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Intermodal freight transport involves the transportation of freight in an intermodal container or vehicle , using multiple modes of transportation (e.g., rail , ship , aircraft , and truck ), without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes. The method reduces cargo handling, and so improves security, reduces damage and loss, and allows freight to be transported faster. Reduced costs over road trucking is the key benefit for inter-continental use. This may be offset by reduced timings for road transport over shorter distances.

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66-770: Port Jersey , officially the Port Jersey Port Authority Marine Terminal and referred to as the Port Jersey Marine Terminal , is an intermodal freight transport facility that includes a container terminal located on the Upper New York Bay in the Port of New York and New Jersey . The municipal border of the Hudson County cities of Jersey City and Bayonne runs along the long pier extending into

132-689: A $ 10 million initial payment and annual payments of $ 250,000 for the arrangement. The plan faced opposition initially. In 2010, the plan was approved, with $ 118 million budgeted by the Port Authority. In 2010, the PANYNJ purchased the yard to begin the project. Waste handling improvement projects have continued in context of other improvements to the Greenville Rail Yard . Intermodal freight transport Intermodal transportation has its origin in 18th century England and predates

198-524: A crane. Handling equipment can be designed with intermodality in mind, assisting with transferring containers between rail, road and sea. These can include: According to the European Commission Transportation Department "it has been estimated that up to 25% of accidents involving trucks can be attributable to inadequate cargo securing". Cargo that is improperly secured can cause severe accidents and lead to

264-676: A curved roof and insufficient strength for stacking. From 1928 the London, Midland & Scottish Railway offered "door to door" intermodal road-rail services using these containers. This standard failed to become popular outside the United Kingdom. Pallets made their first major appearance during World War II , when the United States military assembled freight on pallets, allowing fast transfer between warehouses , trucks, trains, ships , and aircraft . Because no freight handling

330-438: A four-lane arterial road , crossing under a CSAO railroad line. It heads north-northeast as it passes between neighborhoods and the parallel CSAO Bayonne Industrial Track and NJ Transit's Hudson–Bergen Light Rail lines to the west and port areas to the east, including the former Military Ocean Terminal . Shortly after becoming a four-lane freeway again, the route crosses into Jersey City , where it comes to an interchange with

396-471: A mechanism for intermodal shipping known as double-stack rail transport has become increasingly common. Rising to the rate of nearly 70% of the United States' intermodal shipments, it transports more than one million containers per year. The double-stack rail cars design significantly reduces damage in transit and provides greater cargo security by cradling the lower containers so their doors cannot be opened. A succession of large, new, domestic container sizes

462-487: A new standardized steel Intermodal container based on specifications from the United States Department of Defense began to revolutionize freight transportation. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) then issued standards based upon the U.S. Department of Defense standards between 1968 and 1970. The White Pass & Yukon Route railway acquired the world's first container ship ,

528-500: A renovated National Docks Secondary freight line to access the national network, part of the Liberty Freight Corridor. In December 2016, construction began on the $ 600 million Express Rail facility. The facility will feature 9,600 feet of track serviced by rail mounted gantry cranes that will have an annual capacity of 250,000 container lifts. Construction was scheduled to be completed by mid-2018. The first phase of

594-1236: Is a state highway in New Jersey , United States. It comprises two segments, a 5.15-mile (8.29 km) freeway in Middlesex County linking Interstate 287 (I-287) and the New Jersey Turnpike ( I-95 ), in Edison to the Outerbridge Crossing in Perth Amboy and an 8.18-mile (13.16 km) four-lane divided highway in Hudson County running from the Bayonne Bridge in Bayonne to US Route 1-9 Truck (US 1-9 Truck) in Jersey City . These two segments are connected by New York State Route 440 (NY 440), which runs across Staten Island . The freeway portion in Middlesex County

660-571: Is accessible to the general public and may eventually connect with the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway . A very small bird sanctuary (specifically for the least tern ) is also located on the promenade. The area, east of the Greenville section of Jersey City where was originally tidal marshes and white cedar swamps, which was first used for industrial purposes beginning in the 1800s. The pier that become Port Jersey

726-426: Is by ship. Containers are 8-foot (2.4 m) wide by 8-foot (2.4 m) or 9-foot-6-inch (2.90 m) high. Since introduction, there have been moves to adopt other heights, such as 10-foot-6-inch (3.20 m). The most common lengths are 20 feet (6.1 m), 40 feet (12 m), 45 feet (14 m), 48 and 53 feet (15 and 16 m), although other lengths exist. The three common sizes are: In countries where

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792-481: Is more common. TOFC terminals typically have large areas for storing trailers pending loading or pickup. Thievery has become a problem in North America. Sophisticated thieves learn how to interpret the codes on the outside of containers to ascertain which ones have easily disposable cargo. They break into isolated containers on long trains, or even board slowly moving trains to toss the items to accomplices on

858-554: Is often measured in TEU or FEU. These initials stand for " twenty-foot equivalent unit ," and " forty-foot equivalent unit ," respectively. For example, a vessel that can hold 1,000 40-foot containers or 2,000 20-foot containers can be said to have a capacity of 2,000  TEU . After the year 2006, the largest container ships in regular operation are capable of carrying in excess of 15,000  TEU . On board ships they are typically stacked up to seven units high. A key consideration in

924-702: Is six lanes wide and intersects the Garden State Parkway and US 9 in Woodbridge . What is now Route 440 was designated as two different routes in 1927: the Middlesex County portion between Route 4 (now Route 35) and the proposed Outerbridge Crossing was designated Route S4 (a spur of Route 4) while the Hudson County portion was designated as a part of Route 1 . In 1953, Route 440 replaced Route S4 as well as Route 1 south of Communipaw Avenue;

990-491: Is sufficient for two containers to be loaded in a " double-stack " arrangement. In Europe , height restrictions imposed by smaller structure gauges , and frequent overhead electrification , prevent double-stacking. Containers are therefore hauled one-high, either on standard flatcars or other railroad cars – but they must be carried in well wagons on lines built early in the Industrial Revolution , such as in

1056-695: The Clifford J. Rogers , built in 1955, and introduced containers to its railway in 1956. In the United Kingdom the modernisation plan, and in turn the Beeching Report , strongly pushed containerization. British Railways launched the Freightliner service carrying 8-foot (2.4 m) high pre-ISO containers. The older wooden containers and the pre-ISO containers were rapidly replaced by 10-and-20-foot (3.0 and 6.1 m) ISO standard containers, and later by 40-foot (12 m) containers and larger. In

1122-440: The Garden State Parkway and US 9 at a large interchange. Within this interchange, the route passes under Conrail Shared Assets Operations ' (CSAO) Raritan Industrial Track line. From here, the freeway turns northeast and passes under CSAO's Perth Amboy Running Track line before it enters Perth Amboy at the point where it crosses under New Brunswick Avenue ( CR 616 ). Route 440 passes near homes before coming to

1188-694: The Newark Bay Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike ( I-78 ) that provides access to the Jersey City and Hoboken waterfronts and the Holland Tunnel . Following this, Route 440 reaches an interchange with the southern terminus of Route 185 , before continuing northwest, crossing under I-78 and passing over CSAO's Bayonne Industrial Track and NJ Transit's Hudson–Bergen Light Rail lines before closely paralleling

1254-681: The Outerbridge Crossing , a four-lane bridge maintained by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ). It passes over NJ Transit ’s North Jersey Coast Line and State Street before crossing over the Arthur Kill onto Staten Island . At the New Jersey- New York state line on the middle of the bridge, the southern segments of Route 440 and CR 501 end and become NY 440 . An extension of Route 440 also intersects with Route 35 right after

1320-709: The Passaic River ; however, it was never constructed. In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , both Route S4 between the Garden State Parkway and the Outerbridge Crossing as well as Route 1 between West 63rd Street and Communipaw Avenue became Route 440 in order to match NY 440 . In 1959, an additional piece of Route 440 was legislated to run from the Bayonne Bridge to 63rd Street to complete

1386-480: The Port of New York and New Jersey and new development on West Side and Hackensack Riverfront in Jersey City studies are being conducted to transform the roadway into a multi-use urban boulevard that includes possible grade separations, medians, and a new traffic circle at its northern terminus. By Joint Resolution No. 4, approved July 3, 1997, the New Jersey Legislature designated

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1452-602: The Rhine / Danube in Europe and the Mississippi River in the U.S. The term landbridge or land bridge is commonly used in the intermodal freight transport sector. When a containerized ocean freight shipment travels across a large body of land for a significant distance, that portion of the trip is referred to as the "land bridge" and the mode of transport used is rail transport . There are three applications for

1518-563: The Victory Bridge crossing in Perth Amboy (around ShopRite) After NY 440 runs 12.73 miles (20.49 km) through Staten Island, it enters New Jersey again via the Bayonne Bridge , a four-lane bridge over Kill Van Kull that is also maintained by the PANYNJ. Upon entering Bayonne in Hudson County , the road becomes the northern segment of Route 440 and CR 501 and continues north into residential sections of

1584-576: The loading gauge allows it. It is also common in North America and Australia to transport semi-trailers on railway flatcars or spine cars , an arrangement called "piggyback" or TOFC ( trailer on flatcar ) to distinguish it from container on flatcar (COFC). Some flatcars are designed with collapsible trailer hitches so they can be used for trailer or container service. Such designs allow trailers to be rolled on from one end, though lifting trailers on and off flatcars by specialized loaders

1650-449: The Garden State Parkway and Route 35 became Route 184. A freeway was also proposed in the 1960s for Route 440 in Hudson County connecting the Bayonne Bridge to I-78 and filling in the gap in the route. In 1976, Route 440 was proposed along with Route 169 in a plan to redevelop the waterfront area of Bayonne. However, NJDOT shelved the project a year later due to low traffic volumes and feared environmental impact to

1716-479: The Newark Bay Bridge another time and runs along the eastern shore of Newark Bay, crossing under CSAO's National Docks Branch line. The route interchanges with West 63rd Street before crossing back into Jersey City and passing residences to the east. Route 440 reverts to a four-lane arterial road before intersecting with Danforth Avenue ( CR 602 ) as the road heads into business sectors farther to

1782-517: The Newark Bay. Route 169 was later constructed as a four-lane arterial completed in 1992. In 2001, Route 169 was redesignated as Route 440 in order to complete the gap in the route. On January 8, 2008, Gov. Jon Corzine announced plans for a new 35-cent toll on the Middlesex County portion of Route 440, in addition to increases on existing toll roads, to help raise funds to reduce New Jersey's outstanding debt. However, he dropped

1848-619: The PANYNJ purchase, the container terminal facilities were expanded in conjunction with the former operator of the terminal, Global Terminals. The largest ship ever to call at the Port of New York-New Jersey, the MOL Benefactor , docked at Port Jersey in July 2016 after sailing from China through the newly widened Panama Canal. Ambrose Channel is the main shipping channel in and out of the Port of New York and New Jersey . Branching canal to

1914-547: The PANYNJ to convert the facility into a container terminal. Anticipating the needs of the planned and existing super-panamax containerships which will call in the port upon the completion of the new Panama Canal Megalocks, NEAT was incrementally shut down and its share of the auto import/export market completely transferred to the Bayonne Auto Terminal and the Port Newark FAPS facility by 2011. After

1980-628: The Port Jersey Channel to 50 feet was authorized by the Army Corps of Engineers in 2010. and completed in 2016. To the north lies Claremeont Terminal. Port Jersey is one of the few areas on the Bergen Neck peninsula where freight rail lines are still in use. In October 2010 the PANYNJ announced plans to develop ExpressRail Port Jersey, allowing for more transfers to trains, and thus reducing transfers to trucks. Trains will use

2046-536: The U.S., starting in the 1960s, the use of containers increased steadily. Rail intermodal traffic tripled between 1980 and 2002, according to the Association of American Railroads (AAR), from 3.1 million trailers and containers to 9.3 million. Large investments were made in intermodal freight projects. An example was the US$ 740 million Port of Oakland intermodal rail facility begun in the late 1980s. Since 1984,

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2112-532: The United Kingdom, the big four railway companies offered services using standard RCH containers that could be craned on and off the back of trucks. Moving companies such as Pickfords offered private services in the same way. In 1933 in Europe, under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce , The Bureau International des Containers et du Transport Intermodal (BIC; English: International Bureau for Containers and Intermodal Transport)

2178-521: The United Kingdom, where loading gauges are relatively small. 610 mm ( 2 ft ) narrow-gauge railways have smaller wagons that do not readily carry ISO containers, nor do the 30-foot (9.14 m) long and 7-foot (2.13 m) wide wagons of the 762 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) gauge Kalka-Shimla Railway . Wider narrow gauge railways of e.g. 914 mm ( 3 ft ) and 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) gauge can take ISO containers, provided that

2244-678: The area serves as a common relay point for containerized freight moving across the country. Many of the motor carriers call this type of drayage “crosstown loads” that originate at one rail road and terminate at another. For example, a container destined for the east coast from the west will arrive in Chicago either via the Union Pacific or BNSF Railway and have to be relayed to one of the eastern railroads, either CSX or Norfolk Southern. Barges utilising ro-ro and container-stacking techniques transport freight on large inland waterways such as

2310-418: The bay. The facility was created between 1972 and 1976 and acquired by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in July 2010. CMA CGM operates a post-panamax shipping facility at this terminal under the name Port Liberty Bayonne . Much of Port Jersey is part of United States Foreign-Trade Zone 49 . Most of the area in and around the facility is restricted, though a walkway along its northern side

2376-507: The city. Continuing north as a four-lane freeway maintained by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), CR 501 splits from the route by heading north on Kennedy Boulevard at an interchange. Meanwhile, Route 440 turns to the east, with CSAO's Avenue A Industrial Track and NJ Transit's Hudson–Bergen Light Rail line parallel to the north, before heading northeast and passing through industrial areas as

2442-464: The east of Newark Bay. The road heads past industrial establishments before running through commercial areas again, passing to the east of the Hudson Mall. Route 440 ends at an intersection with US 1/9 Truck and Communipaw Avenue ( CR 612 ), where the road continues north as part of US 1-9 Truck. In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering , what is now Route 440

2508-416: The facility to Greenville Yard . In 2010 the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced its intentions to build a five tower wind farm at Port Jersey within three years. The windfarm is part of a larger plan to expand the container port on the manmade peninsula to accommodate post-panamax ships. In May 2012, Global Container Terminals announced detailed plan of the port extension. It included

2574-441: The ground. Trucking is frequently used to connect the "linehaul" ocean and rail segments of a global intermodal freight movement. This specialized trucking that runs between ocean ports, rail terminals, and inland shipping docks, is often called drayage , and is typically provided by dedicated drayage companies or by the railroads. As an example, since many rail lines in the United States terminate in or around Chicago, Illinois,

2640-489: The idea to toll Route 440 a month later after mounting opposition to the idea. Between 2015 and 2018 the New Jersey Turnpike Authority reconstructed exit 14A between I-78 and Route . Construction began in 2017 to replace the overpass carrying Route 440 over the Garden State Parkway and US 9 and it was completed in 2019. In anticipation of a general increase of activity in

2706-418: The installation of 9 wind turbines in order to meet a zero emissions footprint of their crane operation during periods of wind power generation. As of mid-2017, this proposal has not seen any meaningful progress. Port Jersey is the key transload terminal for solid waste from New York City barges to railcars. In 2004, the city announced its plans to minimize haulage of waste by truck. Jersey City benefits from

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2772-441: The last few years the use of several, relatively new and unknown Load Securing methods have become available through innovation and technological advancement including polyester strapping and -lashing, synthetic webbings and Dunnage Bags , also known as air bags. Container ships are used to transport containers by sea. These vessels are custom-built to hold containers. Some vessels can hold thousands of containers. Their capacity

2838-441: The loss of cargo, the loss of lives, the loss of vehicles, ships and airplane; not to mention the environmental hazards it can cause. There are many different ways and materials available to stabilize and secure cargo in containers used in the various modes of transportation. Conventional Load Securing methods and materials such as steel banding and wood blocking & bracing have been around for decades and are still widely used. In

2904-482: The lowest weight possible (and very important, little difference in the viable mass point), and low space, specially designed containers made from lightweight material are often used. Due to price and size, this is rarely seen on the roads or in ports. However, large transport aircraft make it possible to even load standard container(s), or use standard sized containers made of much lighter materials like titanium or aluminium . New Jersey Route 440 Route 440

2970-420: The middle of the car between the bogies or trucks. Some container cars are built as an articulated "unit" of three or five permanently coupled cars, each having a single bogie rather than the two bogies normally found on freight cars. Containers can be loaded on flatcars or in container well cars . In North America, Australia and Saudi Arabia, where vertical clearances are generally liberal, this depression

3036-505: The next interchange for CR 501 and Route 184 . At this point, CR 501 joins Route 440 to run concurrently , and the road comes to an interchange with Route 35 a short distance later. The road continues east-southeast, with an exit for Amboy Avenue ( CR 653 ) before it passes through more residential neighborhoods. The final exit on the Middlesex County portion of Route 440 serves State Street ( CR 611 ). Past this interchange, Route 440 becomes

3102-471: The north side of I-78 and the south side of CSAO's National Docks Branch line. The route interchanges with Avenue C before reentering Bayonne and crossing over Kennedy Boulevard (CR 501) without an interchange. Past this intersection, Route 440 makes a sharp turn to the south and passes under the Newark Bay Bridge (I-78). After making a hairpin turn back to the north, it passes under

3168-482: The number was chosen to match NY 440. A freeway was built for the route in Middlesex County between 1967 and finished in 1972. A freeway was also proposed for the route in Hudson County to fill in the gap between the Bayonne Bridge and West 63rd Street; however, it was never built. In 2001, Route 440 replaced Route 169 along the Bayonne waterfront. Route 440 begins in Edison at an interchange with

3234-408: The overhead wiring was too low to accommodate it. However, India is building some freight-only corridors with the overhead wiring at 7.45 m above rail, which is high enough. Containers, also known as intermodal containers or ISO containers because the dimensions have been defined by ISO, are the main type of equipment used in intermodal transport, particularly when one of the modes of transportation

3300-418: The present Suezmax . Very large container ships also require specialized deep water terminals and handling facilities. The container fleet available, route constraints, and terminal capacity play a large role in shaping global container shipment logistics. Increasingly, containers are shipped by rail in container well cars . These cars resemble flatcars but have a container-sized depression, or well, in

3366-496: The project, with four tracks and two gantry cranes, opened on January 7, 2019. The second and final phase of the project, with four additional tracks bringing the total number of tracks to eight, was opened on June 17, 2019. Port Jersey is served by New Jersey Route 440 which connects with Bayonne Bridge . Nearby is Exit 14A of the Newark Bay Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike . New Jersey Route 185 connects

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3432-561: The railway loading gauge is sufficient, truck trailers are often carried by rail. Variations exist, including open-topped versions covered by a fabric curtain are used to transport larger loads. A container called a tanktainer , with a tank inside a standard container frame, carries liquids. Refrigerated containers (reefer) are used for perishables. Swap body units have the same bottom corners as intermodal containers but are not strong enough to be stacked. They have folding legs under their frame and can be moved between trucks without using

3498-692: The railways. Some of the earliest containers were those used for shipping coal on the Bridgewater Canal in England in the 1780s. Coal containers (called "loose boxes" or "tubs") were soon deployed on the early canals and railways and were used for road/rail transfers (road at the time meaning horse -drawn vehicles). Wooden coal containers were first used on the railways in the 1830s on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. In 1841, Isambard Kingdom Brunel introduced iron containers to move coal from

3564-505: The route, running over the waters of the Newark Bay; this was never built. In the mid-1950s, a freeway alignment was proposed for Route 440 in Middlesex County. This route, to be called the Middlesex Freeway, was to connect the New Jersey Turnpike and I-287 to the Outerbridge Crossing. Construction began on the freeway in 1967 and it was completed in 1974. The old alignment of Route 440 along Pfeiffer Boulevard between

3630-543: The size of container ships is that larger ships exceed the capacity of important sea routes such as the Panama and Suez canals. The largest size of container ship able to traverse the Panama canal is referred to as Panamax , which is presently around 5,000  TEU . A third set of locks is planned as part of the Panama Canal expansion project to accommodate container ships up to 12,000  TEU in future, comparable to

3696-540: The south the Port Jersey Channel separates the pier from the peninsula pier of a former military base, Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne (MOTBY). The a multi-use area is home to the Cape Liberty Cruise Port (one of the New York metropolitan area 's three cruise ship terminals), residential and commercial buildings, and land owned by the PANYNJ to be further developed as port facilities. Deepening of

3762-458: The southern terminus of I-287 and the New Jersey Turnpike ( I-95 ); from Route 440's southern terminus, the road becomes northbound I-287. Within this interchange, Route 440 also has access to County Route 514 (CR 514). It continues to the east as a six-lane road through wooded surroundings and enters Woodbridge at the underpass of King Georges Post Road. Here, the route intersects Smith Street ( CR 656 ) before intersecting

3828-399: The term. The term reverse land bridge refers to a micro land bridge from an east coast port (as opposed to a west coast port in the previous examples) to an inland destination. Generally modern, bigger planes usually carry cargo in the containers. Sometimes even the checked luggage is first placed into containers, and then loaded onto the plane. Of course because of the requirement for

3894-537: The vale of Neath to Swansea Docks . By the outbreak of the First World War the Great Eastern Railway was using wooden containers to trans-ship passenger luggage between trains and sailings via the port of Harwich . The early 1900s saw the first adoption of covered containers, primarily for the movement of furniture and intermodal freight between road and rail. A lack of standards limited

3960-627: The value of this service and this in turn drove standardisation. In the U.S. such containers, known as "lift vans", were in use from as early as 1911. In the United Kingdom , containers were first standardised by the Railway Clearing House (RCH) in the 1920s, allowing both railway-owned and privately-owned vehicles to be carried on standard container flats. By modern standards these containers were small, being 1.5 or 3.0 meters (4.9 or 9.8 ft) long, normally wooden and with

4026-558: Was created in the between 1972 and 1976 using landfill. The facility was once known as the NorthEast Auto Terminal (NEAT) and was operated as a private auto import and export facility for several decades before its purchase in 2008 by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . The location of the PA Auto Marine Terminal and its relatively airdraft-free deepwater access for larger vessels led to

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4092-511: Was defined as two separate routes. The Middlesex County portion from Route 4 (now Route 35) to the present location of the Outerbridge Crossing was legislated as Route S4, a spur of Route 4. Meanwhile, the Hudson County portion of the route was legislated as a part of Route 1 , a route that was to run from Bayonne to the New York border in Rockleigh . Route S4

4158-448: Was established. In June 1933, the BIC decided about obligatory parameters for container use in international traffic. Containers handled by means of lifting gear, such as cranes, overhead conveyors, etc. for traveling elevators (group I containers), constructed after July 1, 1933. Obligatory Regulations: In April 1935, BIC established a second standard for European containers: In the 1950s,

4224-408: Was eventually extended west to the Garden State Parkway. This route followed Pfeiffer Boulevard and the one-way pair of Lawrence Avenue and Grove Street. Meanwhile, Route 1 only existed as a state-maintained highway north of West 63rd Street in Bayonne; south of there, traffic used Hudson Boulevard to access the Bayonne Bridge. A road carrying Route 1 was proposed to be built on landfill in

4290-611: Was introduced to increase shipping productivity. In Europe, the more restricted loading gauge has limited the adoption of double-stack cars. However, in 2007 the Betuweroute , a railway from Rotterdam to the German industrial heartland, was completed, which may accommodate double-stacked containers in the future. Other countries, like New Zealand , have numerous low tunnels and bridges that limit expansion for economic reasons. Since electrification generally predated double-stacking,

4356-486: Was required, fewer personnel were needed and loading times were decreased. Truck trailers were first carried by railway before World War II, an arrangement often called " piggyback ", by the small Class I railroad , the Chicago Great Western in 1936. The Canadian Pacific Railway was a pioneer in piggyback transport, becoming the first major North American railway to introduce the service in 1952. In

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