Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero (born 1 February 1951) is a Nicaraguan American colonel and businessman.
74-1032: Portocarrero is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero (born 1951), Nicaraguan heir, colonel and businessman Claudia Portocarrero (born 1985), Peruvian cumbia dancer Hope Portocarrero (1929–1991), First Lady of Nicaragua Juan Portocarrero (died 1631), Spanish Roman Catholic prelate Luis Antonio Tomás de Portocarrero (1649–1723), Spanish noble and Viceroy of Catalonia Luisa Portocarrero (born 1976), Guatemalan artistic gymnast Martina Portocarrero (1949-2022), Peruvian folk singer, cultural researcher, politician Pedro Portocarrero (disambiguation) : Pedro Portocarrero (archbishop) (died 1526), Spanish Roman Catholic archbishop Pedro Portocarrero (bishop) (died 1600), Spanish Roman Catholic bishop Pedro Portocarrero (footballer) (born 1977), Colombian football player René Portocarrero (1912-1985), Cuban artist [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
148-507: A combination of disease, war against the Spanish and their Tlaxcallan allies, and being sold into slavery . Several conquistadores came out winners, and some were executed or murdered. Pedrarias Dávila was one such winner. Although he lost control of Panama, he moved to Nicaragua and established his base in León. The land was parceled out to the conquistadores. The area of most interest was
222-568: A destabilizing influence in the region, and Zelaya's attempts to regulate foreign access to Nicaraguan natural resources. On November 17, 1909, two Americans were executed by order of Zelaya after the two men confessed to having laid a mine in the San Juan River with the intention of blowing up the Diamante . The U.S. justified the intervention by claiming to protect U.S. lives and property. Zelaya resigned later that year. In August 1912,
296-531: A grant of land for an agricultural colony, and retention of an armed band of 100 men for a year. The Nicaraguan Campaign Medal , a decoration of the United States Navy, was later issued for those American service members who had performed military duty in Nicaragua during the early years of the 20th century. There followed a growing hostility between Sandino and Anastasio Somoza Garcia, chief of
370-500: A new national army would be established, the Guardia Nacional (National Guard), with U.S. soldiers remaining in the country to supervise the upcoming November presidential election. Later, a battalion of the U.S. army under the command of Gen. Logan Feland arrived to enforce the agreement. The only Nicaraguan general to refuse to sign this pact ( el tratado del Espino Negro ) was Augusto César Sandino . He took refuge in
444-579: A series of islands and cays located in the Caribbean Sea. The etymology of Nicaragua is Nicānāhuac , which was discovered to have been the name the Nicaraos , a Nawat -speaking people, gave their land located in present-day western Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica . It means "here lies Anahuac" in Nahuatl and is a combination of the words "Nican" (here), and " Ānāhuac ", which in turn
518-482: A supervising electoral commission, although the Conservative Party never elected any members of the commission. Somoza had also introduced a constitutional amendment that would prevent family members from succeeding him. The opposition was extremely skeptical of Somoza's promises, and ultimately control of the country passed to Anastasio Somoza Debayle . In 1961, a young student, Carlos Fonseca , evoked
592-526: Is a combination of the words "atl" (water) and "nahuac", a locative meaning "surrounded". Therefore the literal translation of Nicanahuac is "here surrounded by water". It is a geographical name that refers to the large bodies of water surrounding the land the Nicaraos inhabited, the Pacific Ocean , lakes Nicaragua and Xolotlan , and the rivers and lagoons. In addition it fits the theory that
666-574: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero was born on December 18, 1951, in Miami , Florida , United States. A member of the Somoza family , he is a son of former Nicaraguan president Anastasio Somoza Debayle and Hope Portocarrero ; he is also a grandson of Anastasio Somoza García . Also known as El Chigüín —"The little child”—Somoza Portocarrero had been
740-515: Is today Honduras, exploring the eastern coast of America on his fourth voyage in1502. The first time the Europeans incur into the limits of what is today Nicaragua occurs September 14, 1502. When he reaches the limits of the present Honduran coastline, Christopher Columbus names the mouth of the Rio Coco , Cabo Gracias a Dios . Eleven days on September 25th Columbus arrives to what is today
814-498: The Mosquito Coast . Columbus describes the people he encounters as "people of a good disposition, very sharp, [and] wanting to see." Columbus notes seeing "hogs and big mountain cats, and they brought them to the ships: [where] here we took (people) for language [purposes]. And they were left somewhat scandalized." He goes on to add that the ancestors of Nicaragua "had threaded cotton" and "their faces painted". In 1522,
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#1732790074085888-703: The Sandinista insurrection , and the National Guard unit which he commanded "was accused of widespread human-rights violations in the final days of the civil war." Like all combatants during the 1979-1989 period, Somoza Portocarrero was included against his wishes in the Blanket Amnesty demanded by the FSLN from incoming President Violeta Chamorro in 1990. In early 1980, the new Sandinista government formally accused Somoza Portocarrero of masterminding
962-459: The Soviet Union . On 27 December 1974, a group of nine FSLN guerrillas invaded a party at the home of a former Minister of Agriculture, killing him and three guards in the process of taking several leading government officials and prominent businessmen hostage. In return for the hostages they succeeded in getting the government to pay US$ 2 million ransom, broadcast an FSLN declaration on
1036-662: The UN Charter . Somoza García was succeeded by his two sons. Luis Somoza Debayle became President (29 September 1956 to 1 May 1963), and was effectively dictator of the country until his death, but his brother Anastasio Somoza Debayle held great power as head of the National Guard. A graduate of West Point , Anastasio was even closer to the Americans than his father and was said to speak better English than Spanish. Luis Somoza, remembered by some for being moderate,
1110-484: The United Kingdom as a protectorate from 1655 to 1850. This area was designated to Honduras in 1859 and transferred to Nicaragua in 1860, though it remained autonomous until 1894. Much of Nicaragua's politics since independence has been characterized by the rivalry between the liberal elite of León and the conservative elite of Granada. The rivalry often degenerated into civil war , particularly during
1184-596: The Zapotecs and Mixtecs of Mexico. They lived in parts of central and western Nicaragua, and are also thought to have ultimately migrated from central Mexico or Oaxaca, between 600 and 700 CE, given that their language belongs to the Oto-Manguean family . These two groups had intimate contact with the Spanish conquerors, paving the way for the racial mix of native and Spanish stock now known as mestizos . The Chontal (which means foreigner in Nahuatl ), also known as
1258-569: The heir apparent to the Somoza family dictatorship prior to the ouster of his father by the Sandinistas in 1979. By early 1978, Somoza Portocarrero had reportedly taken on the appellation "apprentice dictator" and assumed full control of the Somozas' estimated $ 1 billion business empire, however, by mid-1979 the family had fallen from power and would be forced into exile. He was educated in
1332-797: The native peoples of the Caribbean , as round thatched huts and canoes, both typical of the Caribbean, were common in eastern Nicaragua. When the Spanish arrived in western Nicaragua in the early 16th century, they found three principal tribes, each with a different culture and language: the Nicarao , the Chorotega , and the Chontal . Each of these diverse groups occupied much of Nicaragua's territory, with independent chieftains who ruled according to each group's laws and customs. Their weapons consisted of swords, lances, and arrows made from wood. Monarchy
1406-421: The surname Portocarrero . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portocarrero&oldid=1140157843 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
1480-565: The 1840s and 1850s. Initially invited by the Liberals in 1855 to join their struggle against the Conservatives, a United States adventurer named William Walker declared himself President in 1856 and made English the official language. (See Walker affair .) Honduras and other Central American countries united to drive him out of Nicaragua in 1857, after which a period of three decades of Conservative rule ensued. They were supported by
1554-423: The 1950s and cattle ranches in the 1960s forced peasant families from the areas they had farmed for decades. Some were forced by the National Guard to relocate into colonization projects in the rainforest . Some moved eastward into the hills, where they cleared forests in order to plant crops. Soil erosion forced them, however, to abandon their land and move deeper into the rainforest. Cattle ranchers then claimed
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#17327900740851628-418: The 1978 assassination of opposition journalist Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal , and a June 1981 trial that convicted nine people of the crime implicated him but did not go as far as naming him as a defendant in absentia . In 1980, Sandinista officials also issued a warrant for Somoza Portocarrero's arrest on charges that he embezzled $ 4 million in governmental funds (via dummy corporations) while his father
1702-475: The Americans, designed to be loyal to U.S. interests. Anastasio Somoza García , a close friend of the American government, was put in charge. He was one of the three rulers of the country, the others being Sandino and the mostly figurehead President Juan Bautista Sacasa . Sandino and the newly elected Sacasa government reached an agreement by which he would cease his guerrilla activities in return for amnesty,
1776-559: The Caribbean port of Puerto Cabezas revolted against Conservative President Adolfo Díaz , recently installed as a result of United States pressure following a coup . The leader of this revolt, Gen. José María Moncada , declared that he supported the claim of exiled Liberal vice-president Juan Bautista Sacasa , who arrived in Puerto Cabezas in December, declaring himself president of a "constitutional" government. The U.S., using
1850-577: The Caribs, occupied the central mountain region. This group was smaller than the other two, and it is not known when they first settled in Nicaragua. This group may have modern representatives in the Cacaopera people . In the west and highland areas where the Spanish settled, the indigenous population was almost completely wiped out by the rapid spread of new diseases brought by the Spaniards, for which
1924-604: The Government of the United States guarantee with its forces security for the property of American Citizens in Nicaragua and that it extend its protection to all the inhabitants of the Republic. United States Marines were stationed in Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933, except for a nine-month period beginning in 1925. From 1910 to 1926, the conservative party ruled Nicaragua. The Chamorro family , which had long dominated
1998-457: The Guard controlled the national radio and telegraph networks, the postal and immigration services, health services, the internal revenue service, and the national railroads. In less than two years after his election, Somoza Garcia, defying the Conservative Party, declared his intention to stay in power beyond his presidential term. Thus, in 1938, Somoza Garcia named a Constituent Assembly that gave
2072-562: The Liberal Party. Early in 1936, Somoza openly confronted President Sacasa by using military force to displace local government officials loyal to the president and replacing them with close associates. Somoza García's increasing military confrontation led to Sacasa's resignation on June 6, 1936. The Congress appointed Carlos Brenes Jarquín, a Somoza García associate, as interim president and postponed presidential elections until December. In November, Somoza resigned as chief director of
2146-506: The Mosquito Coast into Nicaragua. Because of the strategic importance of Nicaragua in the hemisphere, the United States (US) made numerous military interventions to protect what it believed were its interests in the region: In 1909, the United States provided political support to conservative-led forces rebelling against President Zelaya. U.S. motives included differences over the proposed Nicaragua Canal , Nicaragua's potential as
2220-415: The National Guard, combining the roles of president and chief director of the military. After Somoza's win in the December 1936 presidential elections, he proceeded to consolidate his power within the National Guard, while at the same time dividing his political opponents. Somoza family-members and close associates took up key positions within the government and the military. The Somoza family also controlled
2294-444: The National Guard, thus complying with constitutional requirements for eligibility to run for the presidency. The Liberal Nationalist Party (Partido Liberal Nacionalista – PLN) was established with support from a faction of the Conservative Party to support Somoza Garcia's candidacy. Somoza was elected president in the December election with a reported margin of 64,000 of the 80,663 votes cast. On January 1, 1937, he resumed control of
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2368-554: The Nicarao did have a warrior tradition. Nicarao warriors wore long and thick padded cotton armor that extended down to their thighs and knees, fought with spears, atlatls , bow and arrows , clubs edged with stone blades, knives and daggers with obsidian blades, and macanas , a wooden sword edged with obsidian blades similar to the Aztec macahuitl . The Chorotegas, also known as Mangue, are an Oto-Manguean people closely related to
2442-497: The PLN, which in turn controlled the legislature and judicial system, thus giving Somoza absolute power over every sphere of Nicaraguan politics. Nominal political opposition was allowed as long as it did not threaten the ruling élite. Somoza Garcia's National Guard repressed serious political opposition and anti-government demonstrations. The institutional power of the National Guard grew in most government-owned enterprises, until eventually
2516-647: The President of Nicaragua, Adolfo Díaz , requested the resignation of the Secretary of War, General Luis Mena . Concerned that Díaz was leading an insurrection, Mena fled Managua with his brother, the Chief of Police of Managua, and the insurrection escalated. When the U.S. Legation asked President Adolfo Díaz to ensure the safety of American citizens and property during the insurrection, Díaz replied that he could not and that... In consequence my Government desires that
2590-569: The Spaniards, who controlled everything necessary for their subsistence. In 1538, the Viceroyalty of New Spain was established, encompassing all of Mexico and Central America, except Panama. By 1570, the southern part of New Spain was designated the Captaincy General of Guatemala . The area of Nicaragua was divided into administrative "parties" with León as the capital. In 1610, the volcano known as Momotombo erupted, destroying
2664-559: The Spanish and their Tlaxcallan translators, however, Dávila and his small army used the opportunity to gather gold and baptize some of the Nahuas along the way. Understanding the threat that the Spanish imposed, Macuilmiquiztli waged war against Dávila, and both Chorotega and Nicarao warriors forced the Spanish to withdraw to Panama . As González Dávila retreated to his expedition's starting point in Panama, he reported on his find, naming
2738-505: The U.S., such as DDT , endrin , dieldrin and lindane . In 1977 a study revealed that mothers living in León had 45 times more DDT in their breast milk than the World Health Organization safe level. A major turning point was the December 1972 Managua earthquake that killed over 10,000 people and left 500,000 homeless. A great deal of international relief was sent to the nation. Some Nicaraguan historians point to
2812-551: The United States industrialist Cornelius Vanderbilt , who had originally sponsored Walker in Nicaragua. Walker was executed in neighboring Honduras on September 12, 1860. Taking advantage of divisions within the conservative ranks, José Santos Zelaya led a liberal revolt that brought him to power in 1893. Zelaya ended the longstanding dispute with the United Kingdom over the Atlantic coast in 1894, and "reincorporated"
2886-627: The United States, including at Kent School in Kent, Connecticut , Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts , and in England, at Sandhurst . His sister, Carolina, is married to James Minskoff Sterling, son of New York real estate developer Henry H. Minskoff . He became a Colonel in the Nicaraguan military, which was run by his family. He played an active role in the armed forces during
2960-521: The abandoned land. Peasants and ranchers continued this movement deep into the rain forest. By the early 1970s, Nicaragua had become the United States' top beef supplier. The beef supported fast-food chains and pet food production. President Anastasio Somoza Debayle owned the largest slaughterhouse in Nicaragua, as well as six meat-packing plants in Miami . Also in the 1950s and 1960s, 40% of all U.S. pesticide exports went to Central America. Nicaragua and its neighbors widely used compounds banned in
3034-446: The area Nicaragua . However, governor Pedrarias Dávila attempted to arrest him and confiscate his treasure. He was forced to flee to Santo Domingo to outfit another expedition. Within a few months, Nicaragua was invaded by several Spanish forces and their Tlaxcallan allies, each led by a conquistador . González Dávila was authorized by royal decree and came in from the Caribbean coast of Honduras. Francisco Hernández de Córdoba at
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3108-604: The assassination plot. While the assassin quickly died in a hail of gunfire, Somoza himself died a few days later, in an American hospital in the Panama Canal Zone . Divisions within the Conservative Party in the 1932 elections paved the way for the Liberal Juan Bautista Sacasa to assume power. This initiated an inherently weak presidency—hardly a formidable obstacle to Somoza as he set about building his personal influence over Congress and over
3182-461: The basis for a permanent dictatorship . In 1941, during World War II , Nicaragua declared war on Germany . Somoza sent no troops to the battlefronts, but used the crisis to seize attractive properties held by German-Nicaraguans , the best known of which was the Montelimar estate. (Today it operates as a privately owned luxury resort and casino. ) Nicaragua became the first country to ratify
3256-565: The capital. It was rebuilt northwest of its original site. In the meantime, the Pacific Coast of Nicaragua became a supplementary node to the trade route between Manila, Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico; otherwise known as the Manila galleon trade route. The history of Nicaragua remained relatively static for three hundred years following the conquest. There were minor civil wars and rebellions, but they were quickly suppressed. The region
3330-563: The cities and go on the offensive against incursions by the other conquistadores. The inevitable clash between the Spanish forces devastated the indigenous population. The Indian civilization was destroyed. The series of battles came to be known as The War of the Captains . By 1529, the conquest of Nicaragua was complete as the Nicaraos and the Chorotegas suffered devastating defeats in addition to demographic and societal collapse from
3404-496: The command of the governor of Panama approached from Costa Rica . Pedro de Alvarado and Cristóbal de Olid at the command of Hernán Cortés , came from Guatemala through San Salvador and Honduras . Córdoba apparently came with the intention of colonization. In 1524, he established permanent settlements in the region, including two of Nicaragua's principal towns: Granada on Lake Nicaragua and León west of Lake Managua. But he soon found it necessary to prepare defenses for
3478-505: The country in 1937 and destroyed any potential armed resistance. The Somoza family would rule until 1979. The earliest opposition to Somoza came from the educated middle class and the normally conservative wealthy, such as Pedro Joaquín Chamorro . On September 21, 1956, a Nicaraguan poet, Rigoberto López Pérez , snuck into a party attended by the President and shot him in the chest. In his memoirs Nicaragua Betrayed , Anastasio Debayle (Somoza's son) claims that Chamorro had knowledge of
3552-581: The earthquake that devastated Managua as the final 'nail in the coffin' for Somoza; some 90% of the city was destroyed. Somoza's brazen corruption, mishandling of relief (which prompted Pittsburgh Pirates star Roberto Clemente to fly to Managua on December 31, 1972, to try to help - a flight that ended in his death) and refusal to rebuild Managua, flooded the ranks of the Sandinistas with young disaffected Nicaraguans who no longer had anything to lose. The Sandinistas received some support from Cuba and
3626-427: The etymology references bodies of water inside the country. Western Nicaragua was populated by Mesoamerican groups such as the Nicaraos and Chorotegas , who were agriculturalists, and cultivated maize , cacao , tomatoes , avocados , squash , beans , and chili , which was the typical Mesoamerican diet. The Nicarao also dined on various meats such as turkey , deer , iguana , mute dogs , and fish from
3700-419: The first Spaniards entered the region of what would become known as Nicaragua. Gil González Dávila with a small force reached its western portion after a trek through Costa Rica . He proceeded to explore the fertile western valleys and was impressed with the Nicarao civilization for the vast amounts of food it had in addition to their elaborate markets and permanent temples. Macuilmiquiztli initially welcomed
3774-521: The historical figure of Sandino, and founded the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). The FSLN was a tiny party throughout most of the 1960s, but Somoza's hatred of it, and his repressive treatment of anyone suspected as a Sandinista sympathizer, gave many ordinary Nicaraguans the idea that the Sandinistas were much stronger than was the case. Somoza acquired monopolies in industries that were key to rebuilding
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#17327900740853848-468: The most active civil battleground in Latin America. The citizens of Leon were the first to act against the Spanish monarchy. They overthrew the local intendente Jose Salvador on December 13, 1811. Granada followed Leon's move with a vote of confidence and demanded the retirement of Spanish officials. The Spanish constitution of 1812 granted more independence to local administrations, and Garcia Perez
3922-628: The nation, not allowing other members of the upper class to share the profits that would result from the reborn economic activity. This ultimately weakened Somoza since even the economic elite were reluctant to support him. In the 1950s a synthetic brand of cotton , one of Nicaragua's economic pillars of the epoch, was developed. This caused the price of cotton to decrease, placing the economy in great trouble. Landless peasants worked on large plantations during short harvest seasons and received wages as low as US$ 1 per day. In desperation, many of these poor laborers migrated east, seeking their own land near
3996-515: The national guard, which prompted Somoza to order the assassination of Sandino. Fearing future armed opposition from Sandino, Somoza invited him to a meeting in Managua, where Sandino was assassinated on February 21 of 1934 by the National Guard. Following the death of Sandino was the execution of hundreds of men, women, and children. With Sandino's death and using his troops, the National Guard, to force Sacasa to resign, Somoza had taken control of
4070-458: The native population had no immunity and the virtual enslavement of the remainder of the indigenous people. Most indigenous groups survived in the east, where the Europeans did not settle. The English introduced guns and ammunition to one of the local peoples, the Bawihka, who lived in northeast Nicaragua. The Bawihka later intermarried with runaway slaves from Britain's Caribbean possessions, and
4144-543: The northern mountains of Las Segovias. He led a sustained guerrilla war , first against the Conservative regime and subsequently against the U.S. Marines, who withdrew upon the establishment of a new Liberal government. When the Americans left in 1933 as a result of Sandino's guerrilla war and the Great Depression , they set up the National Guard , a combined military and police force trained and equipped by
4218-406: The old Somoza party—said that Nicaraguans "reject the announced visit of Somoza Portocarrero, whom public opinion considers one of those principally responsible for the destruction, suffering, violations and spilling of blood dramatically suffered by Nicaraguans throughout their history." Somoza Portocarrero was falsely reported to have planned to return for a political rally but ultimately this
4292-546: The party, effectively controlled the government during that period. In 1914, the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty was signed, giving the U.S. control over the proposed canal, as well as leases for potential canal defenses. Following the evacuation of U.S. immigrants in 1925, another violent conflict between liberals and conservatives known as the Constitutionalist War took place in 1926, when Liberal soldiers in
4366-400: The president extensive power and elected him for another eight-year term. A Constituent Assembly, extension of the presidential term from four years to six years, and clauses empowering the president to decree laws relating to the National Guard without consulting Congress, ensured Somoza's absolute control over the state and the military. Control over electoral and legislative machinery provided
4440-485: The radio and in the opposition newspaper La Prensa , release fourteen FSLN members from jail, and fly the raiders and the released FSLN members to Cuba. Archbishop Miguel Obando y Bravo acted as an intermediary during the negotiations. The incident humiliated the government and greatly enhanced the prestige of the FSLN. Somoza, in his memoirs, refers to this action as the beginning of a sharp escalation in terms of Sandinista attacks and government reprisals. Martial law
4514-481: The rain forest. In 1968, the World Health Organization found that polluted water led to 17% of all Nicaraguan deaths. From 1945 to 1960, the U.S.-owned Nicaraguan Long Leaf Pine Company (NIPCO) directly paid the Somoza family millions of dollars in exchange for favorable benefits to the company, such as not having to re-forest clear cut areas. By 1961, NIPCO had cut all of the commercially viable coastal pines in northeast Nicaragua. Expansion of cotton plantations in
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#17327900740854588-463: The resulting population, with its access to superior weapons, began to expand its territory and push other indigenous groups into the interior. This Afro-indigenous group became known to the Europeans as Miskito , and the displaced survivors of their expansionist activities were called the Mayangna . Nicaragua was first encountered by Europeans when Christopher Columbus made his way south from what
4662-492: The ruling Liberal Party. President Sacasa's popularity decreased as a result of his poor leadership and accusations of fraud in the 1934 congressional elections. Somoza García benefited from Sacasa's diminishing power, and at the same time brought together the National Guard and the Liberal Party (Partido Liberal – PL) in order to win the presidential elections in 1936. Somoza Garcia also cultivated support from former presidents Moncada and Chamorro while consolidating control within
4736-504: The sea, rivers, lakes and lagoons. Eastern Nicaragua was populated by Misumalpan and Chibchan -speaking groups, belonging to the Isthmo-Colombian area . Here, the population consisted of extended families or tribes. Food was obtained by hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn agriculture. Crops like cassava and pineapples were the staple foods. The people of eastern Nicaragua appear to have traded with and been influenced by
4810-506: The still legendary Augusto César Sandino . With aid from the United States, the Somoza brothers succeeded in defeating the guerrillas. Then came president, René Schick , whom most Nicaraguans viewed "as nothing more than a puppet of the Somozas". President Luis Somoza Debayle, under pressure from the rebels, announced that national elections would be held in February 1963. Election reforms had been made that established secret ballots and
4884-567: The threat of military intervention, forced the Liberal generals to agree to a cease-fire. On May 4, 1927, representatives from the two warring factions signed the Pact of Espino Negro , negotiated by Henry Stimson , appointed by U.S. President Calvin Coolidge as a special envoy to Nicaragua. Under the terms of the accord, both sides agreed to disarm, Díaz would be allowed to finish his term and
4958-430: The western portion. It included a wide, fertile valley with huge, freshwater lakes, a series of volcanoes, and volcanic lagoons. Many Indians were soon enslaved to develop and maintain "estates" there. Others were put to work in mines in northern Nicaragua, but the great majority were sent as slaves to Panama and Peru , for significant profit to the new landed aristocracy. Many Indians died through disease and neglect by
5032-518: Was a rich ruler who lived in Quauhcapolca, now the city of Rivas , while Agateyte was the ruler of Teswatlan , located in present-day northwestern Nicaragua, specifically Chinandega . They spoke the Nawat language and had migrated from El Salvador around 1200 CE, and ultimately from central and southern Mexico before that. Although not much is known about the military forces of Nicanahuac,
5106-602: Was appointed as the intendente of Nicaragua. In 1821 Guatemala declared its independence and all central american provinces followed it. Nicaragua became a part of the First Mexican Empire in 1822, was a part of the United Provinces of Central America in 1823, and then became an independent republic in its own right in 1838. The Mosquito Coast based on Bluefields on the Atlantic was claimed by
5180-545: Was found to be invented by Alemán. History of Nicaragua#Sandinista insurrection (1972–1979) Nicaragua is a nation in Central America . It is located about midway between Mexico and Colombia , bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. Nicaragua ranges from the Caribbean Sea on the nation's east coast, and the Pacific Ocean bordering the west. Nicaragua also possesses
5254-556: Was in power for only a few years before dying of a heart attack . The revolutionaries opposing the Somozas were greatly strengthened by the Cuban Revolution . The revolution provided both hope and inspiration to the insurgents, as well as weapons and funding. Operating from Costa Rica they formed the Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional (FSLN) and came to be known as Sandinistas. They took their name from
5328-747: Was still in power. He was living in Miami at the time, and he was not extradited because the US Department of State considered the charges to be politically motivated and thus allowed the matter to die. False reports that Somoza Portocarrero might return to Nicaragua in 2000 after over twenty years in exile led to an uproar in that country. Former Sandinista President Daniel Ortega suggested that Somoza Portocarrero "will be able to enter Managua , but I doubt he will be able to leave because I will confront him with gunshots." Sitting President Arnoldo Alemán —whose own political party in part grew out of
5402-569: Was subject to frequent raids by Dutch , French and British pirates, with the city of Granada being invaded twice, in 1658 and 1660. Nicaraguans were divided over Spanish monarchy and independence. In 1811, Nicolás García Jerez , a priest decided to make concessions with pro-independence figures. He proposed holding elections for each barrios, in order to form a government junta. However, he soon declared himself as governor and threatened to punish rebellions by death. Nicaraguans were divided over monarchy and independence. This division made Nicaragua
5476-459: Was the form of government of most tribes; the supreme ruler was the chief, or cacique , who, surrounded by his princes, formed the nobility. Laws and regulations were disseminated by royal messengers who visited each township and assembled the inhabitants to give their chief orders. Occupying most of western Nicaragua and the Pacific Coast, the Nicaraos were governed by multiple rulers, such as chiefs Macuilmiquiztli , and Agateyte . Macuilmiquiztli
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