138-634: The Portland Police Bureau ( PPB ), officially the Portland Bureau of Police , is the law enforcement agency of the city of Portland , the largest city in the U.S. state of Oregon . While oversight of Portland's bureaus shifts among the five City Commissioners , the mayor has historically been assigned to the Police Bureau as the police commissioner . The Bureau is the largest city law enforcement agency in Oregon. As of September 2024,
276-437: A Remington 870 shotgun (fitted with a tactical flashlight in the foregrip). After completion of bureau courses, officers are also authorized to carry Colt AR-15 rifles and FN 40mm single shot less-lethal launchers. Special Emergency Reaction Team (SERT) officers are armed with a variety of additional weapons, including H&K MP5A3 submachine guns , and M4A1 rifles with EOTech holographic sights . The .45 Glock 21
414-520: A major regional heat wave . The record had been broken for three consecutive days with daytime highs of 108 °F (42 °C) on June 26 and 112 °F (44 °C) on June 27; the previous record of 107 °F (42 °C) was set in July 1965 and matched twice in August 1981. A temperature of 100 °F (38 °C) has been recorded in all five months from May through September. The warmest night of
552-513: A wrongful death lawsuit with the city for $ 1.2 million in February 2012. The Portland Police Association fought Frashour's termination, and he was ultimately reinstated after an arbitrator overturned the city's termination in March 2012. Frashour also received his lost wages. PPA president Daryl Turner said the firing had been politically motivated, and said 25 officers had stated the deadly force
690-512: A Nazi, then I'm Saddam Hussein". The city attorney's office tried to quash the Nazi details in a lawsuit, stating it violated Kruger's free-speech and privacy rights. In 2000, Kruger placed a shrine to Nazi soldiers on public park property at Rocky Butte . When Kruger's past was discovered during the 2003 lawsuits, Kruger removed the shrine. The shrine was stored in the city attorney's office by then-deputy Tracy Reeve, preventing their discovery during
828-520: A community-driven series of rallies, campaigns, nonprofits and events designed to address Portland's racial history, leading to a city considered significantly more tolerant than in 1988 at Seraw's death. Lola Baldwin Aurora " Lola " Greene Baldwin (1860 – June 22, 1957) was an American woman who became one of the first policewomen in the United States. In 1908, she was sworn in by
966-516: A competent and valuable member of the Portland Police Bureau. Your skills and talents as a Critical Incident Commander and ability to connect with the community are outstanding. Kruger sued the city in 2013. The resulting 2014 settlement expunged his past disciplinary records and provided him a complimentary letter from police chief Mike Reese. Charlie Hales , (then the mayor and police commissioner), claimed to be unaware of terms of
1104-431: A few degrees. Evening temperatures fall to or below freezing 32 nights per year on average, but very rarely below 18 °F (−8 °C). There are only 2.1 days per year where the daytime high temperature fails to rise above freezing; the mean for the lowest high is at the exact freezing point of 32 °F (0 °C). The lowest overnight temperature ever recorded was −3 °F (−19 °C), on February 2, 1950, while
1242-519: A highly active volcano 50 miles (80 km) northeast of the city in Washington state, is easily visible on clear days and is close enough to have dusted the city with volcanic ash after its eruption on May 18, 1980. The rocks of the Portland area range in age from late Eocene to more recent eras. Multiple shallow, active fault lines traverse the Portland metropolitan area. Among them are
1380-477: A home for troubled women, and advising other states and cities on women's law-enforcement issues. Through her accomplishments, she demonstrated that women could be effective police officers. The social hygiene movement as well as the social purity movement , which sought to maintain traditional 19th-century Victorian morality through the Progressive Era , were major influences on Baldwin's work. At
1518-656: A large number of saloons, bordellos , gambling dens, and boarding houses which were populated with miners after the California Gold Rush , as well as the multitude of sailors passing through the port. By the early 20th century, the city had lost its reputation as a "sober frontier city" and garnered a reputation for being violent and dangerous. Between 1900 and 1930, the city's population tripled from nearly 100,000 to 301,815. During World War II , it housed an "assembly center" from which up to 3,676 people of Japanese descent were dispatched to internment camps in
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#17327832165901656-599: A national network of rescue homes for "unfortunate lost girls", which at the time meant rescued prostitutes and unwed mothers. In 1904, the Charlton Company sent LeGrand to Portland to open its first store in the Pacific Northwest. Baldwin worked in the store's business office and joined the board of the city's Florence Crittenton Home. In 1904, Portland officials were preparing for the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition . Among their concerns
1794-486: A new discipline guide and allows for the expansion of the Portland Street Response team, which dispatches a mental health clinician and fire paramedic to crisis calls. From 1851 to 1870 Portland was policed by a marshal, sometimes elected and sometimes appointed, who usually served a two-year term. After 1861, the marshal was empowered to hire deputies, but they did not have permanent jobs until late in
1932-588: A newspaper, the Weekly Oregonian . A major fire swept through downtown in August 1873 , destroying twenty blocks on the west side of the Willamette along Yamhill and Morrison Streets, and causing $ 1.3 million in damage, roughly equivalent to $ 33.1 million today. By 1879, the population had grown to 17,500 and by 1890 it had grown to 46,385. In 1888, the first steel bridge on the West Coast
2070-533: A pioneer in the field, served in the Women's Protective Division from 1947 to 1967. PPB's "Red Squad" was formed in the 1910s to fight a rise of communism, the labor movement, and other left-wing efforts. Its membership was documented to overlap with Oregon's branch of Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s and the pro-Nazi antisemitic Silver Shirts in the 1930s; Red Squad Captain Walter Odale was part of American Defenders,
2208-506: A police officer. Throughout her policing career, Baldwin stressed crime prevention and favored reform over incarceration. She promoted laws to protect women, advised other jurisdictions about women's law-enforcement issues, and demonstrated by example that women could be effective police officers. After her retirement from the police in 1922, she gave public lectures for the Oregon Social Hygiene Society and served on
2346-565: A policy to not use less-lethal force to disperse crowds. He also formed the Rapid Response Team designed for crowd control. During protests against a Bush visit in August 2002, police escalated the force used to disperse protesters, indiscriminately using batons, rubber bullets, and pepper spray. Children (including a 10 month old baby), independent police observers and a TV cameraperson (Beth English, KPTV) were deliberately sprayed from as little as one foot away from their face. This
2484-596: A position with the local Travelers Aid branch, based at the YWCA. Over the next three years, she continued the kinds of work she had done during the exposition, often helping runaways and young women with legal troubles. Supported by Mayor Harry Lane and the Portland police, she eventually convinced the City Council to create and fund what was formally named the Women's Auxiliary to the Police Department for
2622-481: A protest to commemorate the one-year anniversary of Floyd's murder caused property damage, and was followed by a number of arrests. Portland lies on top of a dormant volcanic field known as the Boring Lava Field , named after the nearby bedroom community of Boring . The Boring Lava Field has at least 32 cinder cones such as Mount Tabor , and its center lies in southeast Portland. Mount St. Helens ,
2760-458: A reality in Portland in the absence of a fundamental change in the philosophy of the officials who formulate policy for the police bureau. In a 1968 City Club of Portland Report on Law Enforcement , PPB were described as having "the right to stop and frisk someone because his skin is black and he is in the black part of town." Albina , the majority-Black area of Portland, was deliberately neglected, as police and Mayor Terry Schrunk confirmed. This
2898-627: A resident wrote Mayor Neil Goldschmidt stating "It seems as if any time a police gets the urge to punch something, they snatch the first available black man they see, and use him to satisfy their savage egos." Four Black men were killed by the police in a six-month period of 1974–1975. In March 1981, PPB officers (Craig Ward, Jim Galloway) dropped dead possums in front of Burger Barn, a Black soul food restaurant owned by George Powe on MLK. Witnesses said there were seven officers and four patrol cars involved. Ward and Galloway said they did it to relieve stress, not out of racial motivation. After pressure from
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#17327832165903036-663: A similar unit of the Los Angeles Police Department in 1983. Individuals tracked in the files included Bev Stein , Ron Herndon , Neil Goldschmidt , Vera Katz , Harl H. Haas Jr. , and Elizabeth Furse . When Harrington became chief in 1985, Falk shared intelligence files on city commissioners Mike Lindberg and Margaret Strachan. She said "I just blew up at [Falk]" and broke up the intelligence and vice divisions. She resigned as chief in June 1986. The files were analyzed by Portland Tribune in 2002 and given to
3174-432: A single street name on a grid. For example, the 200 block north of Burnside is either NW Davis Street or NE Davis Street throughout the entire city. The six previous addressing sections of Portland, which were colloquially known as quadrants despite there being six, have developed distinctive identities, with mild cultural differences and friendly rivalries between their residents, especially between those who live east of
3312-588: A spinoff of the Silver Shirts. In one of Red Squad's "Weekly Report of Communist Activities", Odale stated Portland was the third-largest center of Nazi activity in the country. The Squad interrogated a student leader at Lincoln High School , and within days of this becoming public in 1937, the Red Squad was disbanded. Still, by 1940, the Silver Shirts were confident that police would side with their organization "if any trouble starts in Portland". By 1923 it
3450-546: A splinter group of black bloc rushed motorcycle police on the Steel Bridge. Police responded, pepperspraying the bloc and innocent bystanders. In 2011, three Portland police officers beat and tazed a citizen during a traffic stop. While denied by the officers, the episode was caught on a nearby security camera, showing him being repeatedly punched in the head and tazed four times in 30 seconds. A medic report stated "police on scene very reluctant to give any info how patient
3588-468: A time that PPB's officers focused on enforcement and patrol of people who could pay them under the table. Unattached women had arrived en masse for the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition . In 1915, the "Metropolitan Police Force" changed its name to the Bureau of Police. Four years later, the bureau became the first, in the United States, to use a police radio . Sybil Plumlee , also considered to be
3726-486: A time, contributing to 157 days on average with measurable (≥0.01 in or 0.25 mm) precipitation annually. Temperatures have reached 90 °F (32 °C) as early as April 30 and as late as October 5, while 80 °F (27 °C) has been reached as early as April 1 and as late as October 21. Thunderstorms are uncommon and tornadoes are very rare, although they do occur. See or edit raw graph data . Portland's cityscape derives much of its character from
3864-427: Is Mount Tabor , a volcanic landform. The 2020 census reported the city as 73.8% White (449,025 people), 8.2% Asian (52,854), 5.8% Black or African American (38,217), 0.9% Native American (7,335), 0.5% Pacific Islander (3,919), and 5.0% from two or more races (69,898). 10.3% were Hispanic or Latino, of any race (72,336). Whites not of Hispanic origin made up 68.8% of the total population. The 2010 census reported
4002-433: Is "PDX", the airport code for Portland International Airport . Other nicknames include Bridgetown, Stumptown, Rip City, Soccer City, P-Town, Portlandia, and the more antiquated Little Beirut. From May 28, 2020, until spring 2021, there were daily protests about the murder of George Floyd by police, and racial injustice. There were instances of looting, vandalism, and police actions causing injuries. One protestor
4140-599: Is approximately 100 miles (160 km) upriver from the Pacific Ocean on the Columbia. Though much of downtown Portland is relatively flat, the foothills of the Tualatin Mountains , more commonly referred to locally as the "West Hills", pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city. Council Crest Park at 1,073 feet (327 m) is often quoted as the highest point in Portland; however,
4278-570: Is itself named after the English Isle of Portland , the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1840s, near the end of the Oregon Trail . Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the timber industry was a major force in the city's early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world, a hub for organized crime and racketeering . After
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4416-484: Is largely residential. Downtown district , made up of commercial businesses, museums, skyscrapers , and public landmarks represents a small area within the southwest address section. Portland's South Waterfront area has been developing into a dense neighborhood of shops, condominiums, and apartments starting in the mid-2000s. Development in this area is ongoing. The area is served by the Portland Streetcar ,
4554-567: Is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Since 1992, there have been several cases of suspects having died while in custody at the Multnomah County Detention Center. Oregon passed Prohibition laws in 1915. These were enacted in 1916, well ahead of the 18th Amendment . Mayor H. Russell Albee , embroiled in several unrelated controversies, ordered chief John Clark to visibly enforce
4692-618: Is still in use is the Chevrolet Tahoe . Traffic officers use BMW R1200RT motorcycles. All Portland police officers are armed with a 9mm Glock handgun, either the Glock 17 , or the Glock 19 . Plainclothes officers carry a Glock 26 . Most uniformed officers' handguns are equipped with SureFire or Streamlight tactical lights. Officers often carry a backup firearm that must conform to regulations regarding caliber and type. All Portland Police Bureau officers are authorized to carry
4830-666: Is the first new bridge to span the Willamette in Portland since the 1973 opening of the double-decker Fremont Bridge . Other bridges that span the Willamette River in the downtown area include the Burnside Bridge , the Ross Island Bridge (both built 1926), and the double-decker Marquam Bridge (built 1966). Other bridges outside the downtown area include the Sellwood Bridge (built 2016) to
4968-608: Is water. Although almost all of Portland is within Multnomah County , small portions of the city are within Clackamas and Washington counties. Portland has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csb), falling just short of a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with cool and rainy winters, and warm and dry summers. This climate is characterized by having overcast, wet, and changing weather conditions in fall, winter, and spring, as Portland lies in
5106-661: The Black United Front and protests, Ward and Galloway were fired, though no other officers were punished. Stan Peters and the PPA protested the firings, organizing a "Cops Have Rights Too" rally, and demanding Charles Jordan, Portland's first Black city councilor and police commissioner. PPA hired Ward and Galloway to work for the union in the meantime; months later, the firing of the two was overturned in binding arbitration, which found Jordan failed to follow procedures. Marches and rallies were held, and Rev. C. T. Vivian came to
5244-414: The Los Angeles Police Department in 1910. All three specialized in law enforcement related to women and children. Louise Bryant , writing about Baldwin for Sunset magazine in 1912, described her as a "municipal mother". Baldwin's police work, centering on the protection of women, continued through 1922. It took various forms, such as lobbying for laws to protect women, urging state officials to open
5382-491: The MAX Orange Line and four TriMet bus lines. This former industrial area sat as a brownfield prior to development in the mid-2000s. Southeast Portland is largely residential, and consists of several neighborhoods, including Hawthorne District , Belmont , Brooklyn , and Mount Tabor . Reed College , a private liberal arts college that was founded in 1908, is located within the confines of Southeast Portland as
5520-618: The Portland Hills Fault on the city's west side, and the East Bank Fault on the east side. According to a 2017 survey, several of these faults were characterized as "probably more of a hazard" than the Cascadia subduction zone due to their proximities to population centers, with the potential of producing magnitude 7 earthquakes . Notable earthquakes that have impacted the Portland area in recent history include
5658-504: The Probasco Decree . It required the police to stop using "insulting, degrading or ethnically derogatory terms" towards citizens, banned the use of SAP gloves and leaded batons, and required a search warrant to enter a home. The Internal Affairs Division was created, though it was substantially ineffective, tossing out 90% of complaints in the first year, and nearly 93% of complaints in 1979. Police behavior did not change; in 1974,
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5796-566: The urban heat island effect. Neighborhoods outside of the downtown core, especially in slightly higher elevations near the West Hills and Mount Tabor , can experience a dusting of snow while downtown receives no accumulation at all. The city has experienced a few major snow and ice storms in its past, with extreme totals having reached 44.5 in (113 cm) at the airport in 1949–50 and 60.9 in (155 cm) at downtown in 1892–93. Summers in Portland are warm, dry, and sunny, though
5934-581: The 1860s. Thomas O'Connor, a deputy, became the first Portland officer to die while on duty in a shooting on August 21, 1867. The bureau, originally named the Portland Metropolitan Police Force, was established in 1870 by the Portland City Council. The Council appointed James Lappeus as its first chief of police, in charge of a force with six patrolmen and one lieutenant, at a time when the population of Portland
6072-766: The 1940s and 1950s. In 1957, Life magazine published an article detailing the city's history of government corruption and crime, specifically its gambling rackets and illegal nightclubs. The article, which focused on crime boss Jim Elkins , became the basis of a fictionalized film titled Portland Exposé (1957). In spite of the city's seedier undercurrent of criminal activity, Portland enjoyed an economic and industrial surge during World War II. Ship builder Henry J. Kaiser had been awarded contracts to build Liberty ships and aircraft carrier escorts, and chose sites in Portland and Vancouver, Washington , for work yards. During this time, Portland's population rose by over 150,000, largely attributed to recruited laborers. During
6210-483: The 1960s, an influx of hippie subculture began to take root in the city in the wake of San Francisco 's burgeoning countercultural scene. The city's Crystal Ballroom became a hub for the city's psychedelic culture , while food cooperatives and listener-funded media and radio stations were established. A large social activist presence evolved during this time as well, specifically concerning Native American rights , environmentalist causes, and gay rights . By
6348-474: The 1970s, Portland had well established itself as a progressive city, and experienced an economic boom for the majority of the decade; however, the slowing of the housing market in 1979 caused demand for the city and state timber industries to drop significantly. In the 1990s, the technology industry began to emerge in Portland, specifically with the establishment of companies such as Intel , which brought more than US$ 10 billion in investments in 1995 alone. In
6486-420: The 6.8-magnitude Nisqually earthquake in 2001, and a 5.6-magnitude earthquake that struck on March 25, 1993. Per a 2014 report, over 7,000 locations within the Portland area are at high risk for landslides and soil liquefaction in the event of a major earthquake, including much of the city's west side (such as Washington Park ) and sections of Clackamas County . Portland is 60 miles (97 km) east of
6624-556: The ACLU, Black United Front, Bicycle Repair Collective, and the People's Food co-op. The Intelligence Division had approximately six officers who would gather intelligence and news clippings on organizations and individuals related to them. The paperwork was against city policy, and in 1981 it became against state law (181.575). Some reports were filed even after 1981. Most of the reports focused on left-leaning organizations. Winfield Falk took
6762-433: The Bureau has around 800 sworn members, 35 cadets , and over 300 professional staff. The Portland Police Bureau divides Portland into three precincts , with each precinct divided into as many as 20 districts. The divisions are generally based on neighborhood association boundaries , but also take into account the number of police calls generated in each district. The district serves as the basic unit of territory within
6900-482: The City of Portland Archives (PARC) in 2004. During an ethnographic study using document theory , researcher Kathy Carbone created an object biography on the files as a whole, noting the concept of "imagined-but-unavailable records" led many to experience strong emotions. Further, the files became recontextualized over time. In 2000, a large protest occurred on May Day. Following that, police chief Mark Kroeker issued
7038-661: The City of Portland as Superintendent of the Women's Auxiliary to the Police Department for the Protection of Girls (later renamed the Women's Protective Division), with the rank of detective. Baldwin grew up in Rochester, New York , and taught in nearby public schools. She relocated to Lincoln, Nebraska , where she taught, then married. She, her husband, and their two sons later lived in several U.S. cities, where Baldwin engaged in volunteer social work related to unwed mothers and other young women in trouble. In 1904, when Baldwin
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#17327832165907176-732: The Marine Corps, and was buried with military honors at Willamette National Cemetery . After scrutiny over Officer Gary Barbour's chokehold, on the day of his funeral, officers sold "don't choke 'em, smoke 'em" t-shirts from a police precinct (Kelly Penumbra building, 47th and E Burnside) and the Portland Police Association 's bar, the Portland Police Athletic Association . Two officers, Richard Montee and Paul Wickersham, were fired by Mayor Bud Clark , but later reinstated. A month after
7314-643: The Nebraska qualifying exam, she taught for three years at Lincoln Preparatory High School. By 1884, she had met and married LeGrand M. Baldwin, a dry goods merchant originally from Vermont. As was expected then of single women teachers who married, Baldwin resigned her job at the high school. During her remaining years in Lincoln, she found paid clerical work, and volunteered as a social worker focused on helping "wayward" girls. She also gave birth to two sons, Myron and Pierre. After they left Lincoln in 1893, over
7452-628: The Oregon Social Hygiene Society, served on the board of the Hillcrest School of Oregon , traveled to other cities to encourage formation of women's police divisions, served on the Oregon Parole Board as well as the National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor, and continued to support the Women's Protective Division of the Portland police. During her retirement, she also assisted her husband and sons in running
7590-587: The Pacific Ocean at the northern end of Oregon 's most populated region, the Willamette Valley. Downtown Portland straddles the banks of the Willamette River, which flows north through the city center and separates the city's east and west neighborhoods. Less than 10 miles (16 km) from downtown, the Willamette River flows into the Columbia River, the fourth-largest river in the United States, which divides Oregon from Washington state. Portland
7728-612: The Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of pioneer settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1840s via the Oregon Trail with many arriving in nearby Oregon City . A new settlement then emerged ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River, roughly halfway between Oregon City and Hudson's Bay Company 's Fort Vancouver . This community
7866-491: The Portland Police Association union. The union also represents 911 call takers and dispatchers, who work for the Bureau of Emergency Communication. On July 1, 2020, the city and the PPA renewed its annual contract, with an agreement to permit a newly formed Portland Street Response team, promoted by Commissioner Jo Ann Hardesty , for emergency situations that don't require firearms, and an agreement on
8004-474: The Protection of Girls, later renamed the Women's Protective Division (WPD). On April 1, 1908, she was sworn in as superintendent of the auxiliary with the rank of detective. Depending on the definition of "policewoman", Baldwin was the first except for Marie Owens , thought to have begun her policing career in Chicago in 1891. Another candidate for the title of "first" is Alice Stebbins Wells , who joined
8142-509: The Willamette River versus west of the river. Portland's addressing sections are North, Northwest, Northeast, South, Southeast, and Southwest (which includes downtown Portland ). The Willamette River divides the city into east and west while Burnside Street , which traverses the entire city lengthwise, divides the north and south. North Portland consists of the peninsula formed by the Willamette and Columbia Rivers, with N Williams Ave serving as its eastern boundary. All addresses and streets within
8280-478: The addition of South Portland, all six addressing sectors (N, NE, NW, S, SE and SW) are now officially known as sextants. The Pearl District in Northwest Portland , which was largely occupied by warehouses, light industry and railroad classification yards in the early to mid-20th century, now houses upscale art galleries , restaurants, and retail stores, and is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in
8418-478: The agricultural Tualatin Valley via the " Great Plank Road " (the route of current-day U.S. Route 26 ), provided the pioneer city with an advantage over other nearby ports, and it grew very quickly. Portland remained the major port in the Pacific Northwest for much of the 19th century, until the 1890s, when Seattle's deepwater harbor was connected to the rest of the mainland by rail, affording an inland route without
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#17327832165908556-551: The board of the Hillcrest School of Oregon , the Oregon Parole Board, and the National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor. Baldwin, sometimes referred to as a "municipal mother", died in Portland on June 22, 1957, at the age of 97. Born Aurora "Lola" Greene in 1860, in Elmira, New York , Baldwin grew up largely in Rochester, where her family moved when she was quite young. Her parents, of Irish Protestant heritage, enrolled her in
8694-446: The bureau, and most districts are assigned between one and two patrol officers . As such, busier districts are geographically smaller and slower districts are larger. The infrastructure of each precinct is essentially the same, though the number of officers in each precinct is adjusted continually through transfers, new hires and attrition. The PPB primarily uses Ford Explorers for their marked vehicles. An older marked vehicle that
8832-499: The cities to attract and retain the highest number of college-educated people in the United States. Between 2001 and 2012, Portland's gross domestic product per person grew by fifty percent, more than any other city in the country. The city acquired a diverse range of nicknames throughout its history, though it is most often called "Rose City" or "The City of Roses" (unofficial nickname since 1888, official since 2003). Another widely used nickname by local residents in everyday speech
8970-412: The city are prefixed by N, NW, NE, S, SW or SE with the exception of Burnside Street, which is prefixed with W or E. Starting on May 1, 2020, former Southwest prefix addresses with house numbers on east–west streets leading with zero dropped the zero and the street prefix on all streets (including north–south streets) converted from Southwest to South. For example, the current address of 246 S California St.
9108-432: The city as 76.1% White (444,254 people), 7.1% Asian (41,448), 6.3% Black or African American (36,778), 1.0% Native American (5,838), 0.5% Pacific Islander (2,919), 4.7% belonging to two or more racial groups (24,437) and 5.0% from other races (28,987). 9.4% were Hispanic or Latino, of any race (54,840). Whites not of Hispanic origin made up 72.2% of the total population. In 1940, Portland's African-American population
9246-566: The city proper, Portland has one of the largest Vietnamese populations in America per capita. According to statistics, there are over 4,500 Pacific Islanders in Portland, making up 0.7% of the city's population. There is a Tongan community in Portland, who arrived in the area in the 1970s, and Tongans and Pacific Islanders as a whole are one of the fastest-growing ethnic groups in the Portland area. Portland's population has been and remains predominantly White . In 1940, Whites were over 98% of
9384-469: The city to organize anti-Klan efforts, believing the possums represented a "Klan mentality" in the department and the ruling would lead to further attacks. In 1985, Penny Harrington became Portland's first female chief of police, and the first to head a major U.S. police department. Also in 1985, PPB killed a Black veteran, Lloyd Stevenson, by placing him in a chokehold. Stevenson had served in Vietnam for
9522-480: The city's Christ Church Episcopal School for Girls, and she later attended Rochester High School. When her father died in 1877, she was forced to withdraw from school and seek work, finishing her high school studies on her own. She passed the New York State qualifying exam for teachers, and taught near Rochester until 1880 when she moved alone to Lincoln, Nebraska, a city that was seeking teachers. After passing
9660-474: The city's early establishment as being a " scion of New England ; an ends-of-the-earth home for the exiled spawn of the eastern established elite." In 1889, The Oregonian called Portland "the most filthy city in the Northern States", due to the unsanitary sewers and gutters, and, at the turn of the 20th century, it was considered one of the most dangerous port cities in the world. The city housed
9798-400: The city's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II , its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate. Beginning in the 1960s, it became noted for its growing liberal and progressive political values, earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture . The city operates with a commission-based government , guided by a mayor and four commissioners, as well as Metro ,
9936-418: The city's population. In 2009, Portland had the fifth-highest percentage of White residents among the 40 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. A 2007 survey of the 40 largest cities in the U.S. concluded Portland's urban core has the highest percentage of White residents. Some scholars have noted the Pacific Northwest as a whole is "one of the last Caucasian bastions of the United States". While Portland's diversity
10074-728: The city. Areas further west of the Pearl District include neighborhoods known as Uptown and Nob Hill, as well as the Alphabet District and NW 23rd Ave., a major shopping street lined with clothing boutiques and other upscale retail, mixed with cafes and restaurants. Northeast Portland is home to the Lloyd District , Alberta Arts District , and the Hollywood District . North Portland is largely residential and industrial. It contains Kelley Point Park ,
10212-823: The coast, as well as the protective nature of the Oregon Coast Range to its west, Portland summers are less susceptible to the moderating influence of the nearby Pacific Ocean. Consequently, Portland occasionally experiences heat waves , with temperatures rising above 90 °F (32 °C) for a few days. However, on average, temperatures reach or exceed 80 °F (27 °C) on only 61 days per year, of which 15 days will reach 90 °F (32 °C) and only 1.3 days will reach 100 °F (38 °C). In 2018 more 90-degree days were recorded than ever before. On June 28, 2021, Portland recorded its all-time record high temperature of 116 °F (47 °C) and its warmest daily low temperature of 75 °F (24 °C) during
10350-441: The commercial sex trade. The commission estimated that nearly 25 percent of the cases being seen by the city's physicians involved VD. A commission review of 547 Portland establishments thought to harbor prostitutes confirmed that 431 supported acts that were "immoral". Another commission study conducted between mid-1911 and late 1912 found that police had raided 216 vice establishments and made 1,900 prostitution arrests during
10488-500: The delay of cost-of-living adjustment due to city budget issues related to COVID-19. This contract was extended against a backdrop of continuing George Floyd protests , some of them at PPA headquarters. On February 24, 2022, the City and the PPA signed a new collective bargaining agreement that will expire on June 30, 2026. Members will see between a 14% to 25% pay increase, not including $ 7,000 in retention bonuses and bilingual incentive pay, in this contract. The agreement also contains
10626-564: The direct path of the stormy westerly flow, and warm, dry summers when the North Pacific High reaches its northernmost point in mid-summer. Portland's USDA Plant Hardiness Zone is 8b, with parts of the Downtown area falling into zone 9a. Winters are cool, cloudy, and rainy. The coldest month is December with an average daily high temperature of 46.9 °F (8.3 °C), although overnight lows usually remain above freezing by
10764-450: The displaced workers from the wartime settlement to neighboring Albina . There and elsewhere in Portland, they experienced police hostility, lack of employment, and mortgage discrimination , leading to half the black population leaving after the war. In the 1980s and 1990s, radical skinhead groups flourished in Portland. In 1988, Mulugeta Seraw , an Ethiopian immigrant, was killed by three skinheads. The response to his murder involved
10902-479: The east lies the actively volcanic Cascade Range . On clear days, Mt. Hood and Mt. St. Helens dominate the horizon, while Mt. Adams and Mt. Rainier can also be seen in the distance. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 145.09 square miles (375.78 km ), of which 133.43 square miles (345.58 km ) is land and 11.66 square miles (30.20 km )
11040-410: The exposition, especially venues such as risque sideshows , dimly lit structures, the beer garden , and the shooting gallery (carnival game), all of which they considered sexually dangerous. In her final report on the exposition, Baldwin reported that Travelers Aid had helped 1,640 women and girls in various ways, including finding safe jobs for more than 500. After the fair ended, Baldwin retained
11178-491: The fair. The Portland YWCA hired Baldwin as project supervisor with funds provided partly by the national Travelers Aid committee. She and her associates compiled lists of local lodging and working places they deemed safe for young women. When the exposition opened on June 1, 1905, volunteers met young women at Union Station and other entry points to the city and offered advice about lodging and employment, and in some cases other aid such as meal vouchers . Volunteers patrolled
11316-607: The heartland. It was the first American city to have residents report thus, and the Pacific International Livestock Exposition operated from May through September 10, 1942, processing people from the city, northern Oregon, and central Washington . General John DeWitt called the city the first "Jap-free city on the West Coast." At the same time, Portland became a notorious hub for underground criminal activity and organized crime in
11454-492: The highest point in Portland is on a section of NW Skyline Blvd just north of Willamette Stone Heritage site . The highest point east of the river is Mt. Tabor , an extinct volcanic cinder cone, which rises to 636 feet (194 m). Nearby Powell Butte and Rocky Butte rise to 614 feet (187 m) and 612 feet (187 m), respectively. To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the Oregon Coast Range , and to
11592-569: The investigation. The accusations have prompted a Copwatch program in Portland. In neither the Chasse nor the James interactions were the Portland Police Bureau, nor any sworn officer, found guilty of criminal wrongdoing. In January 2010, PPB shot and killed Aaron Campbell, a black man, in what Jesse Jackson called an execution. Campbell was suicidal and was known to own a gun. During a welfare check , Campbell had been responding to officer commands and
11730-572: The killing, when a grand jury decided to not prosecute the officers, PPA president Stan Peters said people shouldn't "dwell on the past", stating community relations would improve once those angry with the police moved on. He had previously called Black leaders "opportunists" and "vultures" over the Stevenson killing reaction. The headquarters of the Portland Police Bureau was in the Portland Police Block until 1984. The 1912 building
11868-555: The lap of the West Hills , while the flatter east side extends for roughly 180 blocks until it meets the suburb of Gresham . In 1891 the cities of Portland, Albina , and East Portland were consolidated, creating inconsistent patterns of street names and addresses. It was not unusual for a street name to be duplicated in disparate areas. The "Great Renumbering" on September 2, 1931, standardized street naming patterns and divided Portland into five "general districts." It also changed house numbers from 20 per block to 100 per block and adopted
12006-482: The largest Asian ethnic group in the city, followed by Chinese (1.7%), Filipinos (0.6%), Japanese (0.5%), Koreans (0.4%), Laotians (0.4%), Hmong (0.2%), and Cambodians (0.1%). A small population of Iu Mien live in Portland. Portland has two Chinatowns, with New Chinatown in the ' Jade District ' along SE 82nd Avenue with Chinese supermarkets, Hong Kong style noodle houses, dim sum , and Vietnamese phở restaurants. With about 12,000 Vietnamese residing in
12144-555: The last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) of water. Before American settlers began arriving in the 1800s, the land was inhabited for many centuries by two bands of indigenous Chinook people – the Multnomah and the Clackamas . The Chinook people occupying the land were first documented in 1805 by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark . Before its European settlement,
12282-404: The late 1990s, the Portland area was rated the fourth-least affordable place in the United States to purchase a new home. After 2000, Portland experienced significant growth, with a population rise of over 90,000 between the years 2000 and 2014. The city's increasing reputation for culture established it as a popular city for young people, and it was second only to Louisville, Kentucky , as one of
12420-409: The lawsuits. Kruger remained on the force and was promoted to captain in 2009. Kruger admitted to wearing Nazi uniforms, explaining that he was a history buff, but denied ever engaging in racist activities or holding Nazi beliefs. In 2010, the shrine's existence was discovered in an internal affairs investigation ordered by commissioner Dan Saltzman. Kruger was disciplined and suspended for two weeks, but
12558-451: The lowest daytime high temperature ever recorded was 14 °F (−10 °C) on December 30, 1968. The average window in which freezing temperatures may occur is between November 15 and March 19, allowing a growing season of 240 days. Annual snowfall in Portland is 4.3 inches (10.9 cm), which usually falls between December and March. The city of Portland avoids snow more frequently than its suburbs, due in part to its low elevation and
12696-453: The many bridges that span the Willamette River downtown, several of which are historic landmarks, and Portland has been nicknamed "Bridgetown" for many decades as a result. Three of downtown's most heavily used bridges are more than 100 years old and are designated historic landmarks: Hawthorne Bridge (1910), Steel Bridge (1912), and Broadway Bridge (1913). Portland's newest bridge in the downtown area, Tilikum Crossing , opened in 2015 and
12834-542: The next 10 years the Baldwins lived variously in Boston , Yonkers , Norfolk , and Providence, Rhode Island , as LeGrand pursued his dry goods career. He eventually joined E. P. Charlton & Company , which had a chain of more than 50 stores across the United States. In each city the family moved to, Baldwin continued her volunteer work, including serving on the boards of two Florence Crittenton Homes . They were part of
12972-479: The northeast quadrant of the city continued. Portland's longshoremen racial mix was described as being "lily-white" in the 1960s when the local International Longshore and Warehouse Union declined to represent grain handlers since some were black. Racial Makeup of Portland (2022) Over two-thirds of Oregon's African-American residents live in Portland. As of the 2000 census, three of its high schools (Cleveland, Lincoln and Wilson) were over 70% White, reflecting
13110-587: The northernmost point of the city. It also contains the St. Johns neighborhood, which is historically one of the most ethnically diverse and poorest neighborhoods in the city. Old Town Chinatown is next to the Pearl District in Northwest Portland. In 1890 it was the second largest Chinese community in the United States. In 2017, the crime rate was several times above the city average. This neighborhood has been called Portland's skid row. Southwest Portland
13248-481: The only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. This climate is ideal for growing roses , and Portland has been called the "City of Roses" for over a century. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula , in what would later become Montana. These massive floods occurred during
13386-452: The overall population, while Jefferson High School was 87% non-White. The remaining six schools have a higher number of non-Whites, including Blacks and Asians. Hispanic students average from 3.3% at Wells to 31% at Roosevelt . Portland residents identifying solely as Asian Americans account for 7.1% of the population; an additional 1.8% is partially of Asian heritage. Vietnamese Americans make up 2.2% of Portland's population, and make up
13524-660: The pattern for prohibition enforcement in Portland: with the priority being enforcement of the dry laws against minorities and immigrants. Portland's liquor from Prohibition through the 1950s was supplied through a loose ring of Pullman porters . A 1917 raid on Portland's Golden West Hotel , the a hotspot for Portland's Black population and the porters, was a very public event even if no charges were successful. George Luis Baker became mayor in June 1917; he and PPB chief Leon Jenkins took control of liquor distribution (through bootlegging ) and kept speakeasies open. Confiscated liquor
13662-413: The police force in 1922. In her 1921 annual report, she expressed dismay at what she viewed as a general lowering of moral standards. She said this was evidenced by such things as tobacco smoking by women, increased juvenile delinquency, and the rise of the flapper "bad girl" mode of dress and behavior. After her official retirement at age 62, Baldwin continued to lecture on venereal disease and vice for
13800-666: The prior 18 months. Baldwin and other city officials worked in many ways to reduce the personal and social dangers related to commercial sex: The goal was to cleanse and uplift the evil city, and make it morally and physically safe for families, single working women, and children. Advocates believed that the police power should be utilized to attack a broad range of concerns. Under pressure from social hygienists, many of whom were physicians, municipalities initiated sanitation and public health programs, venereal disease control, vice and prostitution abatement, commercial amusement reform, and other correctives for situations perceived as dangerous to
13938-610: The process; Hendricks announced his retirement when the review was opened. In July 2013, Kruger received a "We Are Portland" award from the Portland Office of Equity and Human Rights (EHR). The director of EHR asked Kruger to not attend the public ceremony and to instead receive the award later; the director apologized for this, recognizing Kruger's "current work and dedication to our city's immigrant and refugee community". The EHR said they weren't aware of investigations into Kruger. I am writing to affirm that I consider you to be
14076-438: The prohibition laws. Clark created a "morals squad" in 1916 with Lt. Leo A. Harms as its leader. The raids and arrests focused on the consumers and low-level suppliers, making little impact. Even when an individual appeared in front of a jury trial, the jury would decline to find the person guilty. In at least two cases the jury drank the evidence (liquor) then acquitted the accused for lack of evidence. The Golden West raid... set
14214-634: The public welfare. Targets for elimination from the city included "any business that exploited young women". During the years that Baldwin led the WPD, this included not only brothels but also fortune-telling establishments, massage parlors, shooting galleries, and dance halls. Preferring prevention to jail time for young women, Baldwin helped single mothers connect to social services, persuaded city officials to keep women out of saloons, and established an after-care system for delinquent girls. Troubled by changing cultural norms after World War I, Baldwin retired from
14352-612: The rapid growth of the Ku Klux Klan , which became very influential in Oregon politics, culminating in the election of Walter M. Pierce as governor. The largest influxes of minority populations occurred during World War II, as the African American population grew by a factor of 10 for wartime work. After World War II, the Vanport flood in 1948 displaced many African Americans. As they resettled, redlining directed
14490-497: The records home sometime between 1981 and 1985, then moved them to a barn in eastern Washington. Falk died in 1987, and Portland Tribune 's Phil Stanford chased leads until he found and acquired the files in 2002 or prior. Stanford "was devastated" because they weren't of use to him, so he gave them to the Tribune. Winfield Falk was a member of the right-wing John Birch Society , which had been involved with intelligence gathering in
14628-468: The settlement, despite signing it. Amid outrage, Hales apologized when the details were made public. Commissioner Novick called it outrageous and "an insult to anyone of Jewish or Russian or Polish descent." In several high-profile cases, including the James Chasse, Jr. and Kendra James incidents, the Portland Police Bureau has been accused of engaging in the abuse of force and then covering up
14766-542: The south. It includes the Lair Hill, Johns Landing and South Waterfront districts and Lewis & Clark College as well as the Riverdale area of unincorporated Multnomah County south of the Portland city limits. In 2018, the city's Bureau of Transportation finalized a plan to transition this part of Portland into South Portland, beginning on May 1, 2020, to reduce confusion by 9-1-1 dispatchers and delivery services. With
14904-495: The south; and the St. Johns Bridge , a Gothic revival suspension bridge built in 1931, to the north. The Glenn L. Jackson Memorial Bridge and the Interstate Bridge provide access from Portland across the Columbia River into Washington state. The Willamette River, which flows north through downtown, serves as the natural boundary between East and West Portland. The denser and earlier-developed west side extends into
15042-413: The sunny warm weather is short-lived, from mid-June to early September. June, July, August and September account for a combined 4.19 inches (106 mm) of total rainfall – only 11% of the 36.91 in (938 mm) of annual precipitation. The warmest month is August, with an average high temperature of 82.3 °F (27.9 °C). Because of its inland location 62 miles (100 km) from
15180-492: The time", calling the police "plantation overseers". These frustrations caused a peaceful rally to turn into an unprompted riot at Irving Park in 1967. After this, the Intelligence Unit collected information on any vocal activists and their friends, then harassed individuals "until they found a charge that would stick". A 1969 class action lawsuit on behalf of 20,000 Black Portlanders led to the 1971 settlement called
15318-401: The treacherous navigation of the Columbia River. The city had its own Japantown, for one, and the lumber industry also became a prominent economic presence, due to the area's large population of Douglas fir , western hemlock , red cedar , and big leaf maple trees. Portland developed a reputation early in its history as a hard-edged and gritty port town . Some historians have described
15456-531: The turn of the century Portland was "rampant with vice and corruption". An elaborate system supported the business of prostitution, which flourished in brothels, hotels, rooming houses, saloons, and other places, especially in the red-light district north of Burnside Street in the central city. Baldwin was one of 15 commissioners appointed to the Portland Vice Commission in 1911 to study the problem of venereal disease (VD) and its relation to
15594-444: The year averages 68 °F (20 °C). Spring and fall can bring variable weather including high-pressure ridging that sends temperatures surging above 80 °F (27 °C) and cold fronts that plunge daytime temperatures into the 40s °F (4–9 °C). However, lengthy stretches of overcast days beginning in mid-fall and continuing into mid-spring are most common. Rain often falls as a light drizzle for several consecutive days at
15732-567: Was 44, the family moved to Portland, where her husband continued his dry goods career. Women's groups such as the Travelers Aid Society , concerned that the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition , scheduled for 1905 in Portland, posed a danger to single women working at the fair, hired Baldwin to supervise a project to protect girls and women. Success at the fair led to similar work thereafter, and eventually to her hiring in 1908 as
15870-495: Was 652,503, making it the 26th-most populous city in the United States, the sixth-most populous on the West Coast , and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest, after Seattle . Approximately 2.5 million people live in the Portland metropolitan area , making it the 25th-most populous in the United States. About half of Oregon's population resides within the Portland metro area. Named after Portland, Maine , which
16008-465: Was a possible influx of non-resident criminals to the city. Officials feared some would target young women and girls, and lure or coerce them into sexual activity, including prostitution. As part of the exposition preparations, women's groups, including the Travelers Aid Society , the YWCA , and many local secular and religious organizations, made plans to prevent the sexual exploitation of young women during
16146-479: Was approximately 2,000 and largely consisted of railroad employees and their families. During the war-time Liberty Ship construction boom, the need for workers drew many Black people to the city. The new influx of Black people settled in specific neighborhoods, such as the Albina district and Vanport . The May 1948 flood which destroyed Vanport eliminated the only integrated neighborhood, and an influx of blacks into
16284-509: Was changed from 0246 SW California St. and the current address of 4310 S Macadam Ave. was converted from 4310 SW Macadam Ave. The new South Portland addressing section was approved by the Portland City Council on June 6, 2018 and is bounded by SW Naito Parkway , SW View Point Terrace and the Tryon Creek State Natural Area to the west, SW Clay Street to the north, the Willamette River to the east, and city limits to
16422-517: Was counter to the RRT training and the Kroeker policy. The assistant chief, Greg Clark, put responsibility of the children being pepper sprayed on the parents; complaints were filed with the Bureau but they said no inappropriate behavior had occurred. Mayor Vera Katz , however, began to make changes on how crowd dispersal is handled. Protesters and police both escalated tactics in 2002–2003; in March 2003,
16560-584: Was disappointed by the reinstatement. Portland, Oregon Portland ( / ˈ p ɔːr t l ə n d / PORT -lənd ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon , located in the Pacific Northwest region. Situated in the northwestern area of the state at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers, it is the county seat of Multnomah County , Oregon's most populous county. As of 2020, Portland's population
16698-701: Was estimated over half of the PPB were also members of the Klan. In 1964, Black Albina resident Cleotis Rhodes was shot during a traffic stop, which led to his death. The use-of-force guidelines were amended by the new police chief to note firearms should only be used related to felonies. The Mayor and the Chief of Police have indicated that in their opinions the Kerner Report is not applicable to Portland. Satisfactory police-citizen relations are not likely to be achieved as
16836-412: Was facing away from them with his hands on his head. When officers felt he was not responding to their commands, an officer (Lewton) shot him with a beanbag round; Campbell then lowered his hands and began to run away. Lewton then shot him with five more beanbag rounds and a K-9 unit released their German Shepherd. Officer Ronald Frashour then shot Campbell in the back with his AR-15, as Frashour believed he
16974-450: Was historically comparable to metro Seattle and Salt Lake City, those areas grew more diverse in the late 1990s and 2000s. Portland not only remains White, but migration to Portland is disproportionately White. The Oregon Territory banned African American settlement in 1849. In the 19th century, certain laws allowed the immigration of Chinese laborers but prohibited them from owning property or bringing their families. The early 1920s saw
17112-616: Was initially referred to as "Stumptown" and "The Clearing" because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file an official land claim. For 25 cents, Overton agreed to share half of the 640-acre (2.6 km ) site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston . In 1844, Overton sold his remaining half of the claim to Francis W. Pettygrove of Portland, Maine . Both Pettygrove and Lovejoy wished to rename "The Clearing" after their respective hometowns (Lovejoy's being Boston, and Pettygrove's, Portland). This controversy
17250-424: Was injured". In 2014 his civil suit by jury trial concluded, with the jury awarding him $ 562,000. Greg Kafoury, a lawyer for the citizen, stated "The Portland police are a law unto themselves. These officers will not be disciplined. ...In the past 50 years, no Portland police officer has ever lost their job for physically abusing a citizen." The officers were cleared through an internal investigation. Sgt. Mark Kruger
17388-492: Was intensified by the ghettoization (through redlining and other means), concentrating Portland's Black population in Albina. Portland police were disproportionately white (1% were Black) even compared to the low percentage of Blacks in Portland (7%). Attitudes were reflected in a 1966 survey, where 86% of officers thought the civil rights movement was happening "moving too fast". Youth in the Albina neighborhood felt "watched all
17526-520: Was killed by an opposing one. Local businesses reported losses totaling millions of dollars as the result of vandalism and looting, according to Oregon Public Broadcasting . Some protests caused injury to protesters and police. In July, federal officers were deployed to safeguard federal property; their presence and tactics were criticized by Oregon officials, who demanded they leave, while lawsuits were filed against local and federal law enforcement alleging wrongful actions by them. On May 25, 2021,
17664-604: Was less than 9,000. The first member of the Metropolitan Police Force to die in the line of duty was Officer Charles F. Schoppe, who was shot to death on June 13, 1874, while trying to disarm a drunken saloon patron. On April 1, 1908, the bureau became the first in the United States to hire a female police officer, Lola Baldwin , who became the Superintendent of its newly established Women's Protective Division, especially noted for helping women during
17802-582: Was not demoted or fired. Kruger continued to state that he was a history buff, not a Nazi. He remained on the force until his retirement. In a May 2013 investigation of Kruger, assistant police chief Eric Hendricks discouraged Kruger from appearing before the Performance Review Board to defend himself in a retaliation case. Hendricks was also in charge of internal affairs and police professional standards. A review found that Hendricks didn't violate any rule, but that his actions were contrary to
17940-513: Was not reasonably necessary, that Frashour's rigid thought process saw all of Campbell's reactions in the worst light, and that Frashour evaluated the situation as a sniper. Lewton and two other officers received an 80-hour (two week) suspension. A grand jury was convened by the Multnomah County District Attorney (a standard practice); the grand jury declined to indict any of the officers. Campbell's family settled
18078-530: Was once included in the list of handguns that could be used as a service pistol. However, after two incidents in which Glock 21s exploded in the hands of officers at a shooting range, the Bureau abandoned the Glock 21. All uniformed officers carry pepper spray , the ASP expandable baton and a Taser . Portland Police Bureau has a LRAD "sound cannon". Most of the bureau's rank-and-file employees are represented by
18216-559: Was opened in Portland, the predecessor of the 1912 namesake Steel Bridge that survives today. In 1889, Henry Pittock's wife, Georgiana, established the Portland Rose Society. The movement to make Portland a "Rose City" started as the city was preparing for the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition . Portland's access to the Pacific Ocean via the Willamette and Columbia rivers, as well as its easy access to
18354-463: Was reaching for a gun and would be behind cover. After several internal reviews, Police Chief Michael Reese terminated Frashour in November 2010, indicating he had acted in poor judgement, that Campbell was instinctively responding to pain from the beanbag, was only displaying passive resistance, and had not put officers or the community in immediate threat. Based on that Reese believed the use of force
18492-407: Was reasonable during Frashour's arbitration. William Lewinski , an expert witness and police shooting advocate, also defended Frashour, stating Campbell could have grabbed his gun, turned around, and fired at an officer faster than Frashour could have reacted with his AR-15 at the ready. This action-reaction theory was called the "Superman theory" by Portland Copwatch 's Dan Handelman. Mayor Sam Adams
18630-500: Was revealed to have pepper sprayed Beth English, the KPTV cameraperson, in the 2002 protest. After documented aggression against English and another woman the following year, friends began to speak out against him, stating he had been collecting Nazi memorabilia in the early 1980s and that they would drive through the city, yelling racist and homophobic statements at people. The PPB defended Kruger. PPB spokesperson Brian Schmautz said "If he's
18768-544: Was settled with a coin toss that Pettygrove won in a series of two out of three tosses, thereby providing Portland with its namesake. The coin used for this decision, now known as the Portland Penny , is on display in the headquarters of the Oregon Historical Society . At the time of its incorporation on February 8, 1851, Portland had over 800 inhabitants, a steam sawmill, a log cabin hotel, and
18906-460: Was stored in PPB's Central Precinct basement. Several officers on the morals and motorcycle squads were involved in the smuggling. The motorcycle squad operated under Captain Frank Ervin, handling chief Jenkins' "dirty work" such as anti-union work and alcohol distribution. Jim Purcell, later chief detective and police chief, was clearly linked with mobster Jim Elkins and described later as "He
19044-476: Was very good at derailing investigations and covering up murders. Jim Elkins... paid Purcell well for his services." A wild Oregon Auto Dealers convention at the Multnomah Hotel led to a raid in 1918, yet no arrests for drinking were made. In the 1950s through the 1980s, PPB's Intelligence Division, the effective successor to the Red Squad, kept files on hundreds of Portland organizations, ranging from
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