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67-508: Like the chasuble, the phelonion was originally a sort of poncho , a conical round vestment with a hole in the middle for the head, which fell to the feet on all sides. It derived from the Roman civilian paenula , and it was made of wool, silk, or linen. Unlike the chasuble, it was worn at all liturgical functions, not only at the celebration of the Mass or Divine Liturgy. It was in use as early as

134-691: A change in their relationship to the UOC. However, in June 2023 ROC hierarch Metropolitan Leonid (Gorbachev) of Klin , scorned the UOC's decision to separate from the Moscow Patriarchate, saying, "When the opportunity presented itself to get out from under the wing of Moscow, they did it," and declared that the ROC would absorb the UOC's dioceses in Russian occupied areas of Ukraine . On 20 August 2024,

201-679: A church censorship was introduced to the Kyiv metropolia. In 1718 Metropolitan Ioasaf was arrested and dispatched to Saint Petersburg for interrogation where he died. From 1718 to 1722, the Metropolitan See in Kyiv was vacant and ruled by the Kyiv Spiritual Consistory (under the authority of the Most Holy Synod ); in 1722 it was occupied by Archbishop Varlaam. In 1730, Archbishop Varlaam with all members of

268-660: A hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, decried the Ukrainian Orthodox Church's decision to separate from the Moscow Patriarchate and declared that the Russian Orthodox Church would absorb UOC dioceses in areas of Ukraine occupied by Russia . In a Patriarchal calendar for 2024 released by the Russian Orthodox Church in December 2023 all the then bishops of the (designated itself as not connected to Russia ) UOC were listed as bishops of

335-576: A high, stiffened collar that covers the back of the head. There is also a shortened phelonion (Фелончик, felonchik ) that is worn by a reader at his tonsuring . This small phelonion is still worn by altar servers in Old Believers churches. The Greek-style phelonion is, generally speaking, worn by those with a historical and geographical closer tie with the Patriarch of Constantinople , which would include most Eastern Orthodox Christians in

402-418: A rural bishop would have both worn the plain phelonion with the omophorion . Strict enforcement of who was allowed to wear the polystavrion was exemplified by a 1370 letter from Philotheus I , Patriarch of Constantinople to Aleksei bishop of Novgorod in which he prohibits Aleksei from wearing it, since the right to wear the polystavrion was given to Aleskei's predecessor as a personal favor. The polystavrion

469-834: A standard piece of U.S. military field equipment. Today, the United States armed forces issue ponchos that may be used as a field expedient shelter. These garments are also used by hunters , campers , and rescue workers. During World War II, the German Army ( Wehrmacht ) issued the Zeltbahn (see Shelter half ), a poncho that could be combined to form tents . A typical four-man tent used four Zeltbahnen . Versatility of Military Ponchos The versatility of Military Ponchos are very common specially when hiking or even in military field. Building improvised tent, sleeping mats etc. can be observed. Soldiers tend to use ponchos as

536-461: A substitute of tent because it is portable and easy to install. Poncho Hooch, Poncho Lean-to, Poncho Litter, and "Australian" Poncho Raft are some example on how you configure your own poncho in order to survive. In the late 18th century, Basque navigator José de Moraleda wrote that the ponchos of the Huilliche of Osorno were less colorful than those of Chiloé Archipelago . The Huilliche are

603-716: Is a kind of plainly formed, loose outer garment originating in the Americas , traditionally and still usually made of fabric, and designed to keep the body warm. Ponchos have been used by the Native American peoples of the Andes , Patagonia , and the Valley of Mexico since pre-Hispanic times, in places now under the territory of Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Mexico , Peru , Uruguay , and Venezuela , and have also become familiar in parts of

670-602: Is half-way between the Russian and Greek styles. A bishop who wishes to serve a Divine Liturgy as a priest ( i.e. , without the special rites and prayers of the Hierarchical Divine Liturgy) will sometimes vest in a phelonion instead of his sakkos , but with the omophorion around his neck. This is also done in the Liturgy of St. James . In Oriental Orthodoxy , the phelonion is often only clasped at

737-685: Is the largest Eastern Orthodox ecclesiastical body in modern Ukraine , alongside the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU). Since the Unification Council on 15 December 2018 which formed the OCU, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople has disputed the claims by the Moscow Patriarchate of its ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the territory of Ukraine. The Russian Orthodox Church does not currently recognize

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804-580: The February 2022 full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine the church stated that it was one of the "self-governing" churches under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate, i.e. the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) . (In the terminology of the current Statute of the ROC, a "self-governing Church" is distinguished from an " autonomous Church "). The UOC claims since May 2022 that 'any provisions that at least somehow hinted at or indicated

871-794: The Grand Duke of Lithuania - the Metropolis of Lithuania . In 1596, the Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galich and all Rus' Michael Rohoza accepted the Union of Brest transforming dioceses of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople into the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church under the Holy See 's jurisdiction. In 1620, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople Cyril Lucaris reestablished Orthodox dioceses for

938-675: The Moscow Patriarchate claimed to transfer Crimea from the Ukrainian Orthodox Church to the Moscow Patriarchate. The UOC continues to list the Crimean eparchies as its own, and has not recognized any change to its territorial boundaries based on decisions taken by the ROC. On 27 March 2023, Archbishop Viktor (Kotsaba) said that the territories of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church include the Crimea and Donbas areas of Ukraine. On 21 June 2023, Metropolitan Leonid (Gorbachev) of Klin ,

1005-617: The Philippine–American War in 1900. With the entry of the United States into World War I , both doughboys and Marines in France wore the poncho; it was preferred over the raincoat for its ability to keep both the wearer and his pack dry, as well as serving as a roof for a makeshift shelter. Just prior to World War II , ponchos were significantly improved during testing with the U.S. Army Jungle Experimental Platoon in

1072-653: The Supreme Court of Ukraine allowed the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (UOC) to retain its name. The UOC had argued that their governing center is in Ukraine's capital, Kyiv , not in Russia 's capital, Moscow , and therefore it should not be renamed. On 27 December 2022 the Constitutional Court of Ukraine ordered the UOC to change its name and indicate its affiliation with Russia. It took into account

1139-750: The Tikhvin Assumption Monastery . In 1750 Varlaam accepted the Great Schema under the name of Vasili and soon died in 1751. In 1743, the title of Metropolitan was re-instated for Archbishop Raphael Zaborovsky . On 2 April 1767, the Empress of Russia Catherine the Great issued an edict stripping the title of the Kyivan Metropolitan of the style "and all Little Russia". Metropolitan Vladimir Bogoyavlensky chaired

1206-432: The U.S. A rain poncho is made from a watertight material designed to keep the body dry from the rain . In its simplest form, the poncho is essentially a single large sheet of fabric with an opening in the center for the head. It often has an extra piece of fabric serving as a hood. Rainproof ponchos are normally fitted with fasteners to close the sides once the poncho is draped over the body, with openings provided for

1273-611: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church , stating that it is the sole canonical body of Orthodox Christians in the country, a Ukrainian "local church" ( Ukrainian : Помісна Церква ). The church rejects being labeled "Russian" or "Moscow." It is also the name that it is registered with the State Committee of Religious Affairs in Ukraine. It is often referred to as the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) or UOC (MP) in order to distinguish between

1340-611: The exonym Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate ( UOC-MP ), is an Eastern Orthodox church in Ukraine . The Ukrainian Orthodox Church was officially formed in 1990 in place of the Ukrainian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC), under the leadership of Metropolitan Filaret , as the Ukrainian branch of the Russian Orthodox Church . On 27 May 2022, following a church-wide council in Kyiv,

1407-621: The pro-Russian separatists to lay down their arms and take advantage of the amnesty promised to them in the Minsk II agreement. From 2014 until 2018 around 60 Moscow Patriarchate parishes switched to the Kyivan Patriarchate in transfers the leadership. The Moscow patriarchate says these changes were illegal. According to the Razumkov Center , among the 27.8 million Ukrainian members of Orthodox churches, allegiance to

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1474-580: The self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic . This further resulted in an armed conflict between Russian Separatist forces in Donbas and the Ukrainian Army . Instances were recorded of Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) clergymen supporting the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic. On 14 September 2015, the church urged

1541-454: The " triunity of the Russian people " and it claimed that Belarusians and Ukrainians "should be recognised only as sub-ethnic groups of the Russians ". The UOC stated on 28 March 2024 that they "dissociates itself from the ideology of the Russian world ." The Ukrainian Orthodox Church considers itself the sole descendant in modern Ukraine of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' that

1608-458: The 11th century, a special phelonion, called the polystavrion or polystaurion ("many crosses") phelonion developed for certain prelates, and it was made of cloth that was either woven or embroidered with a pattern of multiple crosses. The oldest surviving sources depicting the polystavrion as used by bishops are certain manuscripts from the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries. The first author to mention it, Joannes Zonaras, declares its use

1675-744: The All-Ukrainian Church Council that took a break between its sessions on 18 January 1918 and was to be resumed in May 1918. On 23–24 January 1918, the Red Guards of Reingold Berzin occupied Kyiv (see Ukrainian–Soviet War ). In the evening of 25 January 1918, Metropolitan Vladimir was found dead between walls of the Old Pechersk Fortress beyond the Gates of All Saints, having been killed by unknown people. In May 1918,

1742-518: The Church's administration. The UOC-MP, prior to 2019, was believed to be the largest religious body in Ukraine with the greatest number of parish churches and communities counting up to half of the total in Ukraine and totaling over 10,000. The UOC also claimed to have up to 75 percent of the Ukrainian population. Independent surveys showed significant variance. According to Stratfor , in 2008, more than 50 percent of Ukrainian population belonged to

1809-533: The Kyiv Patriarchate grew from 12 percent in 2000, to 25 percent in 2016—and much of the growth came from believers who previously did not associate with either patriarchate. In April 2018, the Moscow patriarchate had 12,300 parishes and the Kyivan Patriarchate 5,100 parishes. In 2017, Ukraine passed laws which the Moscow Patriarchate interpreted as discriminatory. From 29 November to 2 December 2017,

1876-743: The Kyiv Spiritual Consistory were put on trial by the Privy Chancellery. After being convicted, Varlaam as a simple monk was exiled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery in Vologda region where he served a sentence of imprisonment of 10 years. After the death of the Russian Empress Anna in 1740, Varlaam was allowed to return and recovered all his Archiereus titles. He however refused to accept back those titles and, after asked to be left in peace, moved to

1943-599: The Kyiv eparchy was provisionally headed by various bishops of neighboring eparchies until 1927. After his return in 1927 Mikhail became the Metropolitan of Kyiv and Exarch of Ukraine until his death in 1929. In 1945, after the integration of Zakarpattia Oblast into the USSR , eastern parts of the Eparchy of Mukačevo and Prešov were transferred from the supreme jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church to

2010-740: The Metropolitan of Kyiv and Galich Antony Khrapovitsky was appointed to the Kyiv eparchy , a former candidate to become the Patriarch of Moscow at the Russian Local Council of 1917 and losing it to the Patriarch Tikhon . In July 1918 Metropolitan Antony became the head of the All-Ukrainian Church Council. Eventually he sided with the Russian White movement supporting the Denikin's forces of South Russia , while keeping

2077-639: The Middle East, Greece, the Balkans, Romania, Bulgaria, as well as Greek-Catholics and Orthodox in western Ukraine. The Russian-style phelonion is used by the Russian Orthodox , Ukrainian Autocephalous , Ukrainian Orthodox (Moscow Patriarchate) , Polish Orthodox churches, as well as the Orthodox Church in America . There is also a version used by some Ukrainian and Bulgarian Orthodox which

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2144-465: The Moscow Patriarchate and later Russia 's Most Holy Synod . Before the Battle of Poltava , when Ivan Mazepa sided with Carl XII , the new Metropolitan Ioasaf along with bishops of Chernigov and Pereyaslav was summoned by Peter the Great to Hlukhiv where they were ordered to declare an anathema onto Mazepa. After the battle of Poltava, in 1709 Metropolitan Ioasaf was exiled to Tver and in 1710

2211-570: The Moscow Patriarchate, because of historical and traditional roots in Kyiv and Ukraine, and because nearly a third of the Moscow Patriarchate's 36,000 congregations were in Ukraine. Metropolitan Vladimir (Sabodan) , who succeeded Filaret (Denysenko) , was enthroned in 1992 as the Primate of the UOC under the title Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine , with the official residency in the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra , which also houses all of

2278-880: The Orthodox population of what was then the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth — under the Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia, and all Russia Job Boretsky as the Patriarchal Exarch . Following the transfer of the Cossack Hetmanate under the sovereignty of the Tsardom of Russia in 1654, the Kyivan metropolis in 1686 was transferred by the Patriarch Dionysius IV under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate , following

2345-713: The ROC and consequently a geopolitical tool of Russia , which have stridently opposed the consolidation and recognition of the independent OCU. Since 2014, the church has come under attack for perceived anti-Ukrainian and pro-Russian actions by its clergymen. In spring 2014, Ukraine lost control over Crimea , which was unilaterally annexed by Russia in March 2014. The Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) Metropolitan of Feodosia and Kerch Platon Udovenko, and other Ukrainian Orthodox Church priests, blessed Russian weapons and met with representatives of (the then formed Russian administrative unit) Republic of Crimea . Notwithstanding this Russian annexation of Crimea,

2412-455: The Russian Orthodox Church Bishops’ Council met to consider the matter of autonomy to the UOC-MP. The members decided to write a separate chapter of the ROC Statute to confirm the status of UOC-MP which contained the following provisions: In December 2017, the Security Service of Ukraine published classified documents revealing that the NKGB of the USSR and its units in the Union and autonomous republics, territories and regions were engaged in

2479-400: The Russian Orthodox Church, the Primate of the UOC-MP is the most senior permanent member of the ROC's Holy Synod and thus has a say in its decision-making in respect of the rest of the ROC throughout the world. Despite the de facto annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014, the eparchies of the UOC in Crimea have continued to be administered by the UOC. In June 2022

2546-451: The Russian Orthodox Church. In response, Archbishop Jonah (Cherepanov) of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church said that the UOC does not recognize any of the ROC's attempts to make decisions affecting Ukrainian dioceses. Later, the UOC's official website stated the following: "In order not to become an object of manipulation, everybody wishing to obtain official information about the UOC and its episcopate should refer solely to official sources of

2613-505: The U.S. Western Plains . These early military ponchos were made of gutta percha muslin , a latex -coated, waterproof cloth. Ponchos made of gutta-percha or India rubber coated cloth were officially adopted during the American Civil War , both as rain clothing and as a ground sheet for sleeping. While originally intended for cavalry forces, they were widely used by infantry as well; Major General Sherman's Union troops, lightly equipped and living off procurement demand from

2680-410: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) kept control of its eparchies in Crimea until June 2022. Continuing during the spring of 2014 in the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine , pro-Russian protests escalated into an armed separatist insurgency. Early in April 2014, masked gunmen took control of several of the region's government buildings and towns. This action led to the creation of

2747-414: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church announced its full independence and autonomy from the Moscow Patriarchate. The council made this decision in protest of the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , and particularly in response to Russian Orthodox Church head Patriarch Kirill 's support for the invasion. The UOC (did not and) has never declared full autocephaly from the Russian Orthodox Church. The UOC

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2814-427: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church under the Moscow Patriarch. Razumkov Centre survey results, however, tended to show greater adherence to the rival Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate . Many Orthodox Ukrainians do not clearly identify with a particular Orthodox jurisdiction and, sometimes, are even unaware of the affiliation of the parish they attend as well as of the controversy itself, which indicates

2881-408: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church. This pertains also to information included in church calendars." The UOC publicly distended itself from the World Russian People's Council headed and led by ROC head Patriarch Kirill of Moscow of late March 2024. During this Congress a document was approved that stated that the Russian invasion of Ukraine was a " Holy War ." The document also stated that following

2948-458: The Ukrainian church. The Russian Orthodox Church immediately rejected that statement and called for further discussion and revision of historical archives. Soon, Gedeon gradually lost control of the dioceses which had been under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of Kyiv. In January 1688, Gedeon's title was changed by Moscow to the ″Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galich, and Little Russia″. Gedeon's successors were effectively mere diocesan bishops under

3015-458: The Verkhovna Rada banned the Russian Orthodox Church by adopting the Law of Ukraine "On the Protection of the Constitutional Order in the Field of Activities of Religious Organizations" . Ukrainian religious organizations affiliated with the ROC will have nine months to break off its relations with the Patriarchate of Moscow in accordance with the Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church . The Ukrainian Orthodox Church insists on its name being just

3082-477: The arms. Many ponchos have hoods attached to ward off wind and rain. Alternative ponchos are now designed as fashion items. They are the same shape but of different material. They are designed to look fashionable and provide warmth and to remain breathable and comfortable, rather than to ward off wind and rain. They are often made out of woolen yarn , knitted or crocheted . Ponchos with festive designs or colors can be worn at special events as well. The poncho

3149-616: The connection with Moscow were excluded'; since then it is a matter of dispute as to whether the Church is under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church. Despite claims that the church did not publish its new statute, the new statute is publicly available on government, news, and official church websites. The ROC defines the UOC-MP as a "self-governing church with rights of wide autonomy". It has also ignored all UOC-MP's declarations of it not being connected with it anymore and continues to include UOC-MP clerics in various commissions or working groups. According to

3216-406: The difficulty of using survey numbers as an indicator of a relative strength of the church. Additionally, the geographical factor plays a major role in the number of adherents, as the Ukrainian population tends to be more churchgoing in the western part of the country rather than in the UOC-MP's heartland in southern and eastern Ukraine. Politically, many in Ukraine see the UOC-MP as merely a puppet of

3283-423: The election of Gedeon Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky as the Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia, and all Russia with the help of the Hetman of Zaporizhian Host Ivan Samoylovych . In late 2018, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople indicated that information about that it transferred jurisdiction over Ukraine to the Moscow Patriarchate was inaccurate as Constantinople temporarily provided Moscow with stewardship over

3350-415: The head of the Fifth Division 2nd Directorate of Karpov stated that "it is important to ensure that the number of nominated candidates is dominated by the agents of the NKGB, capable of holding the line that we need at the Council." On 13 December 2018 a priest of the church, Volodymyr Maretsky , was sentenced in absentia to 6 years of imprisonment for hindering the Armed Forces of Ukraine in 2014 during

3417-556: The jungles of Panama , incorporating new, lighter materials and a drawcord hood that could be closed off to form a rain fly or ground sheet. Ponchos were widely used by United States armed forces during World War II; even lightly equipped foot-mounted forces such as Merrill's Marauders , forced to discard tentage and all other unnecessary equipment, retained their blanket and poncho. During the 1950s, new lightweight coated nylon and other synthetic materials were developed for military ponchos. The poncho has remained in service ever since as

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3484-406: The jurisdiction of the Exarchate of Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine, and a new Eparchy of Mukachevo and Uzhgorod was formed. On 28 October 1990, the Moscow Patriarchate granted the Ukrainian Exarchate a status of a self–governing church under the jurisdiction of the ROC (but not the full autonomy as is understood in the ROC legal terminology). However, the Ukrainian branch remained crucial to

3551-426: The local populace, wore ponchos during wet weather encountered during the march through Confederate Georgia to the sea. Discontinued after the Civil War, the U.S. Army again issued ponchos of waterproof rubberized canvas to its forces during the Spanish–American War of 1898. Two years later, both the Army and the Marines were forced to issue waterproof rubberized cloth ponchos with high neck collars during

3618-441: The movements of the priest's hands. In Russia the longer front remained common until quite recent times. The use of the phelonion is not limited to the Divine Liturgy but is specified for any major liturgical function. It is also called phenolion ( φαινόλιον ; plural phenolia φαινόλια ) in some books. Originally the bishops wore a phelonion identical to that worn by priests and it could be of any solid color. Starting before

3685-633: The neck, and is thus more open than the Byzantine-style, resembling a Western cope . Its various names are phanolion ( Coptic ), paynā ( Assyrian ), phayno ( Syriac Orthodox ), šurdzar ( Armenian ) and kāppā ( Ethiopian ). These are worn by bishops as well as priests (the sakkos is not worn by priests). Woodfin, Warren T. (2012). The embodied icon : liturgical vestments and sacramental power in Byzantium. Oxford [Great Britain]: Oxford University Press. Poncho A poncho ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpontʃo] ; Quechua : punchu ; Mapudungun : pontro ; "blanket", "woolen fabric")

3752-850: The principal indigenous population of Chile from Toltén River to Chiloé Archipelago . Mapuche ponchos were once highly valued, in the 19th century a poncho could be traded for several horses or up to seventy kilos of yerba mate . 19th-century Mapuche ponchos were clearly superior to non-indigenous Chilean textiles and of good quality when compared to contemporary European wool textiles. [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of poncho at Wiktionary Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church ( UOC ), commonly referred to by

3819-419: The selection of candidates for participation in the 1945 council that elected Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow from the representatives of the clergy and the laity. This included "persons who have religious authority among the clergy and believers, and at the same time checked for civic or patriotic work". A letter sent in September 1944 and signed by the head of the 2nd Directorate of the NKGB of the USSR Fedotov and

3886-428: The sixth century for priests, bishops, and also minor orders. It can be seen in the mosaics in Ravenna and the Euphrasian Basilica in Porec. The phelonion is depicted in the Menologion of Basil II , dating to 1000 AD. It shape evolved, and was folded above the elbows to free the arms and hands. In its present form (dating from about the 15th century) the front is largely cut away (from about the waist down) to facilitate

3953-474: The title of Metropolitan of Kyiv and Halych. After the defeat of the Whites and the exile of Antony, in 1919-21 the metropolitan seat was temporarily held by the bishop of Cherkasy Nazariy (also the native of Kazan ). After the arrest of Nazariy by the Soviet authorities in 1921, the seat was provisionally held by the bishop of Grodno and newly elected Exarch of Ukraine Mikhail, a member of the Russian Black Hundreds nationalistic movement. After his arrest in 1923,

4020-412: The two rival churches contesting the name of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Following the creation of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine , on 20 December 2018, the Ukrainian parliament voted to force the UOC-MP to rename itself in its mandatory state registration, its new name must have "the full name of the church to which it is subordinated". This was protested by UOC-MP adherents. On 11 December 2019

4087-468: The verdict of the European Court of Human Rights in the case "Ilin and others against Ukraine" that stated Ukrainian law could force "religious organization, wishing to be registered, to take a name which makes it impossible to mislead the faithful and society as a whole and which makes it possible to distinguish it from existing organizations." In May 2024 of the 8,097 UOC parishes 22 of them directly indicated their affiliation in their name. Prior to

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4154-402: The war "the entire territory of modern Ukraine should enter the zone of Russia's exclusive influence". This was to be done so "The possibility of the existence of a Russophobic political regime hostile to Russia and its people on this territory, as well as a political regime controlled from an external center hostile to Russia, should be completely excluded." The document also made reference to

4221-402: Was allowed not only for the four Orthodox patriarchs (Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem), but also for the exarchs of the Patriarchate of Constantinople , that is the bishops of Caesarea, Ephesus, Thessaloniki, and Corinth. The twelfth century canonist Theodore Balsamon deemed it strictly reserved for the patriarch. No polystavrion has survived from the Byzantine period, and it

4288-416: Was established in the 10th century following the baptism of Kievan Rus' . Due to the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 13th century, the metropolitan seat was moved to Vladimir and later to Moscow . In the Kingdom of Galicia and Volhynia to the south-west, a separate metropolis was erected - the Metropolis of Halych . Similarly, in the north-west, another metropolis was erected at the behest of Algirdas ,

4355-406: Was gradually supplanted by the sakkos . In his writings around 1400, Symeon of Thessalonica allows it to be used by all metropolitans. Between the 12th and 15th century, the polystavrion obtained great importance, and is often seen in monumental paintings and frescos. The polystavrion was the first case of vestement that differentiated the rank of a see. Before, the highest ranking patriarch and

4422-452: Was initially developed as a symbol of higher rank, but gradually was extended to all bishops. This phenomenon was later repeated with the sakkos and the mitre, which also started off as worn only by the highest-ranking patriarchs and then trickled down to the rest of the hierarchy. There are two main styles of phelonion. Byzantine- or Greek-style phelonia are tailored to fit over the shoulders, while Russian-style phelonia (Фелонь, felon ) have

4489-443: Was one of the typical clothes of many South American and Mexican cultures. Although investigations have concluded that its origins could be Mexico, Ecuador or Peru, it is not known where the first ponchos were made. The poncho is now commonly associated with the Americas . As traditional clothing, the local names and variants are: The poncho was first used on a regular basis in the 1850s for irregular U.S. military forces operating on

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