65-566: Potong Pasir ( / ˌ p ɒ t ɒ ŋ p ɑː ˈ s eɪ / , / ˌ p oʊ -/ PO -tong pah- SAY ) is a housing estate located between Toa Payoh and Sennett Estate in the Central Region of Singapore . For urban planning purposes, it is classified under the Toa Payoh area. Politically, Potong Pasir had been the longest-held opposition ward in one-party dominant Singapore. Its Opposition Member of Parliament Chiam See Tong held
130-411: A Group Representation Constituency ; the latter however would later become a Bukit Batok Single Member Constituency on the next election in 2015 . Eric Low , another PAP candidate that first entered politics in the 2001 election but lost twice to WP, did not seek re-election, making him the second PAP candidate to participate but did not enter parliament (the first being Pang Kim Hin ). Soon after
195-518: A planning area and mature residential town located in the northern part of the Central Region of Singapore . Toa Payoh planning area borders Bishan and Serangoon to the north, the Central Water Catchment to the northwest, Kallang to the south, Geylang to the southeast, Novena to the west and Hougang to the east. Toa Payoh New Town is situated in the western portion of the Toa Payoh planning area. The latter occupies
260-524: A "heavy loss to my Cabinet and my team of MPs", but said that the party would "accept and respect the voters' decision". The country's Senior Minister, Goh Chok Tong , also admitted that "there is a sea change in the political landscape" after his team won Marine Parade Group Representation Constituency with just 56.6 percent of the vote. The Workers Party's secretary-general Low Thia Khiang said his team's win in Aljunied meant that voters had "accepted
325-463: A ceremony was held to mark its return to Potong Pasir. The Village was officially opened on 26 August 2006, with the ceremony being held at the 1000-seater Cultural Centre in the Junior College. Toa Payoh Potong Pasir SMC Toa Payoh ( / ˌ t ɔː ˈ p ɑː j oʊ / taw PAH -yoh , simplified Chinese : 大巴窑 ; traditional Chinese : 大巴窯 , Tamil : தோ பாயோ ) is
390-569: A children's playground, seating areas and outdoor chessboard, a tea kiosk and a 27-metre high viewing tower. Toa Payoh Town Park was partially closed in 1999 to make way for a temporary bus interchange. After the new Toa Payoh Bus Interchange at the HDB Hub was completed in June 2002, the temporary bus interchange was converted to a landscaped park. Toa Payoh Town Garden was subsequently renamed as Toa Payoh Town Park. Located along Lorong 5 Toa Payoh,
455-510: A first-come-first-served basis. Rallies were allowed to be conducted from 28 April to 5 May, from 7am to 10pm. The 41st site is for lunch time rallies at Boat Quay near to the UOB Plaza . National Solidarity Party People's Action Party Reform Party Singapore Democratic Alliance Singapore Democratic Party Singapore People's Party Workers’ Party During the 2011 elections campaigning, Vivian Balakrishnan said
520-419: A maximum of nine (inclusive of the number of elected opposition members of Parliament), and the number of Nominated Members of Parliament (NMPs) permanent also to nine. A one-day "cooling-off" day was implemented, during which campaigning was forbidden, with only party political broadcasts allowed. Internet campaigning was also formally legalised as a legitimate means of political campaigning. On 26 April 2010,
585-542: A much larger area, encompassing estates such as Potong Pasir and Bidadari . Toa Payoh , in Hokkien , translates as "big swamp" (with toa meaning "big" and payoh meaning "swamp"). The Malay word for swamp is paya . It is the Chinese equivalent of Paya Lebar , which translates to "big swamp land". Toa Payoh's old Chinese name, was known as Ang Chiang San (alternatively An Xiang Shan ) or "burial hill". The area
650-548: A multi-purpose hall, activity rooms as well as a KFC outlet. The multi-purpose hall can be used as a badminton court and serves the residents of the state. There are private houses and condominiums located within the neighbourhood, in Sennett Estate. From 1910 to 1937, it was dominated by sand-quarries, hence giving it its present name, which means 'cut sand' in Malay . These mining activities created four ponds linked to
715-478: A record of becoming the youngest MP-elect, which was previously held by 29-year old Ho Kah Leong back in 1966 . Her record would later be surpassed by 26-year old MP-elect Raeesah Khan in the 2020 elections . Excluding electorates from Tanjong Pagar GRC , voter turnout for the election was 93.18%, with 2,060,373 votes cast. Popular vote Seats Interpretive maps The People's Action Party 's secretary-general, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , described
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#1732776327068780-551: A situation where there would be "no elected opposition MPs". This was despite the elections having the highest proportion of contested seats since independence, with 82 of 87 seats contested. 2011 was the year that saw the highest proportion of seats contested since post-independence; with the second being in 1972 when 57 of 65 seats were contested, It marked the first electoral contests in Bishan–Toa Payoh (since 1991) and Holland–Bukit Timah , and also marked Tanjong Pagar as
845-509: A story next day, with the headline: Is Singapore ready for a GAY MP?" Kenneth Jeyaretnam of the Reform Party called Balakrishnan's campaign a "low attack." Balakrishnan received widespread controversy and criticism online for his remark,. On 28 April, he told the press: "there is "no need" to further discuss [the] video". He said that his question was a "legitimate". Nicole Seah , a team member contesting Marine Parade GRC under
910-494: A total of 84 seats being contested in the general election of 2006 . The new electoral map for 2011 was announced on 24 February 2011. Representation constituencies The changes made in the electoral divisions are as follows: A total of 78 candidates were brand-new to this election. Notable candidates out of the 24 introduced from the People's Action Party that were part of the "fourth-generation" (4G) cabinet which include
975-546: Is a small tree shrine known as Ci Ern Ge Temple . This shrine goes back to the kampong days before the town was set up. It is currently managed by Toa Payoh Central Merchants’ Association (TPCMA). The Housing and Development Board decided to allocate a large area of Toa Payoh for a garden-landscaped park, the Toa Payoh Town Garden, despite the pressure on land here for housing. The town garden used to be popular with visitors who came from near and far to enjoy
1040-622: Is composed of the Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura (Singapore Malay National Organization) (PKMS) and the Singapore Justice Party (SJP). The Reform Party is the newest party and was created on 18 June 2008 and was then led by former Member of Parliament J.B. Jeyaretnam . He could have stood for election after he was discharged from bankruptcy and reinstated to the bar, however, Jeyaretnam died of heart failure on 30 September 2008 at
1105-637: Is home to St Andrew's Village , a cluster of schools part of The Saints Family. It comprises St Andrew's Junior School , Saint Andrew's Secondary School , Saint Andrew's Junior College ; together forming St. Andrew's School . The name of the school is usually abbreviated as SA or SAS. Its students and alumni ('Old Boys' and 'Old Girls') are referred to as Saints. In the 2000s, as part of the St Andrew's Village project, all three schools were planned to reunite in Potong Pasir. Renovation and expansion of
1170-679: Is part of Bishan-Toa Payoh GRC is divided into three divisions — Toa Payoh Central, Toa Payoh East and Toa Payoh West-Thomson. The members of parliament are Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen , Saktiandi Supaat and Chee Hong Tat of the People's Action Party , the ruling party of Singapore. TV shows Books Poems 2011 Singapore general election Lee Hsien Loong PAP Lee Hsien Loong PAP [REDACTED] General elections were held in Singapore on 7 May 2011. President S. R. Nathan dissolved parliament on 19 April 2011 on
1235-690: The Kallang River , although they were reduced to two due to massive flooding in 1968. The ponds provided a good source of food for the local village folk, until pollution set in later. In the mid 1950s, Potong Pasir was one of the most important vegetable growing areas in Singapore. The land here had been cultivated since the 1830s. The farmers there were almost all Cantonese and they used traditional methods with great success. Leafy vegetables were grown on farms located in lowland areas such as Potong Pasir, Changi , Ponggol , and Sembawang . Watercress
1300-673: The Mountbatten SMC with a majority of 3,529. At 1.31 am on 8 May 2011, the PAP team for Ang Mo Kio GRC was declared to have won the division, putting the PAP's seat tally at 44 seats, and thus formed the government. The final result to be declared was for the Potong Pasir SMC at 2.51am on 8 May, where the PAP gained the seat from the SPP on a razor-thin margin of 114 votes. While People's Action Party retain government control for
1365-538: The Singapore People's Party and the other two seats to Yee Jenn Jong and Gerald Giam from the Worker's Party . These offers were all accepted, resulting in a total of nine opposition MPs after the election. This election marked several firsts: the total electorate exceeded 2 million, and with 94% of the seats contested, this was the "most active" election in Singapore's history between 1968 and 2011. As
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#17327763270681430-692: The Singapore People's Party led by Chiam See Tong which left the Singapore Democratic Alliance (SDA) in 2011, the Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) led by Chee Soon Juan , the National Solidarity Party (NSP) led by Goh Meng Seng which left the SDA in 2007, the Reform Party (Singapore) led by Kenneth Jeyaretnam , and the Singapore Democratic Alliance (SDA) led by Desmond Lim, which
1495-779: The Workers' Party succeeding leader in 2018, as well as Lina Loh (wife of then- Potong Pasir SMC MP Chiam See Tong ), Kenneth Andrew Jeyaretnam (son of the late J. B. Jeyaretnam ), Nicole Seah , Tan Jee Say , Hazel Poa (who also joined by her spouse Tony Tan Lay Thiam ) and Benjamin Pwee Yek Guan . 20 existing PAP members from the 11th Parliament will not see re-election, among which 18 announced their retirement, ten of which being office holders, and two members, Balaji Sadasivan (Ang Mo Kio GRC) and Ong Chit Chung (Jurong GRC), died during their term in office but neither by-elections were called since their wards were part of
1560-479: The presidential election occurred three months after the election, 2011 also marked its first year in Singapore since the amendment of the constitution of elected presidency in 1991 where both national elections were held in the same calendar year. The 2011 general elections were the sixteenth general elections in Singapore and eleventh since independence. The governing People's Action Party (PAP) sought to secure their 13th consecutive term in office since 1959. This
1625-497: The "Chicago of the East" and the "Chicago of Singapore". British Queen Elizabeth II visited the area in the years 1972 (Block 53, Toa Payoh) and 2006 (Block 7, Toa Payoh). The layout of the new town follows urban planning principles of the time. The housing estate is self-contained and has a town centre acting as a focal point for the shopping and entertainment needs of the residents. Industrial developments were also built within
1690-535: The 13th consecutive election, PAP saw its vote majorities reduced by about 7% island-wide for a second election in a row, down to its lowest national vote share to 60.17%, surpassing 1991 's share of 61.0%. PAP won all but two constituencies with 81 out of 87 seats; the WP won the remaining six after successfully retain Hougang SMC and for the first time since GRCs were introduced in 1988 , WP also won Aljunied GRC ,
1755-614: The 1950s, is that residents tend less to travel to the main town centre but rather to shop within their neighbourhood; if they travel, they would go to the city via the MRT system, at the Toa Payoh and Braddell MRT stations, or public bus services at Toa Payoh Bus Interchange . Nevertheless, with time, the Toa Payoh Town Centre has become increasingly popular. It has a busy atmosphere because, as with many shopping malls of
1820-401: The 1960s up till the beginning of the 1980s, the town, much like Geylang today, was infamous for its vice, being home to some of Singapore's largest crime syndicates and gangs. Notable cases such as the horrific Toa Payoh ritual murders of 1981, in which people were murdered and stuffed into barrels, brought the town widespread attention. As such, Toa Payoh has also been coined by the media as
1885-591: The Junior School started in 2003, and the new buildings opened in December 2004. Construction of a new Secondary School started in 2003, opposite the Junior School along Francis Thomas Drive, and opened in December 2004. Construction of the Junior College started in June 2003 after the Secondary School vacated the site and shifted to its holding location. The Junior College opened in December 2005 and
1950-584: The NSP team, filed a complaint to the Elections Department on 6 May stating PAP-team member Tin Pei Ling had violated the state-mandated cooling-off period 24 hours before polls by posting a Facebook comment "in response to a video [in the state press] that showed Seah crying after being told about a MacPherson female resident who could not get a refund of her son's $ 80 tuition fees". The NSP team
2015-545: The PAP had been distributing election material to residents in Tampines GRC in violation of cooling-off regulations. After polls closed at 8pm, vote counting began. Results were announced by Yam Ah Mee , chief executive director of the People's Association , who acted as the Returning Officer for the election. The first result was declared at 11.58pm on 7 May 2011, where PAP candidate Lim Biow Chuan won
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2080-608: The SDP was "suppressing a certain YouTube video, which raises some very awkward questions about the agenda and motivations of the SDP and its candidates". He issued the following statement: Vincent Wijeysingha rejected his comments stating, "We've been a very open party and we're very clear." This incident was cited in an article published in The Economist criticising the ruling party's election strategy The New Paper released
2145-602: The Toa Payoh Sensory Park covers an area of 1.1 ha (2.7 acres). Designed to engage visitors' senses, the park is divided into five zones based on the five senses. Designed by Surbana International and Yoshisuke Miyake, and inspired by similar parks in Japan, the park was first announced in December 2007, and was completed in October 2009 at a cost of S$ 3.5 million. The sporting facilities are based in
2210-448: The Toa Payoh Town Centre was completed in 2002. The Housing and Development Board relocated its headquarters from its premises at Bukit Merah to the HDB Hub on 10 June 2002. The HDB Hub comprises two wings, an atrium, four commercial building blocks, a leisure and learning centre and a three-storey basement parking lot. The building also accommodates Singapore's first fully air-conditioned Toa Payoh Bus Interchange and integrates it with
2275-527: The advice of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong . Voting is mandatory in Singapore and is based on the first-past-the-post system. Elections are conducted by the Elections Department , which is under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister's Office. Nomination day was held on 27 April 2011, and for the second election in a row, the PAP did not return to government on nomination day, but it did return to government on polling day. This election also marked
2340-411: The age of 82. His eldest son, Kenneth Jeyaretnam has since taken up leadership of the party and is now its secretary-general. The Electoral Boundaries Review Committee normally publishes an updated list of electoral divisions just before elections are called. Prior to the latest amendments, there were fourteen GRCs, each with five or six seats, and nine Single Member Constituencies (SMC). There were
2405-585: The amendments to the Constitution were passed by a vote of 74–1 after a three-hour debate on the bill. The governing People's Action Party (PAP) has been in power since Singapore's independence in 1965, and is currently led by the Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong . Besides the ruling PAP, the other major political parties that may contest the upcoming elections are the Workers' Party of Singapore (WP) led by Low Thia Khiang ,
2470-426: The announcement of the new electoral boundaries, various opposition parties indicated their intent to contest, subject to negotiations between political parties to avoid three-cornered fights. The parties declaring an interest to contest each constituency and their nomination status is reflected below. In the first pre-election forum of this nature in Singapore since the 1988 General Election, Channel NewsAsia invited
2535-646: The centre of the town, there are also street football courts, gym facilities and basketball courts available at various neighbourhoods of Toa Payoh. Meanwhile, SAFRA clubhouse is located besides Toa Payoh Stadium. Toa Payoh is entirely located within the Bishan-Toa Payoh Group Representation Constituency , while a portion of Lorong 8 Toa Payoh was in the Potong Pasir Single Member Constituency prior to 2020. The section which
2600-585: The display of willows, bamboos and the brilliant reds and yellows of the Delonix regia trees. At the heart of the garden is a 0.8 ha carp pond which contains a waterfall and a cluster of islands linked by bridges. The islands are arranged to provide a sequence of delightful walking experiences not only by day but also by night when the garden is lit. The garden is buffered from the noise and night-time glare of passing traffic along Jalan Toa Payoh by an elevated slope planted with thick rows of Angsanas . There are also
2665-467: The eventual fourth Prime Minister of Singapore Lawrence Wong , a future Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore Heng Swee Keat , an ex- SAF Chief and ministers Chan Chun Sing , Tan Chuan-Jin , as well as Desmond Lee and Ong Ye Kung , the sons of former MPs Lee Yock Suan and Ong Lian Ten respectively. There were 54 debuting candidates from six opposition party, which include Pritam Singh who made another inroad into Parliament and went on to become
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2730-548: The existing Toa Payoh MRT station . Another landmark of Toa Payoh is the facility of Royal Philips Electronics (the Dutch multinational making medical and electronics equipment). Philips established an extensive facility, parts of which are now owned by Jabil and NXP. The facility has been used by Philips for developing, amongst others, televisions and DVD players for years. An interesting landmark in Toa Payoh Central
2795-699: The first and the only three-cornered fight since 2001 in Punggol East SMC . The elections were described as a "watershed" by various parties. The ruling PAP reminded voters that the election will determine "Singapore's next generation of leaders". The Workers' Party called it a "watershed election" both for Singapore and the opposition, as it marked the first time in two decades that the only two incumbent opposition MPs moved out of their respective strongholds and contested in Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs), risking
2860-561: The first instance where any opposition party won a GRC. Its victory also lead to the defeat of cabinet minister George Yeo and Lim Hwee Hua , who became the first and second cabinet ministers to lose re-election since independence, with the last time being 1963 (minister Kenneth Michael Byrne lost his seat of Crawford). The election also saw several records, with the elections of first female opposition MP Sylvia Lim and first Malay opposition MP Faisal Manap into Parliament. At 27 years of age, Marine Parade GRC MP Tin Pei Ling set
2925-400: The land was acquired by the government for massive redevelopment. Hence, a public housing estate, Potong Pasir Estate, began to take shape in the 1980s, with construction commencing in 1982, and the first blocks completed two years later. The sloping roof of some blocks became the most recognisable icon of Potong Pasir. From then till now, the ward has managed to retain its idyllic feel even as
2990-613: The main parties to record an hour-long programme. The programme, in English entitled, “A political forum on Singapore's future” brought together the ruling People's Action Party (PAP) and four opposition parties to discuss long and short-term challenges for the country. The forum included: The Worker's Party utilised social media to circumvent obstacles placed in front of them by Singapore's government-controlled media . The Singapore Police Force announced 41 political rally sites on 27 April which could be booked by political parties on
3055-441: The only constituency to remain uncontested since its formation in 1991. This was the last general election to date where there were walkovers in at least one constituency as subsequent elections would see all constituencies being contested for the first time in post-independence since 1963 . The final results saw a 6 percentage point swing against the PAP from the 2006 elections to 60%, its lowest since independence. The results saw
3120-399: The pace of urbanisation has caught up with other areas. Historically, a road called " Jalan Potong Pasir " used to cut through the area. This historic road has since ceased to exist, but it defined the lines of the Potong Pasir Single Member Constituency as it started the current Lorong 8 Toa Payoh at Braddell Road and ending at Potong Pasir Avenue 1 at Upper Serangoon Road . Potong Pasir
3185-538: The redevelopment started in early 1964. Toa Payoh New Town is Singapore's second oldest satellite town and the first to be built by the Housing and Development Board after the development of Queenstown by the Singapore Improvement Trust in the late 1950s. Before its time as a residential town, Toa Payoh was a squatter district, with a prominent agricultural heritage in the area. Throughout
3250-493: The residents". A similar complaint was lodged against Seah alleging that material had been published on her Facebook page during Cooling-Off Day. On 10 August, the Singapore Police Force announced that it had concluded its investigations into the two incidents, and that aside from a "stern warning" to Tin's friend, neither action was taken against either Tin or Seah. Separately, the NSP also complained that
3315-591: The results as delivering his party a "clear mandate to form the next government". In his post-election press conference, Lee said the polls had "heightened (voters') political consciousness and awareness", and admitted that "many of them desire to see more opposition voices in Parliament to check the PAP government". He described the PAP's loss of Aljunied GRC, which resulted in George Yeo being voted out of Parliament and losing his position as foreign minister, as
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#17327763270683380-438: The ruling PAP winning 81 elected seats with the Worker's Party (WP) winning the remaining 6. The WP successfully retained their ward of Hougang SMC and captured Aljunied GRC . This marked the first time a GRC was won by an opposition party since the introduction of GRCs. As six Members of Parliament from the opposition were elected, only three Non-Constituency Member of Parliament seats were offered, one to Lina Chiam from
3445-557: The southern central part of Toa Payoh, which is located near the town centre. It includes the 3,500-seat Toa Payoh Stadium , where Singapore Premier League club Balestier Khalsa FC plays its home games. Toa Payoh Sports Hall is located besides the stadium, as well as the Singapore Table Tennis Association Academy. Meanwhile, there is also Toa Payoh Swimming Complex , where national swimming athletes train. Besides these facilities located in
3510-404: The time, all commercial activities are concentrated along a single mall with high point blocks on either side and major department stores at each end. The shopping mall is actually L-shaped and there are two plazas, one with a branch library and cinema, the other with an area office and a post office. Each plaza has a department store at either end. The commercial development, HDB Hub , located at
3575-410: The town to provide residents with job opportunities close to home while schools were built within the neighbourhoods. The town centre was the first prototype in Singapore. It is surrounded by separated neighbourhoods, each with its own shopping amenities and community centres, well served by a network of vehicular roads and generous open space separating them. The result, as in the English new towns of
3640-592: The ward from 1984 to 2011. In 2011, the ward, led by Mrs. Lina Chiam, was lost to 3-time challenger Sitoh Yih Pin in what was the slimmest of margins of 114 votes, with 242 votes rejected. Mr. Chiam See Tong led a team of 5 to contest in the Bishan-Toa Payoh Group Representation Constituency (GRC) during that General Elections . Potong Pasir is accessible by the MRT station on the North East line . The Potong Pasir Community Club in Potong Pasir hosts facilities such as
3705-474: Was a state of Malaysia . Toa Payoh was once an extensive and notorious squatter district. Most squatters were engaged in farming and rearing pigs. The others were hawkers , factory workers, mechanics or domestic helpers . The squatters started moving out in 1962 as a result of increased compensation rates and other practical inducements offered by the Government. Clearance work was able to commence and
3770-517: Was advised by the Elections Department to lodge a police report before the Elections Department could investigate. The day after the election, Seah told reporters that her party had not received any response after making the complaint, and said no decision had been taken on whether or not to pursue the issue. She added that the NSP knew "it is an uphill battle to get any results out of this. I would rather devote my time and resources to
3835-439: Was also a site of regular flooding. Villagers would take refuge in nearby St Andrew's School, which was on Woodsville Hill. Rapid change took place for the past five decades, with the building of a bridge across the ponds in the 1950s, a venue for education introduced in the form of a village community centre in 1952, piped water and electricity in the 1960s, and by the 1970s, most of the villagers had already started to move out as
3900-422: Was called as such because of the presence of an old cemetery located in the area. John Turnbull Thomson , a government surveyor , refers to Toa Payoh in his 1849 agricultural report as Toah Pyoh Lye and Toah Pyoh . Unique to housing estates in Singapore, roads in Toa Payoh are given Malay-language street prefixes , (e.g. "Jalan Toa Payoh", "Lorong Satu Toa Payoh" ) as when the town was conceived, Singapore
3965-401: Was claimed in 1991 and had broken the record in 2017). After Chiam vacated his seat to contest in the neighboring Bishan-Toa Payoh Group Representation Constituency in 2011, his wife Lina Loh was named the successor; however, neither Chiam's team nor his wife Loh were successful, with the latter being unsuccessful in defending the constituency despite a razor-thin margin. Potong Pasir estate
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#17327763270684030-585: Was famous for being its former opposition stronghold where then-longest serving opposition Member of Parliament (MP) and Secretary-General of the Singapore People's Party (SPP) (previously Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) until 1994, and part of Singapore Democratic Alliance (SDA) between 2001 and 2010), Chiam See Tong , was an MP in his constituency for 26 years, which back then, sets a record for its longest tenure of any opposition party at 26 years from 1984 to 2011 (the record has since superseded by Workers' Party 's currently-held stronghold of Hougang , which
4095-532: Was formed in the 1968 election on its redistricting from its former Aljunied Constituency , and has remained as a SMC since its presence as of the recent 2020 General Elections . Its current Member of Parliament is People's Action Party 's Sitoh Yih Pin , who served this constituency since 2011 . Its Town Council was standalone as a SMC until 2015 where it was now part of the Jalan Besar Town Council, with Jalan Besar GRC . The constituency
4160-424: Was the most important type of vegetable grown in Potong Pasir. A small portion of farmland was used for planting coconut palms. Vegetable farming in Singapore was a family business. Farmers of Potong Pasir lived in attap houses, in zinc roof and semi-concrete houses. The general condition of the rural roads was poor. Most farmers in the area leased their land from the Government. During the early years, Potong Pasir
4225-565: Was the second election since Lee Hsien Loong became its Secretary-General. On 11 March 2010 the Government tabled three bills in the parliament to amend the Constitution, the Presidential Elections Act and the Parliamentary Elections Act. These amendments reduced the number of Group representation constituencies (GRC), increased the number of Non-Constituency Members of Parliament (NCMPs) to
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