appointed members): His Majesty has resolved in view of everything, that the Province of Maracaibo continue united, as it is, to the Captaincy General and Intendancy of Caracas, keeping what

2560-539: The ministers who should serve in one and the other. The independence movement for Venezuela began with the establishment of the Caracas Junta in 1810. After the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence in 1811, the provinces of Caracas, Cumaná, Barinas, Margarita, and the newly separated ones of Barcelona , Trujillo , and Mérida established a Republic of Venezuela , which claimed the area of

2624-622: The municipality of Maracaibo proper, and the municipality of San Francisco , established in 1995, to the south. In recent years, due to political/economic and cultural reasons, many have moved to Maracaibo from rural areas and other cities (including Caracas ). Maracaibo also boasts one of the best universities in the country, the state university, La Universidad del Zulia (LUZ) is well renowned for its excellent law, medical and engineering schools as many other disciplines. Other universities and schools include Universidad Dr. Rafael Belloso Chacín (URBE) and Universidad Rafael Urdaneta , with one of

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2688-519: The nearby town. In 1908, the Friesland , Gelderland and Jacob van Heemskerck were sent to patrol the Venezuelan coast during the second Castro crisis . Friesland guarded the entry way to Maracaibo. The dictatorial regime of General Marcos Pérez Jiménez in the 1950s set as a goal the construction of a bridge connecting the two lake shores. Various bridge projects for the spanning of

2752-541: The province in the Juana de Ávila Battle, and Morales brought back Spanish rule in 1822 until he was defeated in the Battle of Lake Maracaibo on 24 July 1823, culminating Venezuela's struggle for independence. For about 380 years, Maracaibo remained isolated and separated from the rest of the country. Transportation to the area was possible through the lake via boats and ferries. Commerce and culture flowed between Maracaibo and

2816-454: The province of Maracaibo did not join the First Republic of Venezuela and remained loyal to the Spanish crown . Maracaibo then held the seat of the Captaincy General of Venezuela . In 1821, uprisings in favor of independence began to lead to warfare and hostility. The royalists , led by Francisco Tomás Morales , fought with the patriots, led by Rafael Urdaneta , to take back control over

2880-399: The province of Maracaibo into a separate Captaincy General with Miyares at its head, but did ratify Monteverde as Captain General of the smaller Venezuela. During this period, the province of Maracaibo elected a representative to the Cortes, José Domingo Rus , who served from March 3, 1812, to May 10, 1814, and continued to represent the province before the crown after Ferdinand VII abolished

2944-515: The provinces of Venezuela , previously under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia of Santo Domingo (and thus the Viceroyalty of New Spain ) and then the Viceroyalty of New Granada . It established a unified government in political ( governorship ), military ( captaincy general ), fiscal ( intendancy ), ecclesiastical ( archdiocese ) and judicial ( audiencia ) affairs. Its creation was part of

3008-489: The provinces of Maracaibo, Margarita, Cumaná, Guayana and Trinidad were transferred to the Santo Domingo Audiencia, which had taken appeals from the province of Caracas since 1742. Judicial matters were finally centralized in 1786 with the creation of the Audiencia of Caracas  [ es ] , which had jurisdiction over these same provinces and the new Barinas Province , which had been established in

3072-452: The rest of Venezuela. François de Pons , an agent to the French government in Caracas, provides some historical insight into the people of Maracaibo in his travel journal ( de Pons 1806 ). The following excerpts describe the local population of Maracaibo: He also notes the appreciation of literature, the arts, education, and culture among the people of Maracaibo: Maracaibo has become a large metropolitan city, comprising two municipalities:

3136-648: The rest of Zulia, are represented in baseball by the Águilas del Zulia , a Venezuelan winter league team that plays in the Liga Venezolana de Béisbol Profesional , and is based in the Estadio Luis Aparicio El Grande . The city's basketball team is Gaiteros del Zulia , which plays in the Liga Profesional de Baloncesto de Venezuela. Its home is the 5.000-people Pedro Elías Belisario Aponte stadium. Other teams include

3200-515: The rest of the country. The name Maracaibo is said to derive from the brave cacique (indigenous chief) Mara, a young native who valiantly resisted the Spaniards and died fighting them. Legend says that when Mara fell, the Coquivacoa shouted " Mara cayó! " (" Mara fell! "), thus originating the city name—although it would be strange for them to shout in Spanish. Other historians say that

3264-477: The revolution and that of the Supreme Junta of Caracas as the legitimate councilor of Venezuela in the absence of the King. Simón Bolívar along with Luis López Méndez and Andrés Bello as secretary, set sail for London from La Guaira in early June 1810. Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios, brother of the Liberator, Jose Rafael Revenga and Telesforo Orea sailed for the United States, and had some success in gaining

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3328-611: The same Captaincy General, of having to recur for appeals in their affairs to the Audiencia Pretorial of Santo Domingo, the King has resolved to create another in Caracas, comprised for now of a Regent Dean, three judges [ oidores ] and a crown attorney [ fiscal ]; leaving the same number of ministers in the one in Santo Domingo and limiting its district to the Spanish part of that island, the islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico; to which end His Majesty will of course name

3392-466: The same manner that Cumaná and the islands of Margarita and Trinidad are, so that they find themselves under the same immediate Audiencia, Captain General and Intendant, be better ruled and governed with better utility to my Royal Service. Accordingly, I order the Viceroy and Audiencia of Santa Fe restrained from, and to abstain from, the knowledge of the respective matters which corresponded to them before

3456-407: The separation implied here; and order the governors of the Provinces of Cumaná, Guayana and Maracaibo, and Islands of Margarita and Trinidad, to obey as their Captain General, the one that today is, and in the future will be, of the Province of Venezuela, and carry out the orders that in my Royal Service he communicate to them in government and military matters; and that in the same way the governors of

3520-594: The settlement New Nuremberg ( German : Neu-Nürnberg ) and the lake after the valiant chieftain Mara of the Coquivacoa, who had died in the fighting. The city was renamed Maracaibo after the Spanish took possession. The lack of activity in the zone made Nikolaus Federmann evacuate the village in 1535 and move its population to Santa Marta near the then capital of Venezuela Province , Santa Ana de Coro . A second attempt by Captain Alonso Pacheco in 1569 suffered

3584-414: The settlement of Fort San Carlos, but withdrew after half an hour, as shallow waters prevented it getting close enough to the fort to be effective. The Venezuelans claimed this as a victory, and in response the German commander sent the SMS Vineta , with heavier weapons, to set an example. On 21 January, the Vineta bombarded the fort, setting fire to it and destroying it, with the death of 25 civilians in

3648-414: The shores of Lake Maracaibo, where the name of Venezuela allegedly originates. Early indigenous settlements around the area were of Arawak and Carib origin. Maracaibo's founding date is disputed. There were failed attempts to found the city—in 1529, by Captain Ambrosio Ehinger , and in 1569, by Captain Alonso Pacheco. Founded in 1574 as Nueva Zamora de la Laguna de Maracaibo by Captain Pedro Maldonado,

3712-425: The territory of the new independent republic of Venezuela . Maracaibo Maracaibo is considered the economic center of western Venezuela, owing to the petroleum industry that developed in the shores of Lake Maracaibo . It is sometimes known as "The First City of Venezuela", for being the first city in Venezuela to adopt various types of public services, including electricity, as well as for being located in

3776-419: The town began to develop as a whole. It is based on the western side of Lake Maracaibo , the dominant feature of the oil-rich Maracaibo Basin . Favored by prevailing winds and a protected harbour, the city is located on the shores of the lake where the narrows, which eventually lead to the Gulf of Venezuela , first become pronounced. The Dutch corsair Henrik de Gerard plundered Maracaibo in 1614, and in 1642

3840-401: Was approved and funded by a democratic and more financially responsible government. The building of El Puente sobre el Lago de Maracaibo "General Rafael Urdaneta" (' General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge over Lake Maracaibo') named after the distinguished general and war of independence hero was opened to public traffic in 1962 connecting the city to its opposite shore neighbors and the rest of

3904-592: Was essentially a new viceroyalty in all but name, was actually created slowly over time by centralizing fiscal, administrative, military and ecclesiastical rule in Caracas. The first step was the creation of the Intendancy of Caracas, by Minister of the Indies, José de Gálvez in 1776. The new intendancy ( superintendencia de ejército y real hacienda ) covered the provinces of Venezuela (Caracas), Cumaná (sometimes New Andalusia ), Guayana , Maracaibo , Trinidad and Margarita . Up to this point Maracaibo, Guayana and Trinidad's governance had been directly supervised by

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3968-423: Was established in 1793 to oversee the new captaincy general's trade. In religious matters all of the provinces were also placed under the direction of the new archdiocese of Caracas in 1803. Two new dioceses , Mérida and Guayana were created, as well. Previously areas of the new diocese of Mérida had been part of the archdiocese of Bogotá , and Guayana had been part of the diocese of Puerto Rico . Control of

4032-414: Was first spied, and moved on to the Spanish settlement of Gibraltar on the inside of Lake Maracaibo in search of more treasure. A few weeks later, when he attempted to sail out of the lake, Morgan found an occupied fort blocking the inlet to the Caribbean, along with three Spanish ships. These were the Magdalena , the San Luis , and the Soledad . He destroyed the Magdalena and burned the San Luis by sending

4096-461: Was unhealthy due to the combination of high temperatures with high humidity. Today, control of plagues and the effects of urban development has largely eradicated these health problems. The registered high temperature of the city is 43.6 °C (110.5 °F), and the lowest is 18.8 °C (65.8 °F). Several universities are based in the city: Due to the regionalistic nature of Marabinos, they strongly support their native teams. Maracaibo, and

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