44-554: The Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch is the head of the Syriac Catholic Church . According to tradition, the patriarchate of Antioch was established by Saint Peter in the 1st century AD, but split into two separate lines of patriarchs after the deposition of Patriarch Severus of Antioch in 518 over the issue of the Council of Chalcedon of 451. The non-Chalcedonian supporters of Severus went on to form what
88-678: A decree of union between the Syriac Orthodox and Rome was signed at the Council of Florence September 30, 1444 – but the effects of this decree were rapidly annulled by opponents of it in the Syriac Church's hierarchy. A Jesuit and Capuchin missionaries evangelizing in Aleppo caused some local Syriac Orthodox faithful to form a pro-catholic movement within the Syriac Orthodox Church. In 1667, Andrew Akijan ,
132-409: A group of Kurds who attacked Mardin making fatalities: Michael saved himself, but lost many days. In the meantime one of these two Orthodox bishops, Mar Matta ben Abdel-Ahad Saalab bishop of Mosul , consecrated bishop four of his monks in order to hold a second election and thus he was elected patriarch. This party arrived at Istanbul before Michael's envoy, and received the formal approval of
176-623: A number of married priests. The liturgy of the Syriac Catholic Church is very similar to that of the Syriac Orthodox Church . The Syriac Catholic Church uses fans with bells on them and engraved with seraphim during the Qurbono. Usually someone in the minor orders would shake these fans behind a bishop to symbolise the seraphim . They are also used during the consecration where two men would shake them over
220-733: A similar tradition to other Eastern Catholic Churches who use the West Syriac Rite , such as the Maronites and Syro-Malankara Christians. This rite is clearly distinct from the Greek Byzantine rite of Antioch of the Melkite Catholics and their Orthodox counterparts. Syriac Catholic priests were traditionally bound to celibacy by the Syriac Catholic local Synod of Sharfeh in 1888, but there are now
264-645: A supporter of union with the Catholic Church , was elected as patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church. This provoked a split in the community, and after Akijan's death in 1677, two opposing patriarchs were elected, with the pro-Catholic one being the uncle of Andrew Akijan. However, when the Catholic patriarch died in 1702, the Ottoman government supported the Syriac Orthodoxy's agitation against
308-514: A variety of scholarly writings in a variety of topics. For example, Patriarch Ephrem Rahmani was widely praised for his work in Syriac and is responsible for Pope Benedict XV recognising Saint Ephrem as a Doctor of the Catholic Church . Likewise Patriarch Ignatius Behnam II Beni is known for imploring Eastern theology to defend the primacy of Rome . The patriarch of Antioch and all the East of
352-675: Is from the Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage , and the list provided in The Syriac World , as noted in the bibliography below. Notes Citations Syriac Catholic Church The Syriac Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic Christian jurisdiction originating in the Levant that uses the West Syriac Rite liturgy and has many practices and rites in common with
396-559: Is now known as the Syriac Orthodox Church, whilst the Chalcedonians developed the church now known as the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch . The office was established with the election of Ignatius Andrew Akijan in 1662 as patriarch of Antioch, thereby creating a separate line of patriarchs in full communion with the Catholic Church , in opposition to the Syriac Orthodox Church . Despite initial success, after
440-662: Is sometimes also called the Syrian Catholic Church. Furthermore, it is sometimes referred by its patriarchate, the Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch . See also: Syriac Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch . The Syriac Catholic Church claims its origin through Saint Peter prior to his departure to Rome, and extends its roots back to the origins of Christianity in the Orient ; in the Acts of
484-414: Is the more complicated seven-volume version. While the latter is the simple version. Likewise the ranking of clerics in the Syriac Catholic Church is extremely similar to that of the Syriac Orthodox Church . The most notable differences are: The liturgical language of the Syriac Catholic Church, Syriac , is a dialect of Aramaic . The Qurbono Qadisho (literally: Holy Mass or Holy Offering/Sacrifice) of
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#1732772009758528-541: The Al-Charfet (or Sharfeh ) monastery on Mount Lebanon that he dedicated to Our Lady of Deliverance. This monastery was used as a seminary for the education of new priests and a large library was set up. On September 19, 1791, the patriarchal See was moved from Mardin to Al-Charfet; it is still used as the summer abode of the Syrian Catholic Patriarch. Lebanon granted a certain security, but
572-598: The Church of Antioch became part of Oriental Orthodoxy and was known as the Syriac Orthodox Church , while a new Antiochian patriarchate was established to fill its place by those churches that accepted the Council of Chalcedon . The Syriac Catholic Church came into full communion with the Holy See and the modern Syriac Orthodox Church is the result of those that did not want to join the Catholic Church. Therefore,
616-725: The Ottoman authorities only after the payment of a large ransom. Early in 1773, these believers met in the Church of Our Lady in Aleppo and wrote a letter to Rome asking for communion. Michael Jarweh escaped from the Dayr al-Zafaran monastery only a year later, and on December 8, 1774, he reached his flock in Aleppo. On December 16, 1774, Michael made a profession of faith in front of the Melkite Archbishop Karbousse and wrote to Rome. Because of some contrary reports of both
660-611: The Syriac Orthodox Church . Being one of the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches, the Syriac Catholic Church is a self-governed sui iuris particular church , while it is in full communion with the Holy See and with the entirety of the Roman Catholic Church . The Syriac Catholic Church traces its history and traditions to the early centuries of Christianity. Following the Chalcedonian Schism ,
704-987: The patriarch of Antioch (an ancient major see, where several Catholic and Orthodox patriarchates nominally reside) was Moran Mor Ignatius Joseph III Younan , resident in Beirut , Lebanon . The Syriac Catholic patriarch always takes the name "Ignatius" in addition to another name. In modern history the leaders of the Syriac Catholic Church have been: Patriarch Michael III Jarweh , Archbishop Clemens Daoud , Patriarch Ephrem Rahmani , Vicomte de Tarrazi , Monsignor Ishac Armaleh , Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni , Chorbishop Gabriel Khoury-Sarkis , Ignatius Antony II Hayyek , Ignatius Moses I Daoud , Ignatius Peter VIII Abdalahad , and Ignatius Joseph III Yonan. Eminent Syriac saints, scholars, hermits, martyrs and pastors since 1100 also include Dionysius Bar Salibi (1171), Gregorius X Bar Hebraeus (1286) and more recently Bishop Mor Flavianus Michael Malke . The Syriac Church leadership has produced
748-453: The 1915 Assyrian genocide . On 31 October 2010, 58 Iraqi Syriac Catholics were killed by Muslim extremists while attending Sunday Divine Liturgy; 78 others were wounded. The attack by Iraqi ISIS on the congregation of Our Lady of Deliverance Syriac Catholic Church was the bloodiest single attack on an Iraqi Christian church in recent history. Two priests, Fathers Saad Abdallah Tha'ir and Waseem Tabeeh, were killed. Another, Father Qatin,
792-824: The Apostles we are told that it is in Antioch where the followers of Jesus for the first time were called "Christians" (Acts 11:26). In the time of the first ecumenical councils , the Patriarch of Antioch held the ecclesiastical authority over the Diocese of the Orient , which was to be extended from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf . Its scholarly mission in both languages, Greek and Syriac ,
836-509: The Catholic Church. On July 21, 1781, Patriarch George IV died, and the bishops (five bishops were present), clergy and laity met in the Dayr al-Zafaran monastery and elected him as Patriarch; he accepted only after the reading and the approval of a Catholic declaration of faith in the church of the Forty Martyrs . He was enthroned in Dayr al-Zafaran monastery on January 22, 1783, and took the traditional name of Ignatius III. His election
880-573: The Catholic Church. He summoned Michael to visit him with a letter dated January 5, 1769. Thus Michael reached the Patriarch's abode, the Dayr al-Zafaran monastery, where he tried to persuade the Patriarch about his faith, with the only result being his imprisonment for four years in the monastery. In 1772, while Michael was being forcibly kept in the monastery, the Patriarch denounced and made imprisoned other pro-Catholics in Aleppo. They were released by
924-705: The Franciscan missionaries and of the Catholic delegate for the Syrians Joseph Kodsi, Rome took some time to take a decision in favor of Michael, but on June 23, 1775 Pope Pius VI recognized Michael as a true Catholic and as bishop of Aleppo. In Aleppo, Michael continued to be the object of attacks from the traditionalists, who according to Ottoman Law also had civil authority over him, and he had to escape to Cyprus and later to Egypt . Having returned to Aleppo, he went on persuading, with success, bishops and believers about his idea of full communion with
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#1732772009758968-647: The Ottoman authorities: thus Michael became an outlaw and was imprisoned. After the payment of a ransom, Michael moved to Baghdad , waiting for the appeal, and later escaped from Baghdad disguised as Bedouin . He arrived in Lebanon having lost everything, and went to live in the ruins of the Kesroan monastery. Helped by the Maronites , and with some funds raised in Europe, Michael Jarweh bought on September 22, 1786,
1012-547: The Ottoman government granted legal recognition to the Armenian Catholic Church , and in 1845 the Syriac Catholic Church was also granted its own civil emancipation. Meanwhile, the residence of the patriarch was shifted to Aleppo in 1831. However, after the Massacre of Aleppo in 1850 , the patriarchal see was shifted to Mardin in 1854. After becoming officially recognized by the Ottoman government in 1845,
1056-465: The Patriarch to enter into communion with the Catholic Church, but Michael impressed the Patriarch so much that he was appointed bishop of Aleppo, being consecrated in the Church of Our Lady in Amid on February 23, 1766, by the Patriarch himself. A short time after Michael Jarweh returned to Aleppo, the Patriarch died and the new Patriarch, Ignatius George IV , was strongly opposed to any relations with
1100-521: The Pope on September 14, 1783, and he received the Pallium , the sign of patriarchal authority, on December 15 of the same year. The Syrian Catholic Church once again had a patriarch. Two Syriac bishops opposed his election: two days after Michael's enthronement they took the money of the monastery and paid a group of Kurds who attacked Mardin , making fatalities: Michael survived, but lost many days. In
1144-633: The Syriac Catholic Church expanded rapidly. However, the expansion was ended by the persecutions and massacres that took place during the Assyrian genocide of World War I . After that, the Syriac Catholic patriarchal see was moved to Beirut away from Mardin, to which many Ottoman Christians had fled the genocide. In addition to its see in Beirut, the patriarchal seminary and printing house are located at Sharfeh Monastery in Sharfeh , Lebanon . As of 2013 ,
1188-457: The Syriac Catholic Church is considered by some to be a continuation of the original Church of Antioch. The church is headed by Mor Ignatius Joseph III Younan , who has been the patriarch since 2009. Its patriarch of Antioch has the title of Patriarch of Antioch and all the East of the Syriacs and resides in Beirut , Lebanon . Jesuit and Capuchin missionaries began to work among
1232-579: The Syriac Catholics, and throughout the 18th century the Syriac Catholics underwent suffering and much persecution. Due to this, there were long periods when no Syriac Catholic bishops were functioning, so a patriarch could not be elected, and the community was forced to go entirely underground. However, in 1782, the Syriac Orthodox Holy Synod elected Metropolitan Michael Jarweh of Aleppo as patriarch. [1] Shortly after he
1276-570: The Syriac Church uses a variety of Anaphoras , with the Anaphora of the 12 Apostles being the one mostly in use with the Liturgy of St James the Just . Their ancient semitic language is known as Aramaic (or "Syriac" after the time of Christ since the majority of people who spoke this language belonged to the province of "Syria"). It is the language spoken by Jesus, Mary and the Apostles. Many of
1320-416: The Syriac Orthodox in Aleppo in 1626. So many of them were received into communion with Rome that, in 1662, when the patriarchate had fallen vacant, the Catholic party was able to elect one of its own, Andrew Akijan , as patriarch of the Syriac Church. This provoked a split in the community, and after Akijan's death in 1677, two opposing patriarchs were elected, representing the two parties (one pro-Catholic,
1364-868: The Syriacs presides upon the Patriarchal Eparchy of Beirut and leads spiritually all the Syriac Catholic community around the world. The community includes two archdioceses in Iraq , four in Syria , one in Egypt and Sudan , a patriarchal vicariate in Palestine, a patriarchal vicariate in Turkey and the Eparchy of Our Lady of Deliverance in the United States and Canada . The Syriac Catholic Church
List of Syriac Catholic patriarchs of Antioch - Misplaced Pages Continue
1408-625: The altar during moments in the epliclesis and words of institution when the priest says "he took and broke" and "this is my body/blood". The thurible of the Syriac Catholic Church consists of nine bells, representing the nine choirs of angels. The Liturgy of the Hours is exactly the same as in the Syriac Orthodox . There are two versions of this: the Phenqitho and the Shhimo. The former
1452-434: The ancient hymns of the church are still maintained in this native tongue although several have been translated into Arabic , English , French and other languages. Syriac is still spoken in some few communities in eastern Syria and northern Iraq , but for most Arabic is the vernacular language. Throughout the history of the Syriac Church there have been many martyrs. A recent example is Flavianus Michael Malke during
1496-550: The bishops (five were present), clergy and laity met in the Dayr al-Zafaran monastery and elected Ignatius Michael III Jarweh as Patriarch; he accepted only after the reading and the approval of a Catholic declaration of faith in the Church of the Forty Martyrs , Mardin . He was enthroned in Mor Hananyo Monastery on 22 January 1783 and took the traditional name of Ignatius III. His election was confirmed by
1540-429: The death of Ignatius Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin in 1701 or 1702, most Syriac Catholics returned to the Syriac Orthodox Church, and the office lay vacant until the election of Ignatius Michael III Jarweh in 1782, from which a permanent line of Syriac Catholic patriarchs sprang. The following is a list of all the incumbents of the office of Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch. Unless otherwise stated, all information
1584-436: The meantime one of these two Syriac Orthodox bishops, Mar Matta ben Abdel-Ahad Saalab , bishop of Mosul , consecrated to bishop four of his monks in order to hold a second election and thus he was elected Syriac Orthodox patriarch. This party arrived at Istanbul before Michael's envoy, and received the formal approval of the Ottoman authorities, and could thus continue a parallel Syriac Orthodox tradition. Michael Jarweh
1628-497: The other anti-Catholic). Though this line of Catholic patriarchs ended in 1702, in 1782 the Syriac Orthodox Holy Synod elected Metropolitan Michael Jarweh of Aleppo as patriarch who, shortly after he was enthroned, declared himself Catholic and in unity with the pope of Rome . Since Jarweh, there has been an unbroken succession of Syriac Catholic patriarchs . The Syriac Catholic Church ( Classical Syriac : ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ , romanized: ʿĪṯo Suryoyṯo Qaṯolīqayṯo )
1672-612: Was born on January 3, 1731, in Aleppo . He spent some time as deacon in Edessa and in 1757 he was ordained a priest by the Syrian bishop of Aleppo, George Fattal, who also appointed him as procurator of the church of Aleppo. He was distinguished for his sermons and for his concern for the poor. In those years Michael came in contact with the Melkite Archbishop Ignatius Karbousse of Aleppo. He also
1716-407: Was confirmed by the Pope on September 14, 1783, and he received the Pallium , the sign of patriarchal authority, on December 15 of the same year. The Syrian Catholic Church once again had a Patriarch, having lacked one since the death in 1702 of Ignatius Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin . Two bishops opposed his election: two days after Michael's enthronement they took the money of the monastery and paid
1760-520: Was enthroned, he declared himself Catholic and in unity with the pope of Rome. After this declaration, Jarweh took refuge in Lebanon and built the still-extant monastery of Our Lady at Sharfeh , and by that act became the patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church. Since Jarweh, there has been an unbroken succession of Syriac Catholic patriarchs , which is known as the Ignatius Line. In 1829
1804-463: Was formally united with the Holy See of Rome in 1781. As of 2010 the church was estimated to have 159,000 faithful, 10 bishoprics, 85 parishes, 106 secular priests, 12 religious-order priests, 102 men and women in religious orders, 11 permanent deacons and 31 seminarians. The West Syriac Rite is rooted in the old tradition of both the churches of Jerusalem and Antioch and has ties with the ancient Jewish Berakah. The Syriac Catholic Church follows
List of Syriac Catholic patriarchs of Antioch - Misplaced Pages Continue
1848-816: Was on good terms with the Jesuit missionaries , who were respectful of the Oriental traditions, while he always had difficulties with the Franciscan missionaries, more inclined to ask for latinization . In November 1757 Michael made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and from that time he was a Catholic at heart. A few years later Michael Jarweh decided to visit the Syriac Patriarch Ignatius George III in Amid and to explain to him his belief in union with Rome. He did not succeed in persuading
1892-481: Was seriously wounded but recovered. Ignatius Michael III Jarweh Mar Ignatius Michael III Jarweh ibn Ni'matallah (or Javré , Jaroueh , Garweh , Djarweh , Giarvé , 1731–1800) was the 111th Patriarch of Antioch and Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church from 1783 to 1800. In 1757 Michael Jarweh converted to Catholicism and took with him a large number of his congregants. On July 21, 1781, his Syriac Orthodox predecessor Patriarch George IV died, and
1936-538: Was to provide the world and the Universal Church with eminent saints, scholars, hermits, martyrs and pastors. Among these great people are Saint Ephrem (373), Doctor of the Church, and Saint Jacob of Sarug (521). During the Crusades there were many examples of warm relations between Catholic and Syriac Orthodox bishops. Some of these bishops favored union with Rome, but there was no push to unify until
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