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41-584: The 193 hectare site was chosen in January 2003 and the first stone was laid five months later, on 17 June. Volume auto-production commenced at the end of May 2006, although the plant's official opening took place only on 19 October 2006 in a ceremony headed by PSA President Jean-Martin Folz and Slovak prime minister Robert Fico even though it was his predecessor and political rival, the former prime minister Mikuláš Dzurinda who had originally agreed with Peugeot

82-679: A dash ; for example, 1-21-00.26 ha would mean 1 hectare, 21 ares, and 0.26 centiares (12,100.26 m ). The metric system of measurement was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the French Revolutionary government. The law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795) defined five units of measure: In 1960, when the metric system was updated as the International System of Units (SI), the are did not receive international recognition. The International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) makes no mention of

123-404: A double prefix is non-standard. The decimilliare is (100 mm) or roughly a four-inch-by-four-inch square. The centiare is one square metre. The deciare (rarely used) is ten square metres. The are ( / ɑːr / or / ɛər / ) is a unit of area, equal to 100 square metres ( 10 m × 10 m ), used for measuring land area. It was defined by older forms of the metric system , but

164-439: A few other units including the are (and implicitly the hectare ) whose use was limited to the measurement of land. The names centiare , deciare , decare and hectare are derived by adding the standard metric prefixes to the original base unit of area, the are . The decimilliare (dma, sometimes seen in cadastre area evaluation of real estate plots) is 1 ⁄ 10,000 are or one square decimetre. Such usage of

205-550: A measure of land area. The names of the older land measures of similar size are usually used, redefined as exactly one decare: The most commonly used units are in bold . One hectare is also equivalent to: The Unicode character U+33CA ㏊ SQUARE HA , in the CJK Compatibility block, is intended for compatibility with pre-existing East Asian character codes. It is not intended for use in alphabetic contexts. U+3336 ㌶ SQUARE HEKUTAARU

246-409: A series of diameters throughout the component (as in the image of the deep draw line). It common use to consider this process as a cost saving alternative to turned parts which require much more raw material. The sequence of deep drawn components is referred to as a "deep draw line". The numbers of components that form the deep draw line is given by the quantity of "stations" available in the press. In

287-472: A single forming press or by using a press line. Softer materials are much easier to deform and therefore require less force to draw. The following is a table demonstrating the draw force to percent reduction of commonly used materials. Punches and dies are typically made of tool steel , however cheaper (but softer) carbon steel is sometimes used in less severe applications. It is also common to see cemented carbides used where high wear and abrasive resistance

328-439: Is a non-SI metric unit of area equal to a square with 100- metre sides (1 hm ), that is, 10,000 square metres (10,000 m ), and is primarily used in the measurement of land. There are 100 hectares in one square kilometre. An acre is about 0.405 hectares and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the are was defined as 100 square metres , or one square decametre , and

369-490: Is a combination of ヘクタール ( hekutāru ), the Japanese translation of "hectare". Deep drawing Deep drawing is a sheet metal forming process in which a sheet metal blank is radially drawn into a forming die by the mechanical action of a punch. It is thus a shape transformation process with material retention. The process is considered "deep" drawing when the depth of the drawn part exceeds its diameter. This

410-406: Is achieved by redrawing the part through a series of dies. The flange region (sheet metal in the die shoulder area) experiences a radial drawing stress and a tangential compressive stress due to the material retention property. These compressive stresses ( hoop stresses ) result in flange wrinkles (wrinkles of the first order). Wrinkles can be prevented by using a blank holder, the function of which

451-456: Is now outside the modern International System of Units (SI). It is still commonly used in speech to measure real estate, in particular in Indonesia, India, and in various European countries. In Russian and some other languages of the former Soviet Union , the are is called sotka (Russian: сотка : 'a hundred', i.e. 100 m or 1 ⁄ 100 hectare). It is used to describe

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492-425: Is only approximately plane. Due to tensile forces acting in the part wall, wall thinning is prominent and results in an uneven part wall thickness, such that the part wall thickness is lowest at the point where the part wall loses contact with the punch, i.e., at the punch radius. The thinnest part thickness determines the maximum stress that can be transferred to the deformation zone. Due to material volume constancy,

533-443: Is present. Alloy steels are normally used for the ejector system to kick the part out and in durable and heat resistant blank holders. Lubricants are used to reduce friction between the working material and the punch and die. They also aid in removing the part from the punch. Some examples of lubricants used in drawing operations are heavy-duty emulsions, phosphates, white lead , and wax films. Plastic films covering both sides of

574-508: Is to facilitate controlled material flow into the die radius. Deep drawing presses, especially in the Aerospace and Medical industries, require unparalleled accuracy and precision. Sheet hydroforming presses do complex draw work. Bed size, tonnage, stroke, speed, and more can be tailored to your specific draw forming application. The total drawing load consists of the ideal forming load and an additional component to compensate for friction in

615-597: The Citroën C3 III. Since 2019, the plant is the main manufacturer of the Peugeot 208 II . It is also the only manufacturer of the electric version of this model, the Peugeot e-208. The plant has a designed capacity to produce 300,000 cars annually, originally intended to employ 3,000 people organised into three shifts, which according to the manufacturer equates to an hourly output of 55 vehicles. The Trnava plant

656-789: The Paris Motor Show as the Citroën C3 Picasso , PSA's answer to the Renault Grand Modus and Opel/Vauxhall Meriva . French C3 Picasso sales started in February 2009 and extended to other European markets during the next few months. The Trnava factory was and in 2012 remains the only plant producing this model. Between the launch of the Citroën C3 Picasso and 2012 the plant produced the C3 alongside

697-641: The are in the 2019 edition of the SI brochure, but classifies the hectare as a "Non-SI unit accepted for use with the International System of Units". In 1972, the European Economic Community (EEC) passed directive 71/354/EEC, which catalogued the units of measure that might be used within the Community. The units that were catalogued replicated the recommendations of the CGPM, supplemented by

738-465: The SI, being equivalent to a square hectometre. It is widely used throughout the world for the measurement of large areas of land, and it is the legal unit of measure in domains concerned with land ownership, planning, and management , including law ( land deeds ), agriculture, forestry , and town planning throughout the European Union , New Zealand and Australia (since 1970). However,

779-1010: The United Kingdom, the United States, Myanmar (Burma), and to some extent Canada, use the acre instead of the hectare for measuring surface or land area. Some countries that underwent a general conversion from traditional measurements to metric measurements (e.g. Canada) required a resurvey when units of measure in legal descriptions relating to land were converted to metric units. Others, such as South Africa, published conversion factors which were to be used particularly "when preparing consolidation diagrams by compilation". In many countries, metrification redefined or clarified existing measures in terms of metric units. The following legacy units of area have been redefined as being equal to one hectare: In Mexico, land area measurements are commonly given as combinations of hectares, ares, and centiares. These are commonly written separated by

820-413: The case of mechanical presses this is determined by the number of cams on the top shaft. For high precision mass productions, it is always advisable to use a transfer press also known as eyelet press. The advantage of this type of press, in respect to conventional progressive presses, is that the parts are transferred from one die to the next by means of so-called "fingers". Not only do the fingers transfer

861-412: The contacting areas of the flange region and bending forces as well as unbending forces at the die radius. The forming load is transferred from the punch radius through the drawn part wall into the deformation region (sheet metal flange). In the drawn part wall, which is in contact with the punch, the hoop strain is zero whereby the plane strain condition is reached. In reality, mostly the strain condition

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902-514: The dekare/decare daa (1,000 m ) and are (100 m ) are not officially "accepted for use", they are still used in some contexts. The hectare ( / ˈ h ɛ k t ɛər , - t ɑː r / ), although not a unit of SI, is the only named unit of area that is accepted for use with SI units . The name was coined in French, from the Latin ārea . In practice the hectare is fully derived from

943-402: The flange thickens and results in blank holder contact at the outer boundary rather than on the entire surface. The maximum stress that can be safely transferred from the punch to the blank sets a limit on the maximum blank size (initial blank diameter in the case of rotationally symmetrical blanks). An indicator of material formability is the limiting drawing ratio (LDR), defined as the ratio of

984-478: The hectare (" hecto- " + "are") was thus 100 ares or 1 ⁄ 100  km (10,000 square metres). When the metric system was further rationalised in 1960, resulting in the International System of Units ( SI ), the are was not included as a recognised unit. The hectare, however, remains as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI and whose use is "expected to continue indefinitely". Though

1025-448: The hydraulic deep drawing process to name a few. The Marform process, for example, operates using the principle of rubber pad forming techniques. Deep-recessed parts with either vertical or sloped walls can be formed. In this type of forming, the die rig employs a rubber pad as one tool half and a solid tool half, similar to the die in a conventional die set, to form a component into its final shape. Dies are made of cast light alloys and

1066-506: The material. Commercial applications of this metal shaping process often involve complex geometries with straight sides and radii. In such a case, the term stamping is used in order to distinguish between the deep drawing (radial tension-tangential compression) and stretch-and-bend (along the straight sides) components. Deep drawing is always accompanied by other forming techniques within the press. These other forming methods include: Often components are partially deep drawn in order to create

1107-467: The maximum blank diameter that can be safely drawn into a cup without flange to the punch diameter. Determination of the LDR for complex components is difficult and hence the part is inspected for critical areas for which an approximation is possible. During severe deep drawing the material work hardens and it may be necessary to anneal the parts in controlled atmosphere ovens to restore the original elasticity of

1148-525: The old Peugeot 207 with production reaching 248,405 in 2013, still some way short of the planned maximum capacity of 300,000 units annually. The manufacturer blamed lack of consumer demand for small cars in key western European markets, and ominously, production was suspended for six days in May 2009 and six more days in June 2009. However, PSA insisted that they would honour existing undertakings not to suspend any of

1189-519: The parts but they also guide the component during the process. This allows parts to be drawn to the deepest depths with the tightest tolerances. Other types of presses: Deep drawing has been classified into conventional and unconventional deep drawing. The main aim of any unconventional deep drawing process is to extend the formability limits of the process. Some of the unconventional processes include hydromechanical deep drawing, Hydroform process, Aquadraw process, Guerin process, Marform process and

1230-468: The plant in Slovakia started production of this important new model some months before the French plants. The investment to production of Peugeot 208 was more than 120 million € in the year 2011. According to the company data Stellantis Trnava after overcoming crises in 2009 was steadily increasing production: 2013 by 15.5%, 2014 by 2.7%, 2015 by 19% as follows: In the 2013 the production of Peugeot 207

1271-531: The plant opened, there was much discussion in France of relative wage levels, with reports that the minimum wage at the Trnava factory was €183 per month and the average salary €450, although the salary of an assembly line worker would be only €350. Reference was also made to wages at the nearby Volkswagen plant being 85% lower than those of that company's German employees. PSA president Jean-Martin Folz played down

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1312-545: The plant's 3,000 employees during 2010/11. In November 2011, a few months more than five years after the first cars were produced at the Trnava plant, it was time to celebrate production of the plant's 1,000,000th car. It was also in November 2011 that a third model was added to the plant's line-up, being the two door version of the Peugeot 208 . Production of this model is now shared with two major plants in France, at Poissy and Mulhouse , but it did not go unremarked that

1353-579: The question of wage differentials, however, pointing out that Slovakian auto-industry wage levels were likely to rise rapidly, since the area was quickly becoming a European centre of expertise and excellence for auto-makers, with a Volkswagen plant at Bratislava since 1991 and a Kia plant at Žilina , as well as other new auto-plants recently built across the frontier in the Czech Republic by international brands including Hyundai , Škoda and, in partnership with Toyota , by PSA themselves. In

1394-673: The rubber pad is 1.5-2 times thicker than the component to be formed. For Marforming, single-action presses are equipped with die cushions and blank holders. The blank is held against the rubber pad by a blank holder, through which a punch is acting as in conventional deep drawing. It is a double-acting apparatus: at first the ram slides down, then the blank holder moves: this feature allows it to perform deep drawings (30-40% transverse dimension) with no wrinkles. Industrial uses of deep drawing processes include automotive body and structural parts, aircraft components, utensils and white goods. Complex parts are normally formed using progressive dies in

1435-595: The size of suburban dacha or allotment garden plots or small city parks where the hectare would be too large. Many Russian dachas are 6 ares in size (in Russian, шесть соток ). The decare or dekare ( / ˈ d ɛ k ɑːr , - ɛər / ) is derived from deca and are , and is equal to 10 ares or 1000 square metres. It is used in Norway and in the former Ottoman areas of the Middle East and Bulgaria as

1476-433: The terms for the plant's construction in Slovakia. Of the €700 million invested, €105 million came in the form of government aid. On 8 December 2005 the manufacturer announced an additional investment of €357 million to increase the plant's annual capacity by 150,000 units in order to produce the forthcoming mini-mpv model known at that stage simply by the internal project designation "A58". However, on 7 September 2006 it

1517-644: The year 2015 the average monthly wage was €1.331 and wages below €850 will be specially compensated with 13th salary. This article incorporates information from the equivalent entry in the French Misplaced Pages. Updated data about production are from the factory site http://www.psa-slovakia.sk/ (in Slovak only). 48°21′41″N 17°37′43″E  /  48.36139°N 17.62861°E  / 48.36139; 17.62861 Hectare The hectare ( / ˈ h ɛ k t ɛər , - t ɑːr / ; SI symbol: ha )

1558-701: Was a capacity used to 85% including 30 days when it was not producing. General director of the plant Rémi Girardon confirmed in March 2015 a plan to produce third car model (Citroën) with a goal of 360.000 cars in 2017 and therefore from May 2015 hourly output will be increased to 57 to 60 vehicles with new employees. A fourth (weekend) shift will be introduced in 2016 and subsequently the number of employees will increase to 4200 by 2018. The plant comprises six principal departments, devoted respectively to Metal forming / presses , Welding based body assembly , painting, final assembly, logistics and quality. In 2006, shortly after

1599-567: Was announced that the expansion project had been "put on hold", since the group had no overall need for additional auto-production capacity in Europe. Nevertheless, within the originally specified capacity, plans for Trnava to produce the "A58" remained in place. The car went into volume production in the middle of 2008 and was officially presented to the press in July and to the public in September at

1640-479: Was built to produce the company's "Platform 1" cars, which are small cars. The first car to be produced in volume was the Peugeot 207 produced initially in October 2006 at a daily rate of 450, with an increase to 800 scheduled in time for Q2, 2007. With the 2013 production the factory was close to its planned capacity with daily production of 1200 cars and 3500 employees. In 2014 with 3500 employees and 255,176 cars

1681-548: Was stopped and the majority (2013:184,754 ; 2014:206,562) of cars produced were Peugeot 208. In March 2015 Slovak media revealed that the Trnava plant will produce a new Citroën model with code name B618, a small SUV in the B segment similar to the C3-XR model. The French headquarters confirmed this news in April 2015 with a total investment of 300 mil. euros. On 15 March 2016 the model was revealed on site. The car turned out to be

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