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101-448: The EW/DW uses many parts from the XU, most notably the crankshaft , but is built with lighter materials. The EW name is used for the petrol engines ("e" for essence ) and DW for Diesel engines. All EWs are DOHC multivalve with displacement from 1.7 to 2.2 L (1,749 to 2,231 cc). They are mainly used for large family cars and executive cars , as well as large MPVs , although

202-642: A bore and a stroke of 82.7 mm × 81.4 mm (3.26 in × 3.20 in), for a displacement of 1.7 L (1,749 cc). It was used as an entry-level engine for the Citroën C5 and Citroën Xsara Picasso , the Peugeot 406 , and the Peugeot 407 . As of January 1, 2011 and the requirements of Euro 5 emission regulations, the EW7 ( Euro 4 only) is no longer available in Europe. For most use, it

303-424: A forging , casting or machining process. The crankshaft is located within the engine block and held in place via main bearings which allow the crankshaft to rotate within the block. The up-down motion of each piston is transferred to the crankshaft via connecting rods . A flywheel is often attached to one end of the crankshaft, in order to smoothen the power delivery and reduce vibration. A crankshaft

404-450: A piston engine to convert the reciprocating motion into rotational motion . The crankshaft is a rotating shaft containing one or more crankpins , that are driven by the pistons via the connecting rods . The crankpins are also called rod bearing journals , and they rotate within the "big end" of the connecting rods. Most modern crankshafts are located in the engine block . They are made from steel or cast iron , using either

505-475: A 2.0-liter four-cylinder Atkinson cycle engine mated to an electric motor and a 1.4 kWh lithium-ion battery for total power output of 188 horsepower (140 kW; 191 PS). The top speed in all-electric mode of 65 mph (105 km/h) and the car's top speed in hybrid mode is 115 mph (185 km/h). The hybrid has a maximum cargo volume of 52.6 cu ft (1,490 L) with rear seats folded flat, and 24.5 cu ft (690 L) in

606-412: A Dutch farmer and windmill owner by the name Cornelis Corneliszoon van Uitgeest in 1592. His wind-powered sawmill used a crankshaft to convert a windmill's circular motion into a back-and-forward motion powering the saw. Corneliszoon was granted a patent for his crankshaft in 1597. From the 16th century onwards, evidence of cranks and connecting rods integrated into machine design becomes abundant in

707-492: A bore and a stroke of 85 mm × 96 mm (3.35 in × 3.78 in). Unlike the initial DW10 designs, it was fitted with 16 valves from the beginning, and made its debut in the 2000 with the Citroën C5 , Peugeot 406 , Peugeot 406 Coupe, and Peugeot 607 , being used only in the larger models. In 2006 it was added to the PSA/Ford family, with power reaching 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp). Peugeot added

808-406: A common crankcase. Flat-plane engines are usually able to operate at higher RPM, however they have higher second-order vibrations, so they are better suited to racing car engines. For some engines it is necessary to provide counterweights for the reciprocating mass of the piston, conrods and crankshaft, in order to improve the engine balance . These counterweights are typically cast as part of

909-709: A crank at the time of the Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BCE) and even a hieroglyph for the tool. However the Ancient Egyptian drill did not operate as a true crank. Later evidence for the crank, combined with a connecting rod in a machine, appears in the Ancient Greek Hierapolis sawmill in Roman Asia from the 3rd century AD and two stone sawmills at Gerasa , Roman Syria , and Ephesus , Greek Ionia under Rome, (both 6th century AD). On

1010-482: A crank handle is shown in the Carolingian manuscript Utrecht Psalter ; the pen drawing of around 830 goes back to a late antique original. Cranks used to turn wheels are also depicted or described in various works dating from the tenth to thirteenth centuries. The first depictions of the compound crank in the carpenter's brace appear between 1420 and 1430 in northern European artwork. The rapid adoption of

1111-520: A crankshaft, five centuries before the earliest known European description of a crankshaft. However, the automatic crank mechanism described by the Banū Mūsā would not have allowed a full rotation, but only a small modification was required to convert it to a crankshaft. In the Artuqid Sultanate , Arab engineer Ismail al-Jazari (1136–1206) described a crank and connecting rod system in

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1212-538: A crankshaft. A crank is later also described in an early 15th century Arabic manuscript of Hero of Alexandria 's Mechanics . The first rotary hand mills, or rotary querns, appeared in Spain (600 BC – 500 BC), before they spread to the East. The handle near the outer edge of the rotary part being the crank and human arm powering the rotation would be the connecting rod. However according to F. Lisheng and T. Qingjun,

1313-560: A displacement of 2.2 L (2,198 cc) was used in the Citroën and Peugeot LCV range of vans. In India DW12 has been used by Tata Motors and Mahindra and Mahindra as their top of the line engines with independent consulting from AVL (engineering company) and has been used extensively by Tata Motors in their Safari (1st Gen), Aria, Hexa and Xenon and by Mahindra and Mahindra in their XUV500 and Scorpio models. The Tata Hexa and Tata Safari (2016+) have an output of 156 PS while

1414-615: A long-wheelbase, seven-seat minivan variant of the C-Max, the Ford Grand C-Max. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show . Early European models include 5 seats, and 7-seat models entered the market at the end of 2010 (except Russia, where there is only the 7-seat model). At the 2011 North American International Auto Show , Ford announced a seven-seat C-MAX for the North American market, but this model

1515-470: A multi-informational gauge cluster and color display screen, keyless entry, alloy wheels, and split-folding rear bench seat, plus a security alarm. The SEL adds leather seating surfaces, MyFord Touch with AM/FM HD radio stereo with single-disc CD/MP3 player and USB and auxiliary input jacks, a Sony premium surround sound system, SIRIUS Satellite Radio , power dual front seats, keyless access, push-button start system, and other luxury features. For

1616-565: A non-intercooled turbo. An intercooler was added later in the year, boosting power to 109 PS (80 kW; 108 hp). Initially available in the midsized models, such as the Citroën Xsara and Xantia and Peugeot 306 , 406 and Peugeot 206 it was soon spread across the PSA range, such as the LCVs, while a 16-valve version(RHW), with 109 PS (80 kW; 108 hp), was used in

1717-655: A peak power of 68 kW (91 hp; 92 PS), limited by the size of the electric motor and the power-delivery capability of the battery pack, and delivered a total system power of 195 horsepower (145 kW; 198 PS) in charge-depleting mode (EV mode). The C-Max Energi is capable of reaching a top electric-only speed of 85 mph (137 km/h), exceeding the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (Prius Prime in North America) by more than 20 mph (32 km/h). The top speed in hybrid mode

1818-498: A rotating machine for two of his water-raising machines, which include both crank and shaft mechanisms. The Italian physician Guido da Vigevano ( c.  1280  – c.  1349 ), planning for a new Crusade , made illustrations for a paddle boat and war carriages that were propelled by manually turned compound cranks and gear wheels, identified as an early crankshaft prototype by Lynn Townsend White . Crankshafts were described by Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) and

1919-570: A technical review, the official EPA rating in EV mode was downgraded to 88 MPG-e (88 mpg ‑US (2.7 L/100 km; 105.7 mpg ‑imp )). In a similar way, initially the EPA rating in hybrid-gasoline mode was 43 mpg ‑US (5.5 L/100 km; 52 mpg ‑imp ), but it was later downgraded to 38 mpg ‑US (6.2 L/100 km; 46 mpg ‑imp ). EPA's rating for combined EV/hybrid operation

2020-563: A total of 4,612 sales, up 142% over October 2011. Ford reported that 25% of C-Max Hybrid sales took place in California, with Los Angeles and San Francisco as the top-selling regional markets. A total of 10,935 C-Max Hybrids were sold during 2012, and a total of 28,056 units in 2013. After Ford cut the car's EPA fuel economy rating by 4 mpg ‑US (59 L/100 km; 4.8 mpg ‑imp ) to 43 mpg ‑US (5.5 L/100 km; 52 mpg ‑imp ) in

2121-497: A wheel of bells. Kyeser also equipped the Archimedes' screws for water-raising with a crank handle, an innovation which subsequently replaced the ancient practice of working the pipe by treading. Pisanello painted a piston-pump driven by a water-wheel and operated by two simple cranks and two connecting-rods. The 15th century also saw the introduction of cranked rack-and-pinion devices, called cranequins, which were fitted to

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2222-532: Is 115 mph (185 km/h). The C-Max Energi uses a regenerative braking system capable of capturing and reusing more than 95% of the braking energy normally lost during the braking process. The charging time for the C-Max Energi is 7 hours with a 120-volt charger, and 2.5 hours with a 240-volt charger. The charge port has an LED light ring like the Ford Focus Electric and is located on

2323-493: Is 51 MPG-e (4.6 L gasoline equivalent/100 km), which allows the C-Max Energi to rank in sixth place, together with the Fusion Energi, among the top ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers since 1984. The C-Max Energi has an all-electric range of 20 miles (32 km), for a total EPA certified range of 550 miles (890 km), which in 2012 surpassed both the first-generation Chevrolet Volt (380 miles (610 km)), and

2424-467: Is C214. It seats five passengers and has a large amount of cargo space, which can be increased by folding the rear seats flat. Some models feature diagonally sliding outer rear seats. It also shares the control blade independent rear suspension from the Focus. The available four-cylinder engines are the same as the Focus. The 1.6 L Duratec was the basic engine for C-Max, and the 1.6 L Ti-VCT Duratec

2525-463: Is a Euro 5 -compliant, high-output version. for Peugeot Landtrek The DW12 RU is an updated version that meets Euro 6d emission standards, and is intended for light commercial vehicle applications where it replaces the DW10 FU. The Citroën Jumper and Peugeot Boxer (2019–) are powered by this engine. It comes in power ratings of 120 PS/300 Nm, 140 PS/340 Nm and 165 PS/370 Nm. The EW7 has

2626-528: Is a further development of the EW10 J4, presenting somewhat higher power and torque due to the introduction of Variable valve timing (VVT). Fuel consumption is also decreased. Power is 140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) at 6000 rpm and torque 200 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft) at 4000 rpm. Citroën usually states 143 PS (105 kW; 141 hp) and Peugeot 140 PS for the same 140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) engine. As of January 1, 2010 and

2727-401: Is fitted with a six-speed manual transmission or six-speed Aisin- automatic transmission (in Citroën C5 from summer 2004 onwards). The DW10BTED4E5 and DW10C are Euro 5 -compliant, and therefore still available for sale in Europe. 2014 Euro 6 variant DW10FC and DW10FD introduced selective catalytic reduction emissions control technology. The 2.2 L (2,179 cc) DW12 has

2828-405: Is less than the diameter of the cylinder bore . A common way to increase the low-RPM torque of an engine is to increase the stroke, sometimes known as "stroking" the engine. Historically, the trade-off for a long-stroke engine was a lower rev limit and increased vibration at high RPM, due to the increased piston velocity. When designing an engine, the crankshaft configuration is closely related to

2929-566: Is needed, this production method allows small production runs without high up-front costs. The earliest hand-operated cranks appeared in China during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD). They were used for silk-reeling, hemp-spinning, for the agricultural winnowing fan, in the water-powered flour-sifter, for hydraulic-powered metallurgic bellows , and in the well windlass . Pottery models with crank operated winnowing fans were unearthed dating back to

3030-524: Is still better than the 42 mpg ‑US (5.6 L/100 km; 50 mpg ‑imp ) combined rating for the Toyota Prius v. A second downward revision was made during June 2014. Ford boosted the on-road fuel efficiency of its three 2013 model year hybrids through changes in the cars' vehicle control software in an effort to improve customer satisfaction. The upgrade was offered free of charge to existing owners of these hybrids. Some of

3131-451: Is subjected to enormous stresses, in some cases more than 8.6 tonnes (19,000 pounds) per cylinder. Crankshafts for single-cylinder engines are usually a simpler design than for engines with multiple cylinders. The crankshaft is able to rotate in the engine block due to the 'main bearings '. Since the crankshaft is subject to large horizontal and torsional forces from each cylinder, these main bearings are located at various points along

PSA EW/DW engine - Misplaced Pages Continue

3232-461: Is that the rigidity of the crankshaft is reduced, which can cause problems at high RPM or high power outputs. In most engines, each connecting rod is attached a single crankshaft, which results in the angle of the connecting rod varying as the piston moves through its stroke. This variation in angle pushes the pistons against the cylinder wall, which causes friction between the piston and cylinder wall. To prevent this, some early engines – such as

3333-419: Is the first in its class to support torque vectoring control. The redesigned C-Max features flat folding third-row seats, a hands-free power lift gate, rear-view camera, park assist, and panoramic sunroof. HD radio, Sirius XM, Sync, dual-zone climate control system, and a navigation system come as standard or as available options on the different trim lines. The aerodynamics ( drag coefficient , c w ) of

3434-408: Is upgraded and named Duratorq. *Overboost Transmissions mated with engines are Ford IB5 (1.6/1.8 Duratec), Ford Durashift (2.0 Duratorq), MTX-75 (2.0 Duratec / 1.6-1.8 Duratorq) manual and Ford Powershift double-clutch transmission available with 2.0 Duratorq. The 4F27E mated with the 2.0 Duratec engine. A CVT automatic was also available In December 2006, the facelifted version of

3535-519: The C8 MPV, while Peugeot, which has more a sporty image, uses it in the 406 SRi and 406 Coupe, 407 , the 607 executive model and 807 MPV. As of January 1, 2011 and the requirements of Euro 5 emission regulations, the EW12 (Euro 4 only) is no longer available in Europe. It was replaced by the 1.6 litre turbocharged Prince engine . Crankshaft A crankshaft is a mechanical component used in

3636-865: The Ford Focus C-Max ) is a car produced by the Ford Motor Company from 2003 to 2019. It has a five-door compact multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) design. The Ford Grand C-Max has a longer wheelbase . Ford introduced the C-Max in the United States as its first hybrid-only line of vehicles, which includes the C-Max Hybrid , released in September 2012, and the C-Max Energi plug-in hybrid , launched in October 2012. Although

3737-738: The Georgia Institute of Technology . For the North American market, the C-Max Hybrid was assembled alongside the 2012 Focus and Ford Focus Electric at Ford's Wayne plant in Michigan. The C-Max Energi was also assembled in Michigan. Since 2015, all European versions are built in the Saarlouis Body & Assembly, Germany. Ford of Europe announced that it would end production of both the C-Max and Grand C-Max in Germany by

3838-701: The Mahindra XUV500 made 155PS. While Tata Motors discontinued the engine in its Passenger Vehicle Segment in 2020 with the onset of the Bharat Stage 6 emission standards, only using a commercial grade 98 PS tuned 2.2L in the Tata Winger , Mahindra also discontinued the XUV500 which only leaves the Mahindra Scorpio using the engine, which is also at the end of its life cycle. The DW12C

3939-399: The crossbow 's stock as a means of exerting even more force while spanning the missile weapon. In the textile industry, cranked reels for winding skeins of yarn were introduced. The Luttrell Psalter , dating to around 1340, describes a grindstone which was rotated by two cranks, one at each end of its axle; the geared hand-mill, operated either with one or two cranks, appeared later in

4040-544: The pediment of the Hierapolis mill, a waterwheel fed by a mill race is shown powering via a gear train two frame saws which cut rectangular blocks by the way of some kind of connecting rods and, through mechanical necessity, cranks. The accompanying inscription is in Greek . The crank and connecting rod mechanisms of the other two archaeologically attested sawmills worked without a gear train. The crank appears in

4141-552: The 15th century. Around 1480, the early medieval rotary grindstone was improved with a treadle and crank mechanism. Cranks mounted on push-carts first appear in a German engraving of 1589. In 9th century Abbasid Baghdad , automatically operated cranks appear in several of the hydraulic devices described by the Banū Mūsā brothers in the Book of Ingenious Devices . These automatically operated cranks appear in several devices, two of which contain an action which approximates to that of

PSA EW/DW engine - Misplaced Pages Continue

4242-458: The 1900–1904 Lanchester Engine Company flat-twin engines – connected each piston to two crankshafts that are rotating in opposite directions. This arrangement cancels out the lateral forces and reduces the requirement for counterweights. This design is rarely used, however a similar principle applies to balance shafts , which are occasionally used. Crankshafts can be created from a steel bar using roll forging . Today, manufacturers tend to favour

4343-409: The 1950s; the long crankshafts of the latter suffered from an unacceptable amount of flex when engine designers began using higher compression ratios and higher engine speeds (RPM). The distance between the axis of the crankpins and the axis of the crankshaft determines the stroke length of the engine. Most modern car engines are classified as "over square" or short-stroke, wherein the stroke

4444-472: The 2.0 Duratorq engine. The Ford C-MAX was facelifted in 2015 and the 1.6 Ecoboost changed to the three-cylinder 1.0 Ecoboost along with the 1.6 TDCI 115PS Duratorq changing to the 1.5 TDCI single-overhead-cam unit. Ford developed the C-Max Hybrid with the aim to become "America’s most affordable hybrid utility vehicle." The gasoline-electric hybrid model base pricing started at US$ 24,995 , including destination and delivery. The front-wheel drive hybrid has

4545-409: The 2.0 L is also used for some hot hatch models. The DW started with an SOHC 2-valve design between 2.0 and 2.0 L (1,968 and 1,997 cc), later receiving DOHC and four valves per cylinder upon the introduction of the 2.2 L in 2000 with the Citroën C5 and Peugeot 607 . Turbocharged versions started using common rail and received the commercial designation HDi . The DW10 served as

4646-598: The 2012 year model. The C-Max is Ford's first hybrid-only line of vehicles. Both the plug-in and hybrid versions are based on the European gasoline- and diesel-powered versions. The C-Max Hybrid was released in the United States in September 2012 as a 2013 model, followed by the release of the plug-in Energi version by mid-October 2012. Production of the C-Max Energi in the United States ended in September 2017, while Hybrid production ended in 2018. The new Mk III platform

4747-667: The 2017 model year, the SEL trim level on both the C-Max Hybrid and Energi were renamed to the Titanium trim level and also all the 2017 Ford C-Max Hybrids and plug-in Energis were expected to have restyled headlights and taillights. The Energi Plug-In Hybrid was only available in SEL trim, but for the 2017 model year, the C-Max Energi was also available on the SE trim level. Ford's design aimed for

4848-527: The 3rd century AD under the Roman Empire; they are also found in stone sawmills in Roman Syria and Ephesus , Greek Ionia under Rome, dating to the 6th century. The pediment of the Hierapolis mill shows a waterwheel fed by a mill race powering via a gear train two frame saws which cut blocks by the way of some kind of connecting rods and cranks. The crank and connecting rod mechanisms of

4949-432: The C-Max Energi plug-in hybrid to deliver better miles per gallon equivalent (MPG-e) in all-electric mode than the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid . Initially, the EPA rated the Energi combined city/highway fuel economy in all-electric mode at 100 MPG-e (100 mpg ‑US (2.4 L/100 km; 120.1 mpg ‑imp )). Later, when owners complained of not achieving the sticker fuel economy, and following

5050-513: The C-Max Hybrid to deliver better fuel economy than the Toyota Prius V. Ford had reduced its estimated fuel economy twice, once in 2013 and again in 2014, with the second revision placing fuel economy below the Prius V. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initially rated the hybrid model at 47 mpg ‑US (5.0 L/100 km; 56 mpg ‑imp ) with the same rating for combined/city/highway cycles. These ratings allowed

5151-602: The C-Max Hybrid to improve the fuel economy of the Toyota Prius v by 3 mpg ‑US (78 L/100 km; 3.6 mpg ‑imp ) on the city cycle, by 7 mpg ‑US (34 L/100 km; 8.4 mpg ‑imp ) on the highway cycle and by 5 mpg ‑US (47 L/100 km; 6.0 mpg ‑imp ) combined. However, after criticism and lawsuits about worse-than-expected real-world fuel economy, in August 2013 Ford voluntarily lowered

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5252-601: The C-Max was initially available only in Europe, the first generation was partially available in New Zealand. The Ford Focus C-Max is preceded by the eponymous show car , which was designed by Daniel Paulin and unveiled at the 2002 Paris Motor Show . C-Max Mk I was the first product to use the Ford C1 platform , also used by the Ford Focus Mk II and the compact MPV Premacy/Mazda5 . Its internal code name

5353-636: The C-Max was revealed at the 2006 Bologna Motor Show and went on sale in late spring 2007. The pre-facelift version of the car (2003–2007) was called the Ford Focus C-Max. The name change to C-Max is attributable to Ford's MPV strategy of creating a 'Max' branded line of MPVs, starting with the Ford S-Max , launched in 2006. The facelift brought the car in line with Ford's "Kinetic Design" design language, evidenced through its twin trapezoidal grilles, large wheel arches, and angular headlights. As

5454-426: The EPA ratings and issued customer rebates. The revised fuel economy ratings were reduced to 45 mpg ‑US (5.2 L/100 km; 54 mpg ‑imp ) for city driving, 43 mpg ‑US (5.5 L/100 km; 52 mpg ‑imp ) for combined and 40 mpg ‑US (5.9 L/100 km; 48 mpg ‑imp ) for highway. The revised rating for the updated 2013 C-Max Hybrid

5555-531: The Ford announcement, the EPA stated that it would update the test procedures used to assign fuel economy ratings to cars "to ensure that the requirements keep pace with industry trends and innovations in advanced high-efficiency vehicles." Ford used the Fusion Hybrid test to generate the fuel economy label for the C-Max Hybrid following EPA's rules. These, which date to the 1970s, specify that automakers can use

5656-449: The Fusion Hybrid in combined, city, and highway driving to the C-Max hybrid. Ford had no plans to change the fuel economy ratings on the 2013 Fusion hybrid. In June 2014, Ford found some glitches in their internal tests and had to drop the MPG ratings by 1-2 miles per gallon for a few models like the 2013-2014 Fusion and C-Max hybrids, including the plug-ins. To mitigate customers' concerns,

5757-694: The Italian engineer and writer Roberto Valturio in 1463, who devised a boat with five sets, where the parallel cranks are all joined to a single power source by one connecting-rod, an idea also taken up by his compatriot Italian painter Francesco di Giorgio . The crank had become common in Europe by the early 15th century, as seen in the works of the military engineer Konrad Kyeser (1366–after 1405). Devices depicted in Kyeser's Bellifortis include cranked windlasses for spanning siege crossbows, cranked chain of buckets for water-lifting and cranks fitted to

5858-709: The Peugeot 206 and 306. The DW8 was phased out in 2007 as it does not pass Euro 4 emissions regulations (it is a Euro 3 engine). The DW8 is matched to the BE manual 5-speed and has 127 N⋅m (94 lb⋅ft) of torque. Specifications Displacement: 1.9 L (1,868 cc) Valves: 8 valve, single overhead cam Bore x Stroke: 82.2 mm × 88 mm (3.24 in × 3.46 in) Compression Ratio: 23.0:1 Power output: 71 PS (52 kW; 70 hp) Torque: 127 N⋅m (94 lb⋅ft) at 2500 rpm Production Start Date: 1 June 2000 The 2.0 L DW10

5959-631: The Prius Plug-in Hybrid (540 miles (870 km)). Ford released the C-Max Energi in the U.S. market by mid October 2012, and during that month 144 units were delivered to U.S. retail customers, and ended with 2,374 units delivered in 2012. The C-Max Energi ranked as the fifth top selling plug-in electric car in the U.S. during 2013, and climbed to number fourth in 2014. Over 35,700 units have been sold in North America and Europe through December 2016, with 33,509 units delivered in

6060-669: The U.S. through December 2016, 967 units in Canada through December 2016, and 1,229 in the Netherlands in 2015. Ford Motor Company announced the C-MAX Solar Energi concept, a solar PV -powered vehicle to run electrically without depending on the electric grid for fuel. The C-MAX Solar Energi Concept was unveiled at the 2014 International CES in Las Vegas. This is a collaborative project of Ford, SunPower Corp. and

6161-668: The Western Han dynasty (202 BC - 9 AD). The rotary winnowing fan greatly increased the efficiency of separating grain from husks and stalks. The Chinese used the crank-and-connecting rod in ancient blasting apparatus, textile machinery and agricultural machinery no later than the Western Han dynasty (202 BC – 9 AD). Eventually crank-and-connecting rods were used in the inter-conversion or rotary and reciprocating motion for other applications such as flour-sifting, treadle spinning wheels, water-powered furnace bellows, and silk-reeling machines. Ancient Egyptians had manual drills resembling

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6262-438: The automaker provided financial compensation. Depending on whether the vehicle was bought or leased, owners got from $ 150 to $ 1,050 to help cover the increase in fuel costs due to the new ratings. The C-Max Energi plug-in hybrid started at US$ 27,995 including the destination fee. According to its battery size, the plug-in car qualified for a federal tax credit of US$ 4,007 , and it is eligible for additional incentives at

6363-653: The basis for the Ford/PSA engine partnership using second generation common rail and a variable-geometry turbocharger for the first time on the 2.0 L design. The DW8 is for all intents and purposes an evolution of the XUD9 and was the only diesel engine in the family not to feature a turbocharger or common-rail direct injection. It was mainly used in vans such as the Citroën Berlingo and Peugeot Partner but can also be found in more affordable versions of

6464-473: The car does not have a bodyshell originally designed for Kinetic Design, though, Ford officially states that the car contains only "elements" of the design language. Alongside the third-generation Ford Focus Mk III , the second-generation C-Max (C344) is built on Ford's new Global C platform . The appearance is inspired by the Iosis Max concept, shown at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show . In addition, Ford added

6565-637: The car has been improved, being 0,30 for the five-seater and 0,32 for the Grand C-Max. Like the previous C-Max, the new C-Max also came with a range of petrol and diesel four-cylinder engines , which were shared with the Focus: Transmissions mated with the engines are the Ford IB5 (1.6 Duratec Ti-VCT), B6 (1.6 EcoBoost/1.6 Duratorq), Durashift MMT6 (2.0 Duratorq) manual, and Ford Powershift double-clutch transmission available with

6666-481: The cargo area behind the rear seats, providing more room than the regular Prius liftback, but less cargo room than the Prius V , which provides 67.3 cu ft (1,910 L) with the rear seats folded. The Hybrid is offered in two trims: The SE features eco-friendly cloth seating surfaces, Ford SYNC system with A/M-F/M stereo with single-disc CD/MP3 player, USB and auxiliary input jacks, six speakers,

6767-473: The changes include: A total of 969 units was sold during September 2012, allowing the C-Max Hybrid to rank as the ninth-best selling hybrid car in the United States that month. During October, its first full month in the market, 3,182 units were sold, outselling the Prius V by more than 400 units, which had ranked as the fourth-most sold hybrid in the previous months. Sales of the C-Max Hybrid also led Ford to achieve its best October hybrid sales month ever with

6868-464: The compound crank can be traced in the works of an unknown German engineer writing on the state of military technology during the Hussite Wars: first, the connecting-rod, applied to cranks, reappeared; second, double-compound cranks also began to be equipped with connecting-rods; and third, the flywheel was employed for these cranks to get them over the 'dead-spot'. The concept was much improved by

6969-490: The crankshaft but, occasionally, are bolt-on pieces. In some engines, the crankshaft contains direct links between adjacent crankpins , without the usual intermediate main bearing. These links are called flying arms . This arrangement is sometimes used in V6 and V8 engines , in order to maintain an even firing interval while using different V angles, and to reduce the number of main bearings required. The downside of flying arms

7070-413: The crankshaft, rather than just one at each end. The number of main bearings is determined based on the overall load factor and the maximum engine speed. Crankshafts in diesel engines often use a main bearing between every cylinder and at both ends of the crankshaft, due to the high forces of combustion present. Flexing of the crankshaft was a factor in V8 engines replacing straight-eight engines in

7171-435: The desired properties. Another construction method is to cast the crankshaft from ductile iron. Cast iron crankshafts are today mostly found in cheaper production engines where the loads are lower. Crankshafts can also be machined from billet , often a bar of high quality vacuum remelted steel . Though the fiber flow (local inhomogeneities of the material's chemical composition generated during casting) does not follow

7272-483: The difference between 75 and 65 miles per hour (121 and 105 km/h) could produce a 7 mpg difference in fuel economy); outside temperature (the difference between 40 and 70 °F (4 and 21 °C) could result in a 5 mpg difference); and vehicle break-in (a 5 mpg difference could occur from the difference 0 to 6 miles (0.0 to 9.7 km)). Due to the criticism and lawsuits, in July 2013, Ford announced it would boost

7373-501: The driver’s side and near the front of the car. The light ring illuminates to indicate charge status. The battery is covered by an 8-year or 100,000-mile (160,000 km) component warranty. Ford equipped the C-Max Energi with a button mounted in the center stack that enables drivers to choose an electric-only driving mode, and allows the driver to switch vehicle operation between three modes - electric-only driving without gasoline engine power ("EV Now" setting); normal hybrid mode where

7474-618: The engine as an option for the Peugeot 407 and the now facelifted 607 , between the 2.0 DW10 and 2.7 DT17. Land Rover used this engine in the Freelander 2 , Discovery Sport and Range Rover Evoque . Available as both 160ps or 190ps, Peugeot 4007 and Citroën C-Crosser used the same motor. The unit was used in a longitudinal mounting in the Jaguar XF from 2012 until 2015 in 163 PS or 200 PS, though some early 2012 cars were available as 190 PS. A different 2.2 L engine, Ford's ZSD-422 with

7575-601: The engine's firing order . Most production V8 engines (such as the Ford Modular engine and the General Motors LS engine ) use a cross-plane crank whereby the crank throws are spaced 90 degrees apart. However, some high-performance V8 engines (such as the Ferrari 488 ) instead use a flat-plane crank , whereby the throws are spaced 180° apart, which essentially results in two inline-four engines sharing

7676-685: The fact that driving styles, driving conditions, and other factors can cause mileage to vary." A few days later, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) said it would review claims that two new Ford hybrid vehicles were not delivering the advertised 47 mpg. Linc Wehrly, Director of Light-duty Vehicle Center Compliance Division at EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in Ann Arbor, Michigan , commented that hybrids had far more variability in miles per gallon than conventional vehicles. All vehicles are run through

7777-414: The hand-crank of the rotary quern was different from a crank, which was the combination of a hand-crank and a push-and-pull connecting rod by a hinge. The Antikythera mechanism, dated to around 200 BC, used a crank as a part of its mechanism. The crank was used to manually introduce dates. Evidence for the crank combined with a connecting rod, appears in the Ancient Greek Hierapolis mill , dating to

7878-564: The large MPVs built in association with Fiat . Suzuki was a customer for these powerplants, using them in the European Vitara , Grand Vitara , and XL-7 . Eurovan-based commercial vans, the Citroën Jumpy , Peugeot Expert and Fiat Scudo were available with a 94 PS (69 kW; 93 hp) DW10 BTED engine, which is essentially an intercooled version of the original 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) design. The DW10

7979-609: The linear piston motion into rotational motion. Internal combustion engines of early 20th century automobiles were usually started with hand cranks, before electric starters came into general use. Because of the findings at Ephesus and Gerasa the invention of the crank and connecting rod system has had to be redated from the 13th to the 6th c; now the Hierapolis relief takes it back another three centuries, which confirms that water-powered stone saw mills were indeed in use when Ausonius wrote his Mosella. Ford C-Max The Ford C-Max (stylized as Ford C-MAX and previously called

8080-710: The magazine found that C-Max hybrid achieved a combined fuel economy average of 37 mpg ‑US (6.4 L/100 km; 44 mpg ‑imp ), with 35 mpg ‑US (6.7 L/100 km; 42 mpg ‑imp ) and 38 mpg ‑US (6.2 L/100 km; 46 mpg ‑imp ) for city and highway. Green Car Reports found that the C-Max delivered 37 mpg ‑US (6.4 L/100 km; 44 mpg ‑imp ) over 50 mi (80 km) of mixed freeway and urban driving, and 40 mpg ‑US (5.9 L/100 km; 48 mpg ‑imp ) over 240 mi (390 km) mostly at freeway speeds. Consumer Reports concluded that

8181-476: The magazine has previously found was 7 and 6 mpg ‑US (34 and 39 L/100 km; 8.4 and 7.2 mpg ‑imp ) for the Toyota Prius C and the Prius hatchback , respectively. Ford responded in a statement, saying, "Early C-MAX Hybrid and Fusion Hybrid customers praise the vehicles and report a range of fuel economy figures, including some reports above 47 mpg ‑US (5.0 L/100 km; 56 mpg ‑imp ). This reinforces

8282-489: The mid-9th century in several of the hydraulic devices described by the Banū Mūsā brothers in their Book of Ingenious Devices . These devices, however, made only partial rotations and could not transmit much power, although only a small modification would have been required to convert it to a crankshaft. Al-Jazari (1136–1206) described a crank and connecting rod system in a rotating machine in two of his water-raising machines. His twin-cylinder pump incorporated

8383-624: The middle of 2012, the car experienced its three worst sales months since it debuted in the U.S. Since its inception, a total of 72,330 units had been sold in the United States through December 2015. In December 2012, Motor Trend reported that Consumer Reports magazine and Green Car Reports have found that the 2013 Ford C-Max Hybrid and 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid , which share the same powertrain, do not deliver their triple 47 mpg ‑US (5.0 L/100 km; 56 mpg ‑imp ) EPA ratings in real-world use. After running both vehicles through Consumer Reports real-world tests,

8484-471: The on-road fuel efficiency of the C-Max and its other two 2013 hybrids through changes in the vehicle control software, in an effort to improve customer satisfaction. The carmaker voluntarily reduced the official EPA ratings in August 2013. It also announced it would issue rebates to some 32,000 C-Max owners, who would be notified by mail. The payment would be US$ 550 to U.S. customers who purchased C-Maxes, and US$ 325 to customers who had leased them. After

8585-621: The other two archaeologically attested sawmills worked without a gear train. A Roman iron crank dating to the 2nd century AD was excavated in Augusta Raurica , Switzerland . The crank-operated Roman mill is dated to the late 2nd century. Water-powered marble saws in Germany were mentioned by the late 4th century poet Ausonius ; about the same time, these mill types seem also to be indicated by Greek Saint Gregory of Nyssa from Anatolia . A rotary grindstone operated by

8686-460: The overall fuel economy for the C-Max Hybrid is off by 10 mpg ‑US (24 L/100 km; 12 mpg ‑imp ), representing a deviation of about 20%. The consumer magazine said that their overall fuel economy results are usually close to the EPA's combined-mpg estimate, and among current models tested, more than 80% fall within 2 mpg ‑US (120 L/100 km; 2.4 mpg ‑imp ) margin. The largest discrepancy

8787-667: The powertrain blends electric and gasoline engine power as appropriate ("EV Auto" setting); or a battery-saving mode that reserves the battery power for later use ("EV Later" setting). Like the Ford Fusion Hybrid , the C-Max Energi comes with a SmartGauge with EcoGuide that provides in-vehicle customizable displays, including instantaneous fuel economy readings and coaching functions to help drivers understand and optimize their fuel efficiency . The plug-in hybrid also features ECO Cruise which saves energy by relaxing acceleration compared to standard cruise control . Ford designed

8888-621: The requirements of Euro 5 emission regulations, the EW10 ( Euro 4 only) is no longer available in Europe. For most use, it is replaced by the 1.6 litre turbocharged version partially based on the Prince engine . The EW12 was introduced to replace the low-pressure turbo variant of the XU10. It has a bore and stroke of 86 mm × 96 mm (3.39 in × 3.78 in), for a displacement of 2.2 L (2,231 cc). Citroën only uses it on

8989-485: The same EPA fuel-efficiency tests, but they are not administered by the EPA; instead, the automakers conduct the test and EPA often conducts reviews. Most vehicles' real-world gas mileage levels are less than the EPA sticker number, and can often be 20% less. depending on speed, temperature, and other factors. The EPA explained that with hybrids, the gap was much wider, as high as 30%. The problem lay with EPA's rules that allowed automakers to group similar vehicles and apply

9090-488: The same fuel economy numbers for similar-sized vehicles equipped with the same engines and transmissions. The EPA requires automakers to test the fuel economy of the biggest-selling model in a specific category. In its midsized hybrid class, Ford tested the Fusion sedan version because it was the top seller, and Ford was allowed to apply the 47 mpg ‑US (5.0 L/100 km; 56 mpg ‑imp ) achieved with

9191-585: The same ratings, which Ford did with the Fusion hybrid and C-Max hybrids. Ford Motor Co. officials said the real-world fuel efficiency in the C-Max Hybrid depended on driving style and other factors, and that the company did not expect the car's fuel efficiency numbers to change, as they followed EPA's test guidelines. Ford said they were working closely with the EPA to determine if their hybrid vehicle testing procedures needed to be changed. They explained that several factors could affect hybrid fuel economy more than that of regular gasoline engines, including speed (as

9292-406: The shape of the crankshaft (which is undesirable), this is usually not a problem since higher quality steels, which normally are difficult to forge, can be used. Per unit, these crankshafts tend to be expensive due to the large amount of material that must be removed with lathes and milling machines, the high material cost, and the additional heat treatment required. However, since no expensive tooling

9393-461: The state and local level , such as California 's US$ 1,500 rebate. The C-Max Energi was designed with total 188 horsepower (140 kW; 191 PS) in hybrid mode delivered by a 2.0-liter Atkinson cycle four-cylinder gasoline engine plus an electric motor powered by a 7.6 kWh lithium-ion battery pack, which is smaller and lighter than nickel–metal hydride batteries used in previous Ford generation hybrids. The electric drivetrain can produce

9494-558: The technological treatises of the period: Agostino Ramelli 's The Diverse and Artifactitious Machines of 1588 depicts eighteen examples, a number that rises in the Theatrum Machinarum Novum by Georg Andreas Böckler to 45 different machines. Cranks were formerly common on some machines in the early 20th century; for example almost all phonographs before the 1930s were powered by clockwork motors wound with cranks. Reciprocating piston engines use cranks to convert

9595-482: The use of forged crankshafts due to their lighter weight, more compact dimensions and better inherent damping. With forged crankshafts, vanadium micro-alloyed steels are mainly used as these steels can be air-cooled after reaching high strengths without additional heat treatment, except for the surface hardening of the bearing surfaces. The low alloy content also makes the material cheaper than high-alloy steels. Carbon steels also require additional heat treatment to reach

9696-468: Was also available. The 1.8/2.0 L Duratec HE engines are the rest of available petrol engines. The 1.8 L Ford flexifuel, or 1.8f, was a flexible-fuel hybrid engine sourced from Volvo , B4204S5 , and was able to run on gasoline and ethanol (E85). Ethanol added about 25 hp extra for a total 125 hp, although with higher consumption. The 1.6/2.0 L Duratorq Ford/PSA-made diesels were available along with Ford's 1.8 L Endura engine, which

9797-461: Was briefly used in the Citroën C5 and Peugeot 406 starting in 2001, but was discontinued in 2003 due to low sales. The EW10 J4S variant is a high performance version used in the 206 GTI 180, 206 RC, 307 Féline, 307 cc and C4 VTS. Power was raised to 177 PS (130 kW; 175 hp), although the two French brands round it up to 180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp) in advertising. EW10 A

9898-658: Was cancelled prior to launch. Ford unveiled the Ford C-Max Energi plug-in hybrid and the C-Max Hybrid at the 2011 North American International Auto Show . Like the conventional C-Max, the C-Max Energi and Hybrid are five-seat only. They replace the Ford Escape Hybrid and Mercury Mariner Hybrid since Ford discontinued the Mercury brand after the 2011 model year and the Escape Hybrid after

9999-575: Was replaced by the 1.6 litre turbocharged version of the Prince engine . The EW10 has a bore and a stroke of 85 mm × 88 mm (3.35 in × 3.46 in), for a displacement of 2.0 L (1,997 cc). It is used widely throughout the PSA Group, including the Citroën C4 , C5 , Citroën Xsara , Citroën Xsara Picasso and Peugeot 206 , 307 and 407 . A gasoline direct injection variant, called EW10 D and marketed as HPi ,

10100-459: Was the first PSA Diesel engine to feature common rail direct injection , and was given the commercial designation HDi . It has a bore and a stroke of 85 mm × 88 mm (3.35 in × 3.46 in) for a total displacement of 2.0 L (1,997 cc), replacing the XUD9 in 1999. It was initially available in 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) form, with two valves per cylinder and

10201-510: Was used as the basis for the new family of Duratorq Diesel engines co-developed with Ford and Volvo it is used in the Focus , Kuga , Mondeo Mk3 , Mondeo Mk4 , C-Max and C30 / S40 / V50 / C70 , besides various Citroën and Peugeot passenger models. The DOHC 16-valve powerplants were mated to a second generation common rail injection system and a variable-geometry turbocharger , pushing power to 136 PS (100 kW; 134 hp) (RHR). It

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