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59-528: At the 2011 census , the city had a population of 34,257; among those for whom data were available, 95.8% were ethnic Hungarians , making it the urban settlement with the third-highest proportion of Hungarians in Romania. The city was also home to communities of ethnic Romanians (2.6%) and Roma (1.5%). According to the 2021 census , Odorheiu Secuiesc had a population of 31,335; of those, 87.29% were Hungarians, 2.3% Romanians, and 1.58% Roma. As of 2011, half

118-412: A Hungarian lieutenant, Pakucs, arrested six inhabitants (a Romanian priest and his family, his Hungarian servant, also Romanian peasants, and a local Jewish merchant and his family) of Sucutard ( Szentgothárd ), and then shot to death two Romanian men and two Jewish women, Eszter and Róza Mihály in Ţaga ( Czege ), at the order of Albert and Endre Wass, when they allegedly attempted to escape. Albert Wass

177-594: A bomb there. As they had diplomatic immunity, they were expelled the country. The Hungarian Congress in Cleveland established the Transylvanian World Federation in 1975, two co-presidents were elected: Albert Wass and István Zolcsák. Their work was to presenting and representing Transylvania's cause to the world. They published the historical work "Documented Facts and Figures on Transylvania" in 1977, according to Wass "to explain and defend

236-567: A central park, a large open air pool and several spas. Its main square, flanked by historic public buildings, is Márton Áron Square, or as the locals call it, Horseshoe Square (due to its shape). Odorheiu Secuiesc and the area have some great touristic attractions, such as a bike path to Szejke Spa  [ hu ] (also the burial ground of the Szekler ethnographer Balázs Orbán ) and the Mineral Water Trails Museum,

295-673: A message that the Germans are looking for me. To avoid conflict, General Veress, the commander of military troops in North Transylvania has given me a uniform, and as master sergeant he sent me to Ukraine with 9th Hungarian Cavalry, from which I returned only at Christmas. Wass became the aide-de-camp of General Lajos Veress in 1944. As the war was drawing to an end and the Soviet (and later Romanian) troops were drawing forward into Transylvania, as an officer, he did not wait for

354-712: A notification from Interpol that Ceaușescu had sent 12 Securitate agents as diplomats to the embassy in Washington and the consulate in Cleveland. Albert Wass claimed: "One of their tasks is to put me off my feet", he said a representative of the FBI office in Florida informed him that an assassination attempt was being planned in Cleveland, and asked him not to go to the event of the Transylvanian day. Two days later,

413-523: A popular destination for those who love Hungarian pottery and traditional folk patterns, is only 25 km (16 mi) away from the city. The salty Bear Lake in Sovata , a significant resort town that has been recently redeveloped, is also less than one hour's drive away (46 km). The region has seen increased interest in eco-tourism , wildlife hiking and bear-watching, biking, rock climbing, horse riding , photo-tourism and cultural tourism. The town

472-565: A previous relationship two girls and a boy. Wass founded the American Hungarian Guild of Arts, managing its academic work and publishing activities, and editing its newsletter. He launched his own publishing house, the Danubian Press, which published not only books but English language magazines of the American Hungarian Guild of Arts, too. The Transylvanian Quarterly dealing with Transylvania and related issues, then

531-575: A reply that the naturalization certificate of the 90-year-old author would have been valid for only a year from the date of issue. Wass committed suicide on February 17, 1998, at age 90 in his Florida residence after a long struggle with a medical condition. His final wish was to have his remains placed in the garden of Kemény villa in Brâncoveneşti , Mureș County , next to the tomb of author János Kemény . According to his fourth son, Miklós Wass, no suicidal tendencies were noticed in his father. It

590-558: A retrial of the case was rejected by the Romanian High Court of Cassation and Justice in 2007. His life has never been examined thoroughly in court, so as a consequence it is a predominant view among Romanians that Albert Wass is a criminal, responsible for the murdering of Romanians and Jews and his condemnation by the Tribunal is just. The rehabilitation attempts are seen as immoral particularly by relatives of those he

649-466: A significant career in the U.S. Army , achieving the rank of brigadier general . He is known as a principal designer of the " AirLand Battle " military doctrine and took part in the planning of Desert Storm against Iraq in 1991. Wass started to write poems, short stories, and articles. His first books were published in 1927 and 1929 in Cluj. In 1934, his novel Farkasverem ( Wolfpit ) was published by

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708-615: A truck hit him, two days later the vehicle was found and it had a diplomatic license plate, the truck belonged to the Romanian Embassy. At the request of the FBI, Albert Wass made a reservation at the Holiday Inn Hotel. The evening before their performance, two people from the Romanian Consulate were caught, disguised as TV technicians, entering the room reserved for Wass with a fake key and trying to plant

767-1344: Is an architectural masterpiece of Art Nouveau . Other notable secondary schools include: Backamadarasi Kis Gergely Reformed College (founded in 1670 as one of the most important places of learning by the Hungarian Reformed Church in Transylvania); Benedek Elek Teachers' College (its main building is a monument); Pallo Imre Art and Music School ; Eotvos Jozsef Agricultural Technological School . Odorheiu Secuiesc currently has one institution of higher education College of Modern Business Studies , an affiliate of Edutus College in Tatabanya (Hungary), with degrees in tourism and hospitality management, business administration, marketing and communication, development and economics, agricultural technology, forestry management and e-business. Dual degrees are also offered with Budapest Business School , University of Pannonia in Keszthely, Óbuda University in Budapest, and Széchenyi István University in Győr (Hungary). The mayor of Odorheiu Secuiesc

826-597: Is an ideal day-trip destination for tourists exploring the richness and diversity of Transylvania due to its closeness to the Medieval (formerly) Saxon towns of Sighișoara (50 km), Brașov (109 km), Sibiu (150 km), as well as the world-famous Bran Castle , better known as Dracula Castle, (130 km), yet it offers a different cultural experience thanks to its carefully preserved Hungarian culture. The surrounding villages showcase traditional Szekler-Hungarian house-building techniques and woodcraft, such as

885-480: Is not possible for several reasons, for example, he had already received citizenship in 1997, so the writer has died as Hungarian, [1] , however, the certificate of citizenship (but not the citizenship itself) was valid only for one year and he refused it as being offensive. In recent years, some representatives of the Hungarian minority in Romania and his family attempted his rehabilitation. His son's request for

944-523: Is part of the Hungarian national curriculum (NAT) since 2012. And since 2020 the writer appears even more prominently in the compulsory curriculum, it includes the "Adjátok vissza a hegyeimet" novel. Albert Wass has more than 60 public statues. In his 1939 work Farkasverem ( Wolfpit ), he described how the Trianon generation found their feet again: the unity of the presentation of social reality,

1003-733: Is Árpád Gálfi, re-elected in 2020. At the 2020 elections he represented the Partidul Oamenilor Liberi (Hungarian: Szabad Emberek Pártja , "Party of the Free People"), but he was deprived of membership in that party in April 2021. The city council has 19 members: Odorheiu Secuiesc is a small yet culturally vibrant town. It has a sizeable theater , the Haáz Rezső Museum (featuring permanent and seasonal exhibits dedicated to Szekler village life, Szekler arts and crafts,

1062-714: The Magyar Autonomous Region , between 1960 and 1968 the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region. After the administrative reform of 1968, the region was abolished, and since then, the town has been part of Harghita County. The town and the surrounding villages were hit by a significant flood in August 2005 . A statue park of historical persons of importance for the Székelys was unveiled in the town on 22 May 2004. This gave rise to controversy, as one of

1121-738: The Romanian Army and later settled to run the family estate in the Transylvanian Plain . His first wife was his cousin Baroness Éva Siemers (1914–1991) of Hamburg . "Due to pressure from my family, I had to marry my cousin in 1935 (...) this was the only way to avoid bankruptcy of the family lands", Wass wrote later. He had six children (Vid, Csaba, Huba, Miklós, Géza, Endre); Csaba died at age three. Huba Wass de Czege , born in 1941 in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) had

1180-665: The U.S. Department of Justice refused several times the petition of Ceaușescu due to lack of evidence. This was confirmed even after the Wiesenthal Center denounced him, as his name was on the list of war criminals living in the U.S. After the analysis of the case, the U.S. dropped the charges against the retired language professor of the University of Florida . Wass said Romanian Communists were trying to frame him because of his strong Hungarian nationalist position. Wass continued to insist that he had nothing to do with

1239-758: The Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared in December 1918. At the start of the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1918–1919, the town passed under Romanian administration. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of the Kingdom of Romania and was the seat of Odorhei County during the interwar period. In 1940, the Second Vienna Award granted Northern Transylvania to Hungary. Towards

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1298-649: The Via Transilvanica long-distance trail passes through the city. Odorheiu Secuiesc is twinned with: 2011 Romanian census The 2011 Romanian census was a census held in Romania between 20 and 31 October 2011. It was performed by some 120,000 census takers in around 101,000 statistic sectors throughout the country established by the National Institute of Statistics (INS) of Romania. Preparations started already in 2009, and it

1357-689: The 7th century AD. Stamps with the letters of the Alpinorum equitata cohort and the Ubiorum cohort were also found in Odorhei. The town, as the former seat of the Udvarhely comitatus , is one of the historical centers of Székely Land . The first known reference to the city was in a papal register of duties in 1334 when it was mentioned by its Hungarian name, a sacerdos de Oduorhel . Since 1615, when Gabriel Bethlen , Prince of Transylvania, reaffirmed

1416-524: The Hungarian Cavalry as a reserve officer, achieving rank of ensign . In his memoirs, Wass claims to have become chief editor of Ellenzék in May 1943, as his boss was drafted into the army. He writes: two soldiers of Gestapo entered the editorial, showing the order they have to monitor the newspaper. I simply left the building, and walked up the mountains. Two weeks later, my father sent me

1475-689: The Hungarian Quarterly undertaking the general problems of the Hungarian nation became the most important anti-Bolshevik forum of Hungarian exiles. Albert Wass claimed several times, the Securitate , the National-Communist Romanian secret police, made several attempts to intimidate, and even trying to assassinate him. In the 1970s, there were several assassination attempts against the writer by Securitate agents, whose bullet marks from their weapons Albert Wass

1534-673: The Transylvanian Guild of Arts. In 1935, he was accepted member of the Transylvanian Guild of Arts, and at the same time he was the first young Transylvanian to be awarded the Baumgarten Prize . After the Second Vienna Award (30 August 1940), northern Transylvania was reassigned to Hungary, so in 1941, Wass was nominated as the primary forest monitor in the Ministry of Agriculture for the area near Dés (now Dej ). From May 1942 he took part in military training with

1593-554: The census came out on 4 July 2013, showing that, among other things, Romania had lost 1,559,300 people since the 2002 census , consequently having 20,121,641 inhabitants. Some people like sociologist Vasile Ghețău, director of the Center of Demographic Studies of the Romanian Academy and professor at the University of Bucharest , criticized the way the 2011 census was conducted. He mentioned problems such as people confusing

1652-525: The census taker, the use of old maps of the statistical sectors, some people giving incorrect data or no data at all, the "anti-census" attitude of the press and others, concluding that the "failure" of the census was not only of the Romanian Government , but also the country's population. Albert Wass Count Albert Wass de Szentegyed et Czege ( Hungarian : gróf szentegyedi és cegei Wass Albert ; January 8, 1908 – February 17, 1998)

1711-507: The change of political system in 1989, however, before this time, his works were unknown to the Hungarian public. He is popular among the Hungarian minority in Romania and has growing popularity in Hungary. In 2005 in a public assessment ( Nagy Könyv ), he was found to be one of the most popular Hungarian authors: his book " A funtineli boszorkány " ( The Witch of Funtinel ) was named the 12th most popular book; two more books were named in

1770-416: The conclusion is the activities of Albert Wass convict are not belonging to those crimes that are summarized in these international conventions. Conclusion: "..." Albert Wass was not condemned for offence against peace and mankind" In another trial, a person was charged because he put a statue in his own yard in Sovata . Finally he was released from the charge and the authorities were obligated to restore

1829-620: The cult of those condemned for "offence against peace and mankind or promoting fascist , racist or xenophobe ideology", some Romanian localities predominantly inhabited by Hungarian ethnics still retain commemorative statues of Albert Wass. They argue the Supreme Prosecutor's Office of Romania on 21 June 2004 in written declared – in another trial -: "Regarding the analysis of the relevant international laws applied for war crimes and offence against peace and mankind that also Romania ratified (Geneva Conventions 12. 08. 1949 – "...")

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1888-586: The end of World War II , Romanian and Soviet armies entered the town in September 1944. The territory of Northern Transylvania remained under Soviet military administration until 9 March 1945, after which it became again part of Romania. In 1950, after Communist Romania was established, the city became the headquarters of the Odorhei Raion of Stalin Region . Between 1952 and 1960, the town fell within

1947-445: The history of the region, and a growing collection of Hungarian painters in Transylvania), a philharmonic orchestra of Szeklerland , a local TV studio, and several local newspapers. Throughout the year, there are festivals and youth events, a monthly farmer's market selling local, traditional and organic products. With strong cultural ties to Hungary, the town frequently hosts artists, writers and bands from Hungary. The town also features

2006-463: The killings, and claimed he was the victim of a " Zionist -Romanian" conspiracy. Wass said "I can't quite see how anybody can be a war criminal and not get caught in 30 years. Especially somebody who is always in the limelight like I am." In 2008, his son, Andreas Wass, appealed to the Romanian courts to annul the sentence, but the Romanian courts found that no new evidence was presented and as such,

2065-528: The lack of solid evidence. The works of Albert Wass first gained recognition within Hungarian literature from Transylvania in the 1940s. In 1944 he moved to Germany and later in 1952 to the United States, and lived there until his 1998 death in Astor Park, Florida . During the communist regime, his books were banned both in Hungary and in Romania. Part of his works was published in Hungary after

2124-632: The low-Alpine-type ski resort of Madaras Harghita Mountains  [ hu ] (part of the eastern range of the Carpathian Mountains ) as well as charming mountain bungalows and farm guest houses on the mountainous paths and Alpine slopes leading to the Madaras Peak (with genuine farm-to-table dining experiences), in addition to several mineral water springs and pools ( Homorod Spa , Zetelaka Lake  [ hu ] , with great fishing and hunting. The pottery village of Corund ,

2183-410: The occupation of North Transylvania, but on Easter 1945, crossed the border and chose emigration . In May 1946, both Albert Wass and his father, Endre Wass, were sentenced to death in absentia by a Romanian tribunal for ordering the killing of Romanian peasants from Sucutard and Mureșenii de Câmpie and their possessions were confiscated, by Romanian People's Tribunal , a tribunal set up by

2242-475: The population of the town professed Roman Catholicism (50.05%), while the remaining half was primarily divided between Hungarian Reformed (30.14%), Unitarian (14.71%), and Romanian Orthodox (2.54%) communities. A Roman fortress was found under the ruins of a medieval fort in the centre of the town. A funeral inscription was also found placed by the veteran, Aelius Equester, former centurion, to his wife Aurelia Juiuni and himself. The inscription dates back to

2301-658: The post- World War II government of Romania, overseen by the Allied Control Commission to trial suspected war criminals , in line with Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement with Romania. The tribunal were to a large extent set up on the model of the Nürnberg International Tribunal . The two were accused for events that happened in September 1940, when the Hungarian forces marched into North Transylvania, when

2360-760: The quest for meting out justice in history, together with ancient language, music, rhythm conquered the hearts of many readers in Hungary. In 1939, he was elected member of the Transylvanian Literary Society and the Kisfaludy Society. In 1940, he was awarded the Baumgarten Prize the second time. In 1942, he received the Klebelsberg Award and in the same year on a memorable tour in Hungary he represented Transylvanian literature together with three of his peers. He

2419-681: The rights of the town, the place has been referred to as Székelyudvarhely. Udvarhely was the location of the first assembly of Székelys in 1357. A fortress was built in the town in 1451. It was rebuilt and strengthened by John II Sigismund Zápolya in 1565, in order to control the Székelys. Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave allied with the Szekelys and the Habsburgs destroyed the fortress in 1599 during their campaign in Transylvania. It

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2478-414: The sentence was upheld. First traveling to Sopron , he then moved onward to Bleichbach and Hamburg , Germany, and lived there till 1951, where the family of his first wife, Éva Siemers, had been living. He found a job as a nightwatchman at a construction site. In 1951, Wass emigrated to the United States, together with four of his sons (Vid, Huba , Miklós, and Géza). Due to pulmonary disease, his wife

2537-518: The statue to its original place. Albert Wass also has commemorative statues in several localities in Hungary, where he is considered by some on the Right to be a hero and a victim of the regime. The representatives of the ruling Fidesz party and the radical nationalist Jobbik party together voted in early 2011 that several public squares be named after him in Budapest . The works of Albert Wass

2596-463: The statues ( The Wandering Szekler ) was interpreted in the Romanian press as being the portrait of controversial writer and poet Albert Wass . The town is renowned in the region for its long and distinguished tradition in secondary education . Its oldest and foremost secondary school is Liceul Teoretic Tamasi Aron Gimnazium (founded by Jesuits in 1593). The lyceum/gimnazium is one of the oldest Hungarian institutions of learning; its current building

2655-755: The stooped Szekler Gates  [ hu ] . The rich and distinctive furniture-carving and painting techniques of villages in Szeklerland were showcased in the Smithsonian Folklife Festival 's Hungarian Heritage program in June 2013 in Washington, D.C. , USA. The closest airport is Târgu Mureș International Airport (110 km) with direct flights (Rynair, Wizzair, or Tarom) to Budapest, London, Barcelona, Bergamo, Bologna, Madrid, Rome, Bucharest, Brussels, and Pisa. The route of

2714-402: The top 50 ranking, including the family saga " Kard és kasza " ( Sword and Scythe ). The Wass family has traced its descent from the age of Árpád , and is one of the oldest noble families in Transylvania. The family received the title of count from Maria Theresia in 1744. His grandfather, Béla Wass, was a parliamentarian and Lord Lieutenant (főispán) of Szolnok-Doboka county . His father

2773-586: The truth of Transylvania." These things also contributed to the fact that, due to Romania's human rights policies the United States State Department discontinued Romania's most-favored-nation trade status in 1988. Ceaușescu called Wass "The number one public enemy of Romania" in the Bucharest radio in 1988, Albert Wass wrote about this to Zita Szeleczky : "I have never received a greater honor in my life!" On 20 August 1993 he

2832-430: Was Count Endre Wass (1886–1975), his mother Baroness Ilona Bánffy de Losonc (1883–1960). He has six sons: Vid Wass de Czege, Csaba Wass de Czege, Huba Wass de Czege , Miklós Wass de Czege, Geza Wass de Czege and Endre (Andreas) Wass von Czege. Albert Wass was born in Válaszút (today Răscruci ) at the Bánffy mansion of Válaszút, distinct from the nearby Bánffy castle of Bonchida . His parents divorced early, and he

2891-514: Was a Hungarian nobleman , forest engineer, novelist, poet, member of the Wass de Czege family. Wass was born in Válaszút, Austria-Hungary (now Răscruci , Cluj County , Romania) in 1908. In 1944 he fled from Hungary, and then joined the fleeing forces of the Third Reich and ended up in Germany , then emigrated to the U.S. after World War II . He was condemned as a war criminal by the Romanian People's Tribunals , however, United States authorities refused to extradite Wass to Romania claiming

2950-514: Was a long debate in the Hungarian press about the fact that Albert Wass has not received Hungarian citizenship, in spite of his several applications, the explanation given being that he had again became a Romanian citizen after the 1946 Paris Peace Conference . In 2007, Hungarian members of parliament István Simicskó ( KDNP , Christian Democrats) and Mihály Babák ( Fidesz , Young Democrats) have asked president László Sólyom to grant Albert Wass citizenship posthumously , but were replied that this

3009-431: Was able to show even during the reportage film shot with him in 1996. The two assassins were caught by the U.S. police, but since they had Romanian diplomatic passports, they were released. In the autumn of 1985, the Securitate committed an assassination attempt against Wass Albert at the Holiday Inn Hotel in Cleveland, which was foiled only because of Interpol's information and crime prevention work. Albert Wass received

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3068-399: Was accused of murdering. On May 22, 2004, a statue was unveiled in Odorheiu Secuiesc bearing no name, only the Hungarian inscription "Vándor Székely" (Wandering Szekler). The sculpture was interpreted in the Romanian press as being of Albert Wass. Two statues of Wass have been moved to the interior of the Hungarian churches in Reghin and Lunca Mureșului . Although Romanian law forbids

3127-466: Was also accused for, as the alleged instigator, for the shootings at Mureşenii de Câmpie ( Omboztelke ), when Hungarian soldiers, led by Lieutenant Gergely Csordás, killed 11 Jews . Wass defended himself as not present at the killings. Since 1979, National-Communist Romanian authorities tried several times to have him extradited to Romania, referring to a verdict by Romanian People's Tribunals from 1946 based on false testimony, after several revisions,

3186-443: Was announced that the process would not end until 2014. Anyone who did not answer questions in the census questionnaire would be fined between 1,500 and 4,500 Romanian lei , although 4 of the 100 questions related to the respondent's ethnicity, mother language, religion, and possible disabilities were not mandatory. Preliminary results were released once on 2 February 2012 and again on 20 August 2012. The final definitive result of

3245-431: Was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit by president Árpád Göncz according to the proposal of prime minister József Antall , received the next year from the Hungarian consul of Florida and Sándor Csoóri at his home. Wass's application for naturalization in Hungary was first refused by the government between 1994 and 1998, as his death sentence in Hungary had not been revoked, then impeded by

3304-407: Was even elected member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences as appreciation for his knowledge in forestry. His writings were patriotic but did not exacerbate the tensions between the Romanian and Hungarian population during the recover of Northern Transylvania as a consequence of the Second Vienna Award . His fable A patkányok honfoglalása – Tanulságos mese fiatal magyaroknak ("The Conquest by

3363-495: Was mostly brought up by his grandfather, Béla Wass. He graduated from the Reformed Church Secondary School in Cluj on Farkas Street and subsequently earned a diploma in forestry from the Academy of Economics in Debrecen , Hungary. He continued his studies of forestry and horticulture in Hohenheim , Germany, and Sorbonne , Paris , where he received additional diplomas. He returned to Transylvania in 1932, as his father fell ill. He had to attend obligatory military service in

3422-428: Was repeatedly rebuilt and destroyed again during history. The ruins of the structure are nowadays known as " The Székely-Attacked Fortress ". The town was historically part of the Szeklerland region of Transylvania . It was the seat of Udvarhelyszék District until the administrative reform of Transylvania in 1876, when it fell within the Udvarhely County in the Kingdom of Hungary . In the aftermath of World War I ,

3481-495: Was unable to receive approval for emigration from the US administration and was subsequently left behind in Germany with their other son Endre. The couple later divorced. In 1952, he married Elizabeth McClain (1905–1987) Elizabeth was the daughter of WG McClain and Florence McClain of Bellaire Ohio both respectively Irish and English immigrants. Elizabeth's family consisted of four children to three girls two boys Carolyn Rose Joseph and John we're her siblings she also had children from

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