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112-596: Portuguese trading settlements—and later, territories—were formed along the coast and into the Zambezi basin from 1498 when Vasco da Gama first reached the Mozambican coast. Lourenço Marques explored the area that is now Maputo Bay in 1544. The Portuguese increased efforts for occupying the interior of the colony after the Scramble for Africa , and secured political control over most of its territory in 1918, facing

224-608: A 2020 documentary directed by Brazilian Mauro Ventura . Each region of Portugal has its own traditional dishes, including various kinds of meat , seafood , fresh fish , dried and salted cod ( bacalhau ), and the famous Cozido à Portuguesa (a Portuguese stew). Portugal is a country of wine lovers and winemakers , known since the Roman Empire -era; the Romans immediately associated Portugal with its God of Wine Bacchus . Today, many Portuguese wines are known as some of

336-525: A Portuguese colony, but the administration was left to the trading companies (like Mozambique Company and Niassa Company ) who had received long-term leases from Lisbon . By the mid-1920s, the Portuguese succeeded in creating a highly exploitative and coercive settler economy, in which African natives were forced to work on the fertile lands taken over by Portuguese settlers. Indigenous African peasants mainly produced cash crops designated for sale in

448-479: A book of Fernando Pessoa . Meu Querido Mês de Agosto directed by Miguel Gomes is a hybrid fiction/documentary film from 2009 that achieved some visibility at the Cannes Film Festival . Tabu directed by Miguel Gomes starring Ana Moreira, Carloto Cotta, Ivo Mueller, Laura Soveral, Manuel Mesquita, Isabel Muñoz Cardoso, Henrique Espírito Santo and Teresa Madruga. The film won two prizes in

560-462: A book of Eça de Queiroz, directed by Carlos Coelho da Silva. This was a low quality production sponsored by Sociedade Independente de Comunicação (television channel). Even so, this film beat all the records of box- office of all the Portuguese film in Portugal. The main characters are Jorge Corrula as Padre Amaro and Soraia Chaves as Amélia, and the main ingredients of this film are the sex and

672-517: A charter by the Portuguese government to foster economic development and maintain Portuguese control in the territory's provinces, would lose their purpose when the territory was transferred to the control of the Portuguese colonial government between 1929 and 1942. Although slavery had been legally abolished in Mozambique by the Portuguese colonial authorities, at the end of the 19th century

784-454: A colonial administrator and divided into regedorias (subdivisions of circunscrições), headed by régules (tribal chieftains), the embodiment of traditional authorities. Provincial Portuguese Decree No. 5.639, of July 29, 1944, attributed to régulos and their assistants, the cabos de terra , the status of auxiliares da administração (administrative assistants). Gradually, these traditional titles lost some of their content, and

896-422: A comedy/ musical from 1942 directed by Francisco Ribeiro , with Vasco Santana (as Narciso), António Silva (as Evaristo), Francisco Ribeiro (as Rufino) and others. It's a portrait of the relations between neighbours in a Lisbon courtyard. A story made of small episodes of humor, friendship, rivalry, and love. O Crime do Padre Amaro: (lit. The Crime of Father Amaro) is a Portuguese film (2005) adapted from

1008-557: A current renaissance in artistic creation, and in 2004 Portugal hosted the European football finals in specially constructed stadiums. In smaller towns and villages, cultural activity may revolve around local folklore, with musical groups performing traditional dance and song. Local festivities are very popular during the summer season in all kinds of localities ranging from villages to cities, as well as beach holidays from July to September. Portuguese people in almost all major towns and

1120-504: A few bullrings in Portugal, although the passion for bullfighting was traditionally more popular in the Ribatejo and Alentejo regions. Since the second millennium BC, there has been important construction in the area where Portugal is situated today. Portugal boasts several scores of medieval castles, as well as the ruins of several villas and forts from the period of Celtic and Roman occupation. Modern Portuguese architecture follows

1232-535: A government minister. In the 20th century, the province was also subject to the authoritarian Estado Novo regime that ruled Portugal from 1933 to 1974, until the military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution . Most members of the government of Mozambique were from Portugal, but a few were Africans. Nearly all members of the bureaucracy were from Portugal, as most Africans did not have

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1344-440: A guitar, mandolin, bagpipes , accordion, violin, drums, Portuguese guitar and an enormous variety of wind and percussion instruments. Contemporary bands include Dazkarieh, Cornalusa, Gaitúlia, Strella do Dia etc. In the popular culture the philharmonic bands represent each locality and play different types of music, from popular to classical. Lidia Costa, Carlos Marques, Alberto Madurai, José Caminos and Railcar Morays are some of

1456-615: A leftist military coup in Lisbon which replaced Portugal's Estado Novo regime in favour of a military junta (the Carnation Revolution of April 1974), FRELIMO took control of the territory. The talks that led to an agreement on Mozambique's independence, signed in Lusaka , were started. Within a year, almost the entire ethnic Portuguese population had left, many were killed or fleeing in fear of being killed (in mainland Portugal they were known as retornados ); others were expelled by

1568-736: A majestic neo-classical building constructed in 1877 by the Portuguese, with a garden decorated with ponds and fountains, was for many years the biggest hospital south of the Sahara . By the early 20th century the Portuguese had shifted the administration of much of Mozambique to private chartered companies, including the Mozambique Company , the Zambezia Company and the Niassa Company , which established several railroad lines to neighbouring countries. The companies, granted

1680-583: A member of the generation that founded the "New Portuguese Cinema" in the 1960s which was influenced by the Nouvelle Vague , a provocative film maker in the 1990s made "O Último Mergulho" (1992), "A Comédia de Deus" (1995), "Le Bassin de John Wayne" (1997) and "As Bodas de Deus" (1998). "A Comédia de Deus" won the Jury's Special Prize at the Venice Film Festival in 1995. Teresa Villaverde

1792-978: A multi-prized film from 2012 that won prizes in: International auteur cinema festival of Barcelona; Miami Festival, Pau Festival in France; New Vision Award in Crossing Europe Festival in Austria; San Sebastin Festival; Otra Mirada Prize by TVE channel in Spain; Faial Film Festival in Portugal; Golden Globes in Portugal; Auteur Portuguese Society in Portugal and Ways of Portuguese cinema in Coimbra, Portugal. O Barão directed by Edgar Pêra , starring Nuno Melo , Luísa Costa Gomes, Leonor Keil, Edgar Pêra, Marina Albuquerque, Miguel Sermão and Marcos Barbosa in 2010. Alma Portuguesa (en: Portuguese Soul ),

1904-458: A museum and a collection of ancient monuments and buildings. Many towns have at least a cinema, some venues to listen to music and locations to see arts and crafts. In the larger cities visits to the theatre, concerts or galleries of modern exhibitions are popular, and Portugal can boast not only international-scale venues in Lisbon , Porto , Braga , Guimarães and Coimbra but also many acclaimed artists from various disciplines. The importance of

2016-412: A period of Europeanisation or enculturation of African communities. The Estatuto established a distinction between the colonial citizens, subject to the Portuguese laws and entitled to all citizenship rights and duties effective in the metropole , and the indígenas (natives), subjected to colonial legislation and customary African laws. Between the two groups there was a third small group,

2128-545: A railway linking Southern Rhodesia with the Mozambican port of Beira . However, the development's administration gradually started to pass directly from the trading companies to the Portuguese government itself. Because of their unsatisfactory performance and because of the shift, under the Estado Novo regime of Oliveira Salazar , towards a stronger Portuguese control of the Portuguese Empire 's economy,

2240-817: A rigid chain of command. The authority of the government of Mozambique was residual, primarily limited to implementing policies already decided in Europe. In 1967, Mozambique also sent seven delegates to the National Assembly in Lisbon. The highest official in the province was the Governor-General, appointed by the Portuguese Council of Ministers on recommendation of the Overseas Minister. The Governor-General had both executive and legislative authority. A Government Council advised

2352-475: A time merged as Zambezia. The colony of Moçambique (now Nampula Province ) had the Island of Mozambique as its capital. The island was also the seat of the Governor-General of Portuguese East Africa until the late 1890s, when that official was officially moved to the city of Lourenço Marques . Also in the south was the colony of Inhambane , which lay north-east of Lourenço Marques. Once these colonies were merged,

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2464-432: Is Johannine baroque  [ pt ] , owing to King John V's long reign which lasted 44 years. Thanks to the gold from Brazil, John V of Portugal could afford foreign artists such as Nicolau Nasoni , to build outstanding works of art. The creations of Portuguese artists can be identified throughout the country, in the altars of gilded panels, blue and white tiles which adorn churches, halls, staircases and gardens. It

2576-530: Is a kind of longing, and conveys a complex mixture of mainly nostalgia, but also sadness, pain, happiness and love). There are two main varieties of fado, namely those of the cities of Lisbon and Coimbra . The Lisbon style is the most popular, while Coimbra's is the more refined style. Modern fado is popular in Portugal, and has produced many renowned musicians . According to tradition, to applaud fado in Lisbon you clap your hands, in Coimbra you cough as if clearing your throat. Mainstream fado performances during

2688-626: Is a multi-prize film from 2005. It has won prizes in Cannes Film Festival ; Las Palmas Festival in Spain; Golden Globes in Portugal; Mar del Plata International Film Festival in Argentina, Raindance film Festival in United Kingdom and other prizes. Filme do Desassossego or Film of Disquiet directed by João Botelho , starring Cláudio da Silva, Alexandra Lencastre , Rita Blanco , Catarina Wallenstein, Margarida Vila-Nova, Mónica Calle, Marcello Urgeghe and Ricardo Aibéo in 2010. Inspired by

2800-669: Is a word of Celtic origin - Cailleach-Bheur her other name; the Mother goddess of the Celtic people as in Calais, Caledonia , Beira. She was the one who, with a hammer created mountains and valleys; the one who hid in stones and trees - Mother nature), later transformed into Portucale , and finally into Portugal , which emerged as a county of the Kingdom of León see County of Portugal ) and became an independent kingdom in 1139 . During

2912-506: Is a younger filmmaker and in the 1990s she surfaced as a director, her film ( Três Irma's , 1994) won the best actress award at the Venice Film Festival. Significant comedy films of the 1930s and 1940s include: A Canção de Lisboa (1933) directed by José Cottinelli Telmo , starring Vasco Santana and Beatriz Costa , the second Portuguese sound feature film (the first was A Severa, a 1931 documentary by Manoel de Oliveira,

3024-615: Is an African drainage basin , whose main flow is the Zambezi River , being the fourth largest basin on the continent, in addition to being the most important basin in southern Africa . It covers approximately 1,390,000 km², crossing regions with high population density, sometimes in areas of low density, such as the Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area . The Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM) has been in existence since 2004 with

3136-400: Is fairly precarious. A film is considered a success when it draws an audience of more than which few Portuguese films manage to achieve. Director Manoel de Oliveira was the oldest director in the world, and continued to make films until his death on 2 April 2015, at the age of 106. Since 1990 he made an average of one film per annum. He has received international recognition awards and won

3248-578: Is found in the works of Fernando Pessoa , José Régio , Miguel Torga , Mário de Sá-Carneiro and others. Following the Carnation Revolution in 1974, the Portuguese society, after several decades of repression, regained freedom of speech . José Saramago received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1998. Herberto Hélder , one of the major Portuguese poets of the second half of the twentieth century, has been an influence, among many others, to

3360-401: The assimilados , comprising native blacks, mulatos, Asians, and mixed-race people, who had at least some formal education and not subjected to paid forced labour. They were entitled to some citizenship rights, and held a special identification card, used to control the movements of forced labour. The indígenas were subject to the traditional authorities, who were gradually integrated into

3472-463: The régulos and cabos de terra came to be viewed as an effective part of the colonial state, remunerated for their participation in the collection of taxes, recruitment of the labour force, and agricultural production in the area under their control. Within the areas of their jurisdiction, the régulos and the cabos de terra also controlled the distribution of land and settled conflicts according to customary norms. To exercise their power,

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3584-416: The régulos and cabos de terra had their own police force. The indigenato regime was abolished in 1960. From then on, all Africans were considered Portuguese citizens, and racial discrimination became a sociological rather than a legal feature of colonial society. In fact, the rule of traditional authorities became even more integrated than before in the colonial administration. Legally speaking, by

3696-658: The Cahora Bassa and Kariba lakes, and in the plains of the Mana Pools , Caprivi Strip , Liuwa-Luena-Baroste-Siloana , Shire , Luangwa and Lake Nyassa , the latter three of which are navigable within two its thirteen sub-basins. Two major sub-basins in the Zambezi basin are interconnected with other major African systems, namely: (a) the Lake Nyassa/Shire River sub-basin, which connects with

3808-748: The Great Rift Valley , and; (b) the perennial river bifurcation in the Selinda Spillway (or Magwegana river), in the Cuando River sub-basin, which connects the Zambezi Basin to the Kalahari Basin . Portuguese culture The culture of Portugal designates the cultural practices and traditions of the Portuguese people . It is rooted on the interactions between many different civilizations that inhabited

3920-568: The Minho region), Two-Steps Waltz , Fandango (of the Ribatejo region), Schottische (Chotiça), Corridinho (of the Algarve and Estremadura regions), Bailarico , Vareirinha, Malhão, Vareira, Maneio, Vira de Cruz, Vira Solto, Vira de Macieira, Sapatinho, Tau-Tau, Ciranda, Zé que Fumas, Regadinho, O Pedreiro and Ó Ti Taritatu. There are also variations of these dances called the Chamarita in

4032-416: The Portuguese music . Portuguese folk music is the joint of the traditional songs of a community that express through a poetic character their beliefs and tell their history to other people and generations. The danças do vira (Minho), Pauliteiros de Miranda (Miranda), Corridinho do Algarve or Bailinho (Madeira), are some examples of dances created by the sound of folk. Some of the typical instruments used are

4144-655: The Swahili Coast and outlying islands for several centuries. From about 1500, Portuguese trading posts and forts became regular ports of call on the new route to the east. The voyage of Vasco da Gama around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean in 1498 marked the Portuguese entry into trade, politics, and society in the Indian Ocean world. The Portuguese gained control of the Island of Mozambique and

4256-767: The Treaty of Versailles transferred the Kionga Triangle , a 1,000 km (390 sq mi) territory south of the Rovuma River from German East Africa to Mozambique. During World War II , the Charter of the Mozambique Company expired, on 19 July 1942; its territory, known as Manica and Sofala, became a district of Mozambique. Mozambique was constituted as four districts on 1 January 1943 — Manica and Sofala, Niassa , Sul do Save (South of

4368-497: The 12th century from the lyrical works of João Soares de Paiva , Paio Soares de Taveirós and King Denis of Portugal . They wrote mostly from Galician-Portuguese and oral traditions known as "Cantigas d'amor e amigo" and "Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer" , which were consecutively performed by troubadours and joglars . Following chroniclers such as Fernão Lopes after the 15th century, fiction has its roots in chronicles and stories linked to theatre , following Gil Vicente ,

4480-456: The 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was a major economic, political, and cultural power, its global empire stretching from the Americas, to Africa, and various regions of Asia and Oceania. Portugal, as a country with a long history, is home to several ancient architectural structures, as well as typical art, furniture and literary collections mirroring and chronicling the events that shaped

4592-572: The 1950s and 1960s, attracting thousands of Portuguese settlers to the country. It was around this time that the first nationalist guerrilla groups began to form in Tanzania and other African countries. The strong industrial and agricultural development that did occur throughout the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s was based on Portuguese development plans, and also included British and South African investment. Zambezi basin The Zambezi basin

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4704-481: The 1960s and 1970s segregation in Mozambique was minimal compared to that in neighbouring South Africa. The largest coastal cities, the first founded or settled by Portuguese people since the 16th century, like the capital Lourenço Marques , Beira , Quelimane , Nacala and Inhambane , were modern cosmopolitan ports and a melting pot of several cultures, with a strong South African influence. The Southeast African and Portuguese cultures were dominant, but

4816-730: The 2012 Berlin International Film Festival and another two in the Las Palmas Festival in Spain. Rafa , a short-film directed by João Salaviza , starring Rodrigo Perdigão and Joana de Verona.This film have win the best short film is Berlin International Film Festival in 2012. Arena , directed by João Salaviza starring Carloto Cotta, won the 2009 Cannes Film Festival Golden Palm for best short film. Sangue do meu Sangue directed by João Canijo , starring Rita Blanco , Nuno Lopes, Cleia Almeida, Anabela Moreira, Rafael Morais and Fernando Luís. Is

4928-473: The Azores. Dance apparel is highly varied, ranging from work clothes to Sunday's best, with rich distinguished from the poor. In the 1990s around 10 full-length fictional works were produced per annum, Portugal's filmmakers tending to be artisans . Financing of Portuguese cinema is by state grants and from television stations. The internal market is very small and Portuguese penetration of international markets

5040-547: The Belém Cultural Centre and the Culturgest, both in Lisbon, have expanded opportunities for major concerts. Madredeus is among the most successful popular music groups. Singer Dulce Pontes is also widely admired, and Carlos Paredes is considered by many to be Portugal's finest guitarist. Folk music and dancing and the traditional fado remain the country's fundamental forms of musical expression. In all

5152-591: The Chartered companies enacted a forced labour policy and supplied cheap – often forced – African labour to the mines and plantations of other European colonies in Africa . The Zambezia Company, the most profitable chartered company, took over a number of smaller prazeiro holdings and requested Portuguese military outposts to protect its property. The chartered companies and the Portuguese administration built roads and ports to bring their goods to market including

5264-659: The Europeans who came to its shores and entered its major rivers. As the Muslim traders, mostly Swahili , were displaced from their coastal centres and routes to the interior by the Portuguese, migrations of Bantu peoples continued and tribal federations formed and reformed as the relative power of local chiefs changed. For four centuries the Portuguese presence was meagre. Coastal and river trading posts were built, abandoned, and built again. Governors sought personal profits to take back to Portugal, and colonists were not attracted to

5376-467: The Governor-General in the running of the province. The functional cabinet consisted of five secretaries appointed by the Overseas Minister on the advice of the Governor-General. A Legislative Council had limited powers and its main activity was approving the provincial budget. Finally, an Economic and Social Council had to be consulted on all draft legislation, and the Governor-General had to justify his decision to Lisbon if he ignored its advice. Mozambique

5488-563: The Mazrui and Omani Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south. Many prazos had declined by the mid-19th century, but several of them survived. During the 19th century, other European powers, particularly the British and the French , became increasingly involved in the trade and politics of the region. In the Island of Mozambique , the hospital,

5600-514: The Mwenemutapa in the 1560s. They recorded a wealth of information about the Mutapa kingdom as well as its predecessor, Great Zimbabwe . According to Swahili traders whose accounts were recorded by the Portuguese historian João de Barros , Great Zimbabwe was an ancient capital city built of stones of marvellous size without the use of mortar. And while the site was not within Mutapa's borders,

5712-504: The Mwenemutapa kept noblemen and some of his wives there. The Portuguese attempted to legitimate and consolidate their trade and settlement positions through the creation of prazos (land grants) tied to Portuguese settlement and administration. While prazos were originally developed to be held by Portuguese, through intermarriage they became African Portuguese or African Indian centres defended by large African slave armies known as Chikunda . Historically, within Mozambique, there

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5824-828: The Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa and the Gulbenkian Orchestra . Oporto has had its own symphony orchestra since 1962, when the Chamber Orchestra was set up by the Gulbenkian Foundation. Lisbon also has a metropolitan orchestra, and the National Theatre of São Carlos in Lisbon, which was built in the late 18th century, has its own orchestra and ballet company. Among notable pianists, Maria João Pires has won worldwide acclaim. Cultural centres such as

5936-536: The Portuguese Empire, several countries across the world are home to sizeable heritages of Portuguese colonial architecture , notably Brazil and Uruguay in the Americas, Angola , Cabo Verde , São Tomé and Príncipe , Benin , Ghana , Morocco , Guinea Bissau , Zimbabwe , and Mozambique in Africa, and China , India , Indonesia , Malaysia , and Timor Leste in Asia. Notable Portuguese architects of

6048-469: The Portuguese dominated much of southeast Africa's coast, including Sofala and Kilwa , by 1515. Their main goal was to dominate trade with India. As the Portuguese settled along the coast, they made their way into the hinterland as sertanejos (backwoodsmen). These sertanejos lived alongside Swahili traders and even took up service among Shona kings as interpreters and political advisors. One such sertanejo managed to travel through almost all

6160-937: The Portuguese through the post administrator, who was required to visit each village in his domain at least once a year. The lowest level of administration was the regedoria , settlements inhabited by Africans living according to customary law. Each regedoria was run by a regulo , an African or Portuguese official chosen on the recommendation of local residents. Under the regulos , each village had its own African headman. Each level of government could also have an advisory board or council. They were established in municipalities with more than 500 electors, in smaller municipalities or circumscriptions with more than 300 electors, and in posts with more than 20 electors. Each district also had its own board as well. Two legal systems were in force — Portuguese civil law and African customary law. Until 1961, Africans were considered to be Natives ( indígenas ), rather than citizens. After 1961,

6272-520: The Portuguese to bring their civilisation to the African territory. It was believed that through missionary activity and other direct contact between Africans and Europeans, the Africans could be taught to appreciate and participate in Portuguese culture . In the last decade of the 19th century and the first part of the 20th century, integration of Mozambique into the structure of the Portuguese nation

6384-641: The Save River), and Zambézia . On 20 October 1954, administrative reorganization caused Cabo Delgado and Mozambique districts to be split from Niassa . At the same time, the Sul do Save district was divided into Gaza, Inhambane and Lourenço Marques , while the Tete district was split from Manica and Sofala. By the early 1970s, Mozambique was bordering the Mozambique Channel, bordering

6496-549: The Shona kingdoms, including the Mutapa Empire 's (Mwenemutapa) metropolitan district, between 1512 and 1516. By the 1530s, small groups of Portuguese traders and prospectors penetrated the interior regions seeking gold , where they set up garrisons and trading posts at Sena and Tete on the Zambezi River and tried to gain exclusive control over the gold trade. The Portuguese finally entered into direct relations with

6608-449: The Suebi ) and Visigoths (see Visigothic Kingdom ), Viking incursions , Sephardic Jewish settlement, and finally, the Moorish Umayyad invasion of Hispania and the subsequent expulsion during the Reconquista , all have influenced the country's culture and history. The name of Portugal itself reveals much of the country's early history, stemming from the Roman name Portus Cale , a Latin name meaning "Port of Cale" (Cale likely

6720-425: The aim of strengthening cooperation in sharing its resources concerned. Another supranational initiative for watershed management is Zambezi River System Action Plan (ZACPLAN). The drainage area of the basin covers Angola , Botswana , Tanzania , Namibia , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Malawi and Mozambique , being the main supplier of fresh water, electricity and fish to the populations of these regions, mainly from

6832-400: The area during the past millennia. From prehistoric cultures , to its Pre-Roman civilizations (such as the Lusitanians , the Gallaeci , the Celtici , and the Cynetes , amongst others), passing through its contacts with the Phoenician - Carthaginian world, the Roman period (see Hispania , Lusitania and Gallaecia ), the Germanic invasions of the Suebi , Buri (see Kingdom of

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6944-424: The arts is illustrated by the fact that on the death of Amália Rodrigues , the "Queen of Fado" ( fado is Portugal's national music) in October 1999, three days of national mourning was declared. In 1998, José Saramago , one of Portugal's well-known writers, was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Lisbon (1994), Porto (2001) and Guimarães (2012) were all designated European Capitals of Culture , contributing to

7056-455: The cities like to know their places which are generally well equipped with modern facilities and offer a wide variety of attractions ranging from shops and stores of the most renowned brands to cinemas, restaurants and hypermarkets. Café culture is also regarded as an important cultural feature of the Portuguese. As the most popular sport, football events involving major Portuguese teams are always widely followed with great enthusiasm. There are

7168-652: The city's buildings a unique Mozambican theme. As a result, most of the properties erected during the second construction boom take on these styling cues. Since the 15th century, Portugal founded settlements, trading posts, forts, and ports on the Sub-Saharan Africa 's coast. Cities, towns, and villages were founded all over East African territories by the Portuguese, especially since the 19th century, like Lourenço Marques , Beira , Vila Pery , Vila Junqueiro , Vila Cabral and Porto Amélia . Others were expanded and developed greatly under Portuguese rule, like Quelimane , Nampula and Sofala . By this time, Mozambique had become

7280-413: The coastal trade from Arabs between 1500 and 1700, but, with the Arab seizure of Portugal's key foothold at Fort Jesus on Mombasa Island (now in Kenya ) in 1698, the pendulum began to swing in the other direction. As a result, investment lagged while Lisbon devoted itself to the more lucrative trade with India and the Far East and to the colonisation of Brazil . During the 18th and 19th centuries,

7392-417: The colonial administration and charged with solving disputes, managing the access to land, and guaranteeing the flows of workforce and the payment of taxes. As several authors have pointed out, the Indigenato regime was the political system that subordinated the immense majority of Africans to local authorities entrusted with governing, in collaboration with the lowest echelon of the colonial administration,

7504-414: The companies' concessions were not renewed when they ran out. This was what happened in 1942 with the Mozambique Company, which, however, continued to operate in the agricultural and commercial sectors as a corporation, and had already happened in 1929 with the termination of the Niassa Company's concession. In the 1950s, the Portuguese overseas colony was rebranded an overseas province of Portugal, and by

7616-545: The countries of Malawi , Rhodesia , South Africa , Swaziland , Tanzania , and Zambia . Covering a total area of 801,590 km (309,500 square miles, slightly less than twice the size of California). With a tropical to subtropical climate, the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country. Its coastline had 2,470 km (1,530 miles), with 4,571 km (2,840 miles) of land boundaries, its highest point at Monte Binga (2,436 metres, 7,992 ft). The Gorongosa National Park , founded in 1920,

7728-506: The country and its peoples. It has a large number of cultural landmarks ranging from museums to ancient church buildings to medieval castles . Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites , ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world . The Portuguese participate in many cultural activities, indulging their appreciation of art, music, drama, and dance. Portugal has a rich traditional folklore ( Ranchos Folclóricos ), with great regional variety. Many cities and towns have

7840-407: The development of a multiethnic society in its African colonies. The establishment of a dual, racialised civil society was formally recognised in Estatuto do Indigenato (The Statute of Indigenous Populations) adopted in 1929, which was based on the subjective concept of civilization versus tribalism . In the administration's view, the goal of civilising mission would only be achieved after

7952-412: The distant area with its relatively unattractive climate; those who stayed were traders who married local women and successfully maintained relations with local chiefs. In Portugal, however, Mozambique was considered to be a vital part of a world empire. Periodic recognition of the relative insignificance of the revenues it could produce was tempered by the mystique which developed regarding the mission of

8064-542: The early 1970s). The capital of Portuguese Mozambique, Lourenço Marques ( Maputo ), had a population of 355,000 in 1970 with around 100,000 Europeans. Beira had around 115,000 inhabitants at the time with around 30,000 Europeans. Most of the other cities ranged from 10 to 15% in the number of Europeans, win contrast with Portuguese Angola , where cities had European majorities ranging from 50% to 60%. Starting in 1926, Portugal's colonial authorities abandoned conceptions of an innate inferiority of Africans, and set as their goal

8176-561: The early 1970s, it was officially upgraded to the status of Portuguese non-sovereign state, by which it would remain a Portuguese territory but with a wider administrative autonomy. The Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), initiated a guerrilla campaign against Portuguese rule in September 1964. This conflict, along with the two others already initiated in the other Portuguese colonies of Angola and Guinea , became part of

8288-589: The father of Portuguese theatre, whose works were often criticisms and satires of society in his time. Classical lyrical works, include The Lusiads ( Os Lusíadas ) by Luís de Camões , a national epic book of the history of Portugal which incorporates elements of Ancient Greek mythology, written in the 16th century. Romanticism and Realism period authors from 19th century including Antero de Quental , Almeida Garrett , Camilo Pessanha , Camilo Castelo Branco , Eça de Queiroz , Alexandre Herculano , Ramalho Ortigão , Júlio Dinis and others. Portuguese modernism

8400-418: The influence of Arab , Indian , and Chinese cultures were also felt. The cuisine was diverse, owing especially to the Portuguese cuisine and Muslim heritage, and seafood was also quite abundant. Lourenço Marques had always been a point of interest for artistic and architectural development since the first days of its urban expansion and this strong artistic spirit was responsible for attracting some of

8512-534: The largest ethnic group in the north. The Sena and Shona (mostly Ndau ) were prominent in the Zambezi valley, and the Shangaan (Tsonga) dominated in the south. In addition, several other minority groups lived a tribal lifestyle across the territory. Mozambique had around 250,000 Europeans in 1974 that made up around 3% of the population. Mozambique was cosmopolitan as it had Indian, Chinese, Greek and Anglophone communities (over 25,000 Indians and 5,000 Chinese by

8624-576: The last five nations. The basin is home to immense wet plains, being responsible for the climatic regulation of a rich ecosystem of savannas and humid forests that surround it. Its main navigable course is through the Zambezi River, being the stretch of the mouth in the Indian Ocean (more precisely in the Mozambique Channel ) until it surrounds the city of Tete , in the northwest of Mozambique. There are also navigable courses in

8736-460: The markets of the colonial metropole (the centre, i.e. Portugal). Major cash crops included cotton , cashews , tea and rice . This arrangement ended in 1932 after the takeover in Portugal by the new António de Oliveira Salazar 's government — the Estado Novo . Thereafter, Mozambique, along with other Portuguese colonies, was put under the direct control of Lisbon. In 1951, it became an overseas province . The economy expanded rapidly during

8848-412: The modern provinces of Cabo Delgado and Niassa . The Mozambique Company relinquished its territories back to Portuguese control in 1942, unifying Mozambique under control of the Portuguese government. The region as a whole was long officially termed Portuguese East Africa , and was subdivided into a series of colonies extending from Lourenço Marques in the south to Niassa in the north. Cabo Delgado

8960-489: The most advanced trends seen in European mainstream architecture with no constraints, though preserving some of its distinct characteristics. The azulejo and the Portuguese pavement are two typical elements of Portuguese architecture. Portugal is perhaps best known for its distinctive Late-Gothic Manueline architecture, with its intricate designs attributed to Portugal's Age of Discoveries . Another type of architecture

9072-460: The most important names in philharmonic music. Fado (translated as destiny or fate ) is a music genre which can be traced from the 1820s, but possibly with much earlier origins. It is characterized by mournful tunes and lyrics, often about the sea or the life of the poor. The music is usually linked to the Portuguese word saudade , a unique word with no accurate translation in any other language. (Home-sickness has an approximate meaning. It

9184-566: The native communities described as tribes and assumed to have a common ancestry, language, and culture. The colonial use of traditional law and structures of power was thus an integral part of the process of colonial domination. In the 1940s, the integration of traditional authorities into the colonial administration was deepened. The Portuguese colony was divided into concelhos (municipalities), in urban areas, governed by colonial and metropolitan legislation, and circunscrições (localities), in rural areas. The circunscrições were led by

9296-542: The necessary qualifications to obtain positions. The Government of Mozambique, like the Portuguese Government itself, was highly centralised. Power was concentrated in the executive branch, and all elections, where they occurred, were carried out using indirect methods. From the Prime Minister's office in Lisbon, authority extended down to the remotest posts and regedorias of Mozambique through

9408-606: The nudity. Zona J: is a Portuguese drama/romance film directed by Leonel Vieira in 1998, starring Sílvia Alberto , Ana Bustorff , Núria Madruga , Milton Spencer and Félix Fontoura. Sorte Nula: (lit. The Trunk) directed by Fernando Fragata, starring Hélder Mendes, António Feio , Adelaide de Sousa, Rui Unas , Isabel Figueira, Bruno Nogueira , Carla Matadinho , Tânia Miller and Zé Pedro. Alice directed by Marco Martins and starring Beatriz Batarda , Nuno Lopes, Miguel Guilherme, Ana Bustorff , Laura Soveral, Ivo Canelas, Carla Maciel, José Wallenstein and Clara Andermatt

9520-468: The past have included Diogo de Arruda (15–16th c.), João Antunes (17th c.), Eugénio dos Santos and Carlos Mardel (18th c.), José Luis Monteiro (19th c.), Raul Lino , Cassiano Branco and Fernando Távora (20th c.). Famous living architects include Gonçalo Byrne , Eduardo Souto de Moura ( Pritzker winner), António Maria Braga , João Carrilho da Graça and Álvaro Siza Vieira (Priktzer winner). Folk dances include: Circle dance , Vira (of

9632-585: The port city of Sofala in the early 16th century. Vasco da Gama having visited Mombasa in 1498 was then successful in reaching India thereby permitting the Portuguese to trade with the Far East directly by sea, thus challenging older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes that used the Persian Gulf , Red Sea and caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean. The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of

9744-408: The previous native laws were repealed and Africans gained de facto Portuguese citizenship. Portuguese East Africa was located in south-eastern Africa . It was a long coastal strip with Portuguese strongholds, from current day Tanzania and Kenya , to the south of current-day Mozambique . In 1900, the part of modern Mozambique northwest of the Zambezi and Shire Rivers was called Moçambique ;

9856-654: The province of Mozambique has always been the Governor-General , who reported directly to the Government in Lisbon, usually through the Minister of the Overseas . During some periods in the late 19th and the early 20th century, the governors-general of Mozambique received the status of royal commissioners or of high commissioners, which gave them extended executive and legislative powers, equivalent to those of

9968-453: The region as a whole became known as Moçambique . According to the official policy of the Salazar regime , inspired on the concept of Lusotropicalismo , Mozambique was claimed as an integral part of the " pluricontinental and multiracial nation" of Portugal, as was done in all of its colonies to Europeanise the local population and assimilate them into Portuguese culture . This policy

10080-410: The resistance of some Africans during the process. Some territories in Mozambique were handed over in the late 19th century for rule by chartered companies like the Mozambique Company ( Companhia de Moçambique ), which had the concession of the lands corresponding to the present-day provinces of Manica and Sofala , and the Niassa Company ( Companhia do Niassa ), which had controlled the lands of

10192-785: The respect of the cinematography community all over the world. Retrospectives of his works have been shown at the Los Angeles Film Festival (1992), the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. (1993), the San Francisco Film Festival , and the Cleveland Museum of Art (1994). Despite his international recognition, the films of Oliveira (and that of other Portuguese directors) are neglected locally. João César Monteiro ,

10304-434: The rest of it was Lourenço Marques . Various districts existed, and even issued stamps, during the first part of the century, including Inhambane, Lourenço Marques , Mozambique Colony, Mozambique Company , Nyassa Company , Quelimane, Tete, and Zambésia . The Nyassa Company territory is now Cabo Delgado and Niassa . In the early- and mid-20th century, a number of changes occurred. Firstly, on 28 June 1919,

10416-416: The ruling power of the newly independent territory. Mozambique became independent from Portugal on 25 June 1975. At least since the early 19th century, the legal status of Mozambique always considered it as much a part of Portugal as Lisbon, but as a província ultramarina ( overseas province ) enjoyed special derogations to account for its distance from Europe. From 1837, the highest government official in

10528-404: The so-called Portuguese Colonial War (1961–74). From a military standpoint, the Portuguese regular army held the upper hand during all of the conflicts against the independentist guerrilla forces, which created favourable conditions for social development and economic growth until the end of the conflict in 1974. After ten years of sporadic warfare and after Portugal's return to democracy through

10640-565: The territory. However, the vast majority of the population belonged to local tribal groups which included the Makua – Lomwe , the Shona and the Tsonga . Other ethnic minorities included British, Greeks, Chinese and Indians. Most inhabitants were black indigenous Africans with a diversity of ethnic and cultural backgrounds, ranging from Shangaan and Makonde to Yao or Shona peoples . The Makua were

10752-440: The times and all places mankind always showed great ingenuity making sound and music from existing materials in its natural environment. The voice and the clapping of hands can certainly be considered the first instrumental forms used by man. The Iberian Peninsula was home to a lot of different peoples and cultures, so its normal to these cultures to influence the others but still retain a little of their aspects - this happened with

10864-633: The trade routes between Europe and Asia. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the Ottoman Turks , Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the Venetian trading monopoly. Initially, Portuguese rule in East Africa focused mainly on a coastal strip centred in Mombasa. With voyages led by Vasco da Gama, Francisco de Almeida and Afonso de Albuquerque ,

10976-441: The urban and rural sectors of the society lied a steadily increasing group of Africans who were loosening their ties with rural villages and starting to participate in the urban economy, to settle in suburbs, and to adopt European customs. Members of this group would later become active participants in the independence movement. When Portuguese explorers reached East Africa in 1498, Swahili commercial settlements had existed along

11088-630: The voice. The 1960s started a period of expansion and innovation with pop, rock and jazz introduced and evolving, political song developed, the fado of Lisbon and the Coimbra were revitalized. Music from the former colonies occupied an increasingly important place in the capital's musical life and local styles of rap and hip hop emerged. The modern revival of academic music was primarily work of Luís de Freitas Branco, and continued by Joly Braga Santos. Composers like António Victorino de Almeida , Jorge Peixinho , Miguel Azguime, Pedro Amaral, and João Pedro Oliveira are known internationally. Orchestras include

11200-599: The west, such as Southern Rhodesia , Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland , were made. Colonial legislation discriminated against Africans on cultural grounds. Colonial legislation submitted Africans to forced labour , to pass laws and to segregation in schools. That most Africans were perceived to engage in "uncivilised behaviour" by the Portuguese created a low opinion of Africans as a group among Europeans. The uneducated Portuguese immigrant peasants in urban areas were frequently in direct competition with Africans for jobs and demonstrated jealousies and racial prejudice. Between

11312-521: The work of Gustav Eiffel ), and the Hotel Polana designed by Herbert Baker . Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, Lourenço Marques was yet again at the centre of a new wave of architectural influences made most popular by Pancho Guedes. The designs of the 1960s and 1970s were characterised by modernist movements of clean, straight and functional structures. However, prominent architects such as Pancho Guedes fused this with local art schemes giving

11424-437: The world's best: Vinho do Douro , Vinho do Alentejo , Vinho do Dão , Vinho Verde , Rosé and the sweet: Port wine (Vinho do Porto, literally Porto's wine), Madeira wine , Muscatel of Setúbal , and Moscatel of Favaios . Beer is also widely consumed, with the largest national beer brands being Sagres and Super Bock . Liqueurs, like Licor Beirão and Ginjinha , are popular. Portuguese literature has developed since

11536-555: The world's most forward-thinking architects at the turn of the 20th century. The city was home to masterpieces of building work by, Pancho Guedes , Herbert Baker and Thomas Honney amongst others. The earliest architectural efforts around the city focused on classical European designs such as the Central Train Station (CFM) designed by architects Alfredo Augusto Lisboa de Lima , Mario Veiga and Ferreira da Costa and built between 1913 and 1916 (sometimes mistaken with

11648-475: The young generation of highly considered Portuguese poets and, to a lesser extend, fiction writers from a recent wave of writers such as Valter Hugo Mãe , José Luís Peixoto , Gonçalo M. Tavares , Jorge Reis-Sá , Maria Antonieta Preto , José Ricardo Pedro and others. Polyphonic music, employing multiple vocal parts in harmony, was developed in the 15th century. The Renaissance fostered a rich output of compositions for solo instruments and ensembles as well as for

11760-404: Was begun. After all of the area of the present province had been recognised by other European powers as belonging to Portugal, administrators waged wars against African polities to assert control over the territory. Civil administration was established throughout the area, the building of an infrastructure was begun, and agreements regarding the transit trade of Mozambique's land-locked neighbours to

11872-415: Was divided into nine districts, which were further subdivided into 61 municipalities ( concelhos ) and 33 circumscriptions ( circunscrições ). Each subdivision was then made up of three or four individual posts, 166 in all with an average of 40,000 Africans in each. Each district, except Lourenço Marques which was run by the Governor-General, was overseen by a governor. Most Africans only had contact with

11984-1006: Was during this period of prosperity, that some of the greatest Portuguese artworks were completed, including: the Royal Building of Mafra , the Clérigos Church (also known as Tower of the Clerics), the Baroque Library Biblioteca Joanina , the Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte in Braga, the Shrine of Our Lady of Remedies in Lamego or the Mateus Palace in Vila Real. Because of the history of

12096-583: Was initially merely a strip of territory along the Rovuma River, including Cape Delgado itself, which Portugal acquired out of German East Africa in 1919, but it was enlarged southward to the Lurio River to form what is now Cabo Delgado Province . In the Zambezi basin were the colonies of Quelimane (now Zambezia Province ) and Tete (in the panhandle between Northern Rhodesia , now Zambia , and Southern Rhodesia , now Zimbabwe ), which were for

12208-544: Was largely unsuccessful, however, and African opposition to colonisation led to a ten-year independence war that culminated in the Carnation Revolution at Lisbon in April 1974 and the independence from Portugal in June 1975. During its history as a Portuguese colony , the present-day territory of Mozambique had the following formal designations: Until the 20th century, the land and peoples of Mozambique were barely affected by

12320-524: Was originally filmed without soundtrack, which was added afterwards), and still one of the best-loved films in Portugal, with several of its lines and songs still being quoted today; O Pai Tirano (lit. The Tyrant Father) (1941), directed by António Lopes Ribeiro, starring Vasco Santana , Francisco Ribeiro and Leonor Maia and one of the best-known comedies of the Golden Age of Portuguese Cinema; O Pátio das Cantigas (lit. The Courtyard of Songs),

12432-442: Was slavery. Human beings were bought and sold by African tribal chiefs, Arab traders, and the Portuguese. Many Mozambican slaves were supplied by tribal chiefs who raided warring tribes and sold their captives to the prazeiros . Although Portuguese influence gradually expanded, its power was limited and exercised through individual settlers and officials who were granted extensive autonomy. The Portuguese were able to wrest much of

12544-529: Was the main natural park in the territory. The districts with their respective capitals were: Other important urban centres included Sofala , Nacala , António Enes , Island of Mozambique and Vila Junqueiro . By 1970, the Portuguese Overseas Province of Mozambique had about 8,168,933 inhabitants. Nearly 300,000 were white ethnic Portuguese . There was a number of mulattoes , from both European and African ancestry, living across

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