85-535: Patani , or the Sultanate of Patani ( Jawi : كسلطانن ڤطاني) was a Malay sultanate in the historical Pattani Region . It covered approximately the area of the modern Thai provinces of Pattani , Yala , Narathiwat and part of the Malaysian state of Kelantan . The 2nd–15th century state of Langkasuka and the 6–7th century state of Pan Pan may have been related. The golden age of Patani started during
170-527: A celebration of the greatness of God , the Prophet Muhammad and his companions . They begin with a genealogical account of the first sultan of Malacca who is said to be descended from Raja Iskandar Zulkarnain . The Malay Annals cover the founding of Malacca and its rise to power; its relationship with neighbouring kingdoms and distant countries; the advent of Islam and its spread in Malacca and
255-437: A channel be dug with a river dammed to divert water to ensure the supply of water to Patani. Raja Hijau ruled for 32 years, and brought considerable stability to the country. During her reign, trade with the outside increased, and as a result Pattani prospered. It also become a centre of culture, producing high quality works of music, dance, drama and handicraft. An Englishman Peter Floris who visited Patani in 1612–1613 described
340-817: A dance performed in Patani as the finest he had seen in the Indies. Chinese merchants were important in the rise of Patani as a regional trade center. Chinese, Malay and Siamese merchants traded throughout the area, as well as Persians, Indians and Arabs. They were joined by others including the Portuguese in 1516, the Japanese in 1592, the Dutch in 1602, the English in 1612. The period of prosperity lasted between 1584 to 1688. Many Chinese also moved to Patani, perhaps due to
425-553: A diasporic Pasai community near Patani shows the locals had regular contact with Muslims . Patani became more important after Malacca was captured by the Portuguese in 1511 as Muslim traders sought alternative trading ports. A Dutch source indicates that most of the traders were Chinese, but 300 Portuguese traders had also settled in Patani by 1540s, but there were also Siamese and Japanese merchants. Portuguese sources mentioned their attack on Patani in 1524 and Chinese living in
510-625: A dispute, and Raja Bima was himself killed. Raja Hijau (or Ratu Hijau, the Green Queen) came to the throne in 1584, apparently the result of a lack of male heirs after they were all killed in the turbulent preceding period, and became the first queen of Patani. Raja Hijau acknowledged Siamese authority, and adopted the title of peracau derived from the Siamese royal title phra chao . Early in her reign she saw off an attempted coup by her prime minister, Bendahara Kayu Kelat. She also ordered that
595-523: A few times. Premises that fail to comply with this order will be fined up to a maximum of RM250, with the possibility of revocation of their business licences if they still do not comply afterwards. In the early stage, usage of Jawi stickers are allowed to put on existing signage instead of replacing the whole signage. Indonesia, having multiple regional and native languages, uses the Latin script for writing its own standard of Malay in general. Nonetheless,
680-417: A period of political instability and violence. Two of its rulers were murdered by their relatives in fights for succession. The nine-year-old Raja Patik Siam (son of Mudhaffar Shah) and his regent (his aunt Raja Aisyah), were both murdered by his brother Raja Mambang, who was in turn killed. The son of Manzur Shah, Raja Bahdur, succeeded at the age of 10, but was later murdered by his half-brother Raja Bima after
765-559: A sheikh named Sa'id or Shafi'uddin from Kampong Pasai (presumably a small community of traders from Pasai who lived on the outskirts of Patani) reportedly healed the king of a rare skin disease. After much negotiation (and recurrence of the disease), the king agreed to convert to Islam, adopting the name Sultan Ismail Shah. All of the Sultan's officials also agreed to convert. However, there is fragmentary evidence that some local people had begun to convert to Islam prior to this. The existence of
850-461: A stopping place for ships bound for, or arriving from, the Gulf of Thailand . Langkasuka reached its greatest economic success in the 6th and 7th centuries and afterward declined as a major trade center. Political circumstances suggest that by the 11th century, Langkasuka was no longer a major port visited by merchants. However, much of the decline may be due to the silting up of the waterway linking it to
935-832: A tombstone discovered in Phan Rang , Vietnam dated 431 AH (1039 CE); a tombstone dated 440 AH (1048 CE) found in Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei ; and a tombstone of Fatimah Binti Maimun Bin Hibat Allah found in Gresik , East Java dated 475 AH (1082 CE). Islam was spread from the coasts to the interior of the island and generally in a top-down process in which rulers were converted and then introduced more or less orthodox versions of Islam to their peoples. The conversion of King Phra Ong Mahawangsa of Kedah in 1136 and King Merah Silu of Samudra Pasai in 1267 were among
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#17327729354961020-506: A town be built where the mouse-deer had disappeared it was then named after "this beach". The founder is named in some sources as either Sri Wangsa or Phaya Tunakpa, a ruler of Kota Malikha or Kota Mahligai. The first ruler of Patani (some sources say his son) later converted to Islam and took the name Sultan Ismail Shah or Mahmud Shah. The Hikayat Patani also mentions that the ruler met an old fisherman there, who replied "Encik Tani" ("Mister Tani") when asked his name. An alternative suggestion
1105-543: Is Javanese Krama word to refer to the Java Island or Javanese people . According to Kamus Dewan , Jawi ( جاوي ) is a term synonymous to ' Malay '. The term has been used interchangeably with 'Malay' in other terms including Bahasa Jawi or Bahasa Yawi ( Kelantan-Pattani Malay , a Malayan language used in Southern Thailand ), Masuk Jawi (literally "to become Malay", referring to
1190-545: Is a literary work that gives a romanticised history of the origin, evolution and destruction of the Malacca Sultanate . The work, composed in the 17th century by court historians, draws from earlier accounts prior to that century, is considered one of the finest literary and historical works in the Malay language . The original text has undergone numerous changes, with the oldest surviving version from 1612, through
1275-589: Is also used as an alternative script among Malay communities in Indonesia and Thailand. Until the early 20th century, there was no standard spelling system for Jawi. The earliest orthographic reform towards a standard system was in 1937 by The Malay Language and Johor Royal Literary Book Pact. This was followed by another reform by Za'aba , published in 1949. The final major reform was the Enhanced Guidelines of Jawi Spelling issued in 1986 , which
1360-748: Is another derivative that carries the meaning 'Malay script'. Prior to the onset of Islamisation , the Pallava script , Nagari, and old Sumatran scripts were used in writing the Malay language. This is evidenced from the discovery of several stone inscriptions in Old Malay , notably the Kedukan Bukit inscription and Talang Tuo inscription . The spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and the subsequent introduction of Arabic writing system began with
1445-570: Is based on the Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu (DKBM): Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi dictionary. Older texts may use different spellings for some words. Nonetheless, even different modern sources may use different spelling conventions; they may differ especially in the usage of the matres lectionis ( alif ا , wau و and ya ي ) and the hamzah tiga suku ء , as well as in the spelling of vowels and consonant clusters in loanwords from English . One source tends to use
1530-653: Is based on the Arabic script , consisting of all 31 original Arabic letters, six letters constructed to fit phonemes native to Malay, and one additional phoneme used in foreign loanwords, but not found in Classical Arabic , which are ca ( ⟨ چ ⟩ /t͡ʃ/ ), nga ( ⟨ ڠ ⟩ /ŋ/ ), pa ( ⟨ ڤ ⟩ /p/ ), ga ( ⟨ ݢ ⟩ /ɡ/ ), va ( ⟨ ۏ ⟩ /v/ ), and nya ( ⟨ ڽ ⟩ /ɲ/ ). Jawi
1615-565: Is currently in general usage. Today, Jawi is one of two official scripts in Brunei . In Malaysia, the position of Jawi is protected under Section 9 of the National Language Act 1963/67 , as it retains a degree of official use in religious and cultural contexts. In some states, most notably Kelantan , Terengganu and Pahang , Jawi has co-official script status as businesses are mandated to adopt Jawi signage and billboards. Jawi
1700-452: Is historical literature written in the form of narrative- prose with its main theme being lauding the greatness and superiority of Malacca. The narration, while seemingly relating the story of the reign of the sultans of Malacca until the destruction of the sultanate by the Portuguese in 1511 and beyond, deals with a core issue of Malay statehood and historiography, the relationship between rulers and ruled. The Malay Annals are prefaced by
1785-410: Is referred to by Petrus Van der Vorm and François Valentijn in their works Collectanea Malaica Vocabularia ("Collection of Malay Vocabulary") (1677) and Oud En New Oost Indien ("A Short History of East Indies") (1726) respectively, could have existed in the form of a king-list. However, the introduction of Raffles MS no.18 describes that the manuscript originates from another manuscript known as
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#17327729354961870-470: Is therefore that the town was named after the old fisherman, Pak Tani (Father Tani), who was sent by a king from the interior to survey the coast, to find a place for an appropriate settlement. After he established a successful fishing outpost, other people moved to join him. The town that grew into a prosperous trading center would continue to bear his name. Patani has been suggested to be founded some time between 1350 and 1450, although its history before 1500
1955-465: Is unclear. According to the Malay Annals , Chau Sri Wangsa, a Siamese prince, founded Patani by conquering Kota Mahligai . He converted to Islam and took on the title of Sri Sultan Ahmad Shah in the late 15th to early 16th century. Patani may have become Islamised some time in the middle of 15th century, one source gives a date of 1470, but earlier dates have been proposed. A story tells of
2040-533: Is widely used in Riau and Riau Island province, where road signs and government building signs are written in this script. A sister variant called Pegon is used to write Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese and is still widely used in traditional religious schools across Java , but has been supplanted in common writing by the Latin alphabet and, in some cases, Javanese script and Sundanese script . Modern Jawi spelling
2125-582: The Hikayat Melayu could have been spread to Sulawesi long before the arrival of Portuguese. Another view, from William Linehan, tried to argue that Goa ought to read guha or gua , and that the reference was to Gua, a place located north of Kuala Lipis in Pahang, where a copy of the Malay Annals had been preserved and later brought to Johor and edited there in 1612. On 13 May 1612, during
2210-442: The Hikayat Melayu , which may trace its origin to the time of the Malacca Sultanate (1400–1511). The manuscript was brought together when the last ruler, Mahmud Shah , fled the Portuguese invasion in 1511 to Kampar . In 1536, during the Portuguese attack on Johor Lama , where the exiled sultan established his base, the manuscript was seized by the Portuguese soldiers and brought to Goa , Portuguese India . Decades later, in
2295-676: The Malay world . In 2001, the Malay Annals was listed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme International Register. There are a large number of manuscripts of the Malay Annals and its related texts. The manuscripts are scattered over libraries in various countries: in Malaysia ( Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka ), in Indonesia (Jakarta, Museum Pusat), in the United Kingdom (mainly in London), in
2380-661: The Royal Malaysia Police obtained a court injunction against it on the grounds it would trigger ethnic tensions. The state government of Kedah in Malaysia has long defended the use of Jawi in the state. The Menteri Besar of Kedah has denied the allegation that the state government was trying to create an Islamic state ambience by promoting the use of Jawi in 2008, saying that it is a normal occurrence evidenced by Chinese coffeeshops and pawnshops having signboards written in Jawi. This can further be seen later on when
2465-482: The 14th century, King Ram Khamhaeng the Great ( c. 1239 – 1317) of Sukhothai occupied Nakhon Si Thammarat and its vassal states which would include Patani if it had existed at that date. The Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom also conquered the isthmus during the 14th century, and controlled many smaller vassal states in a self-governing system in which the vassal states and tributary provinces pledged allegiance to
2550-657: The 15th century and lasted right up to the 19th century. Other forms of Arabic-based scripts existed in the region, notably the Pegon alphabet used for Javanese in Java and the Serang alphabet used for Buginese in South Sulawesi . Both writing systems applied extensive use of Arabic diacritics and added several letters which were formed differently from Jawi letters to suit the languages. Due to their fairly limited usage,
2635-444: The 15th century was transmitted onwards and fostered a Malay identity. These chronicles became an important source of instruction for Malacca's successor states, as they enshrined the sanctity and authority of a Malay ruler ( daulat ), in his role in maintaining the cohesion of the realm, and legitimized the increasingly absolutist governments these states adopted in the competitive environment. The documents were used by Johor to promote
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2720-509: The Jawi script does have a regional status in native Malay areas such as Riau , Riau archipelago , Jambi , South Sumatra (i.e Palembang Malay language ), Aceh , and Kalimantan (i.e. Banjar language ). This is due to the fact that regional and native languages are compulsory studies in the basic education curriculum of each region (examples include Javanese for Javanese regions, Sundanese for Sundanese regions, Madurese for Maduranese regions, and Jawi for Malay regions). Jawi script
2805-655: The Jawi script was then deemed as the writing of the Muslims. The oldest remains of Malay using the Jawi script have been found on the Terengganu Inscription Stone , dated 702 AH (1303 CE), nearly 600 years after the date of the first recorded existence of Arabic script in the region. The inscription on the stone contains a proclamation issued by the "Sri Paduka Tuan" of Terengganu, urging his subjects to "extend and uphold" Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance. This has attested
2890-474: The Jawi script. Additionally local religious scholars later began to elucidate the Islamic teachings in the forms of original writings. Moreover, there were also individuals of the community who used Jawi for the writing of literature which previously existed and spread orally. With this inclusion of written literature, Malay literature took on a more sophisticated form. This was believed to have taken place from
2975-642: The Kedah state government has shown its support with Johor state government's move to use Jawi in official matters in 2019. The exco of local authority of the state of Kedah had also stated that the Jawi script in billboards in Kedah is not forbidden, but rather recommended. He claims that the recommendation to use Jawi script has been gazetted in the state law, and that it has been part of the state identity to have billboards in Jawi script in addition to other scripts. He also stated that there are high demands in incorporating Jawi script in billboards in Kedah. Kuantan ,
3060-460: The Netherlands ( Leiden ). Not all of these manuscripts have the same value; some are fragmentary or otherwise incomplete; others are just copies of existing manuscripts, and some are copies of the printed text. A version of the Malay Annals dated 1612, acquired by Sir Stamford Raffles and coded Raffles MS no.18 or Raffles Manuscript 18 , is considered the oldest and the most faithful to
3145-473: The Siamese ownership of Patani in the Burney Treaty in 1826. The throne stayed vacant for a few decades until 1842, when a member of Kelantanese royalty returned to reclaim the throne. While the raja ruled over Patani independently of Siam, Patani also recognised the authority of Siam and regularly sent the bunga mas tribute. In 1902, in a bid to assert full control of Patani, Siam arrested and deposed
3230-553: The World, are among the countless epics written by the Malay people. The Sufic poems by Hamzah Fansuri and many others contributed to the richness and depth of the Malay civilisation. Jawi script was the official script for the Unfederated Malay States when they were British protectorates. Today, Jawi is one of the official scripts of Brunei . In Malaysia, it is used for religious and cultural administration in
3315-593: The activity of Chinese pirate Lin Daoqian . A 1603 Dutch report by Jacob van Neck estimated that there may be as many Chinese in Patani as there were native Malays, and that they were responsible for most of the commercial activity of Patani. In 1619, John Jourdain , the East India Company's chief factor at Bantam was killed off the coast of Patani by the Dutch. Ships were also lost, which eventually led to
3400-637: The arrival of Muslim merchants in the region since the seventh century. Among the oldest archaeological artefacts inscribed with Arabic script are; a tombstone of Syeikh Rukunuddin dated 48 AH (668/669 CE) in Barus, Sumatra ; a tombstone dated 290 AH (910 CE) on the mausoleum of Syeikh Abdul Qadir Ibn Husin Syah Alam located in Alor Setar , Kedah ; a tombstone found in Pekan , Pahang dated 419 AH (1026 CE);
3485-594: The capture and destruction of the city of Ayutthaya in 1767, as well as the death of the king. Siam was shattered, and as rivals fought for the vacant throne, Patani declared its complete independence. King Taksin defeated the Burmese and reunified the country, opening the way for the establishment of the Chakri dynasty by his successor, King Rama I . In 1786 Siam sent an army led by Prince Surasi (Viceroy Boworn Maha Surasinghanat ), younger brother of King Rama I, to seek
Patani Kingdom - Misplaced Pages Continue
3570-484: The city. Raja Mahmud ruled in the mid-16th century and was seen as 'ruling justly' which caused considerable developments to the region. Sultan Ismail Shah was succeeded by Mudhaffar Shah. This period saw the rise of Burma , which made war on Ayutthaya. Another Burmese-Siamese war (1563–1564) led by King Bayinnaung forced King Maha Chakkraphat to surrender in 1564. Taking advantage of the instability in Ayutthaya,
3655-556: The downfall of Malacca, but also in the eventual re-emergence of the Malacca-modelled sultanates in other parts of the region, including Johor, Perak and Pahang. The Malay Annals have had a great influence on the history, culture, and development of Malay civilisation, which confronted major cultural transformation through the centuries. Through courtly chronicles like the Malay Annals , the Malaccan tradition developed in
3740-690: The earliest examples. At the early stage of Islamisation, the Arabic script was taught to the people who had newly embraced Islam in the form of religious practices, such as the recitation of Quran as well as salat . The Arabic script was accepted by the Malay community together with their acceptance of Islam and was adapted to suit spoken Classical Malay . Six letters were added for sounds not found in Arabic: ca , pa , ga , nga , va and nya . Some Arabic letters are rarely used as they represent sounds not present in modern Malay however may be used to reflect
3825-489: The early 17th century, the manuscript was returned to Johor from Goa by a nobleman identified as Orang Kaya Sogoh . However, historian Abdul Samad Ahmad provides an alternative view, suggesting that the manuscript was returned from Gowa , Sulawesi instead of Goa , India. His argument is based on the fact that during Malacca's time as an important regional entrepôt , it had established strong trading and diplomatic ties with regional kingdoms, including Gowa, and some copies of
3910-970: The following conventions; there are numerous exceptions to them nonetheless. Akin to the Arabic script, Jawi is constructed from right-to-left . Below is an exemplification of the Jawi script extracted from the first and second verse of the notable Ghazal untuk Rabiah , غزال اونتوق ربيعة ( English : A Ghazal for Rabiah). کيلاون اينتن برکليڤ-کليڤ دلاڠيت تيڠݢي⹁ دان چهاي مناري-ناري دلاڠيت بيرو⹁ تيدقله داڤت مننڠکن ڤراسا ء نکو⹁ يڠ ريندوکن کحاضيرن کاسيه. ݢمرسيق ايراما مردو بولوه ڤريندو⹁ دان ڽاڽين ڤاري٢ دري کايڠن⹁ تيدقله داڤت تنترمکن سانوباري⹁ يڠ مندمباکن کڤستين کاسيهمو. Kilauan intan berkelip-kelip di langit tinggi, Dan cahaya menari-nari di langit biru, Tidaklah dapat menenangkan perasaanku, Yang rindukan kehadiran kasih. Gemersik irama merdu buluh perindu, Dan nyanyian pari-pari dari kayangan, Tidaklah dapat tenteramkan sanubari, Yang mendambakan kepastian kasihmu. The glimmer of gems twinkling in
3995-662: The idea that Malacca and Johor were the centre of Malay culture, during competition with Malay polities in Sumatra. Tun Sri Lanang wrote as follows at the beginning of the Malay Annals : The royal command of His Majesty, "That we ask the Bendahara for the hikayat be produced in the nature of the events and speech of Malay kings and their customs and traditions as well; so it would known by all our descendants who succeed us, remembered by them; therupon will they benefit from it. The Malay Annals and other Malay manuscripts remain
4080-630: The immediate predecessor of Patani was Kota Mahligai ("the citadel town") whose ruler founded Patani, perhaps some time between 1350 and 1450. This Patani was located in Keresik (name in Malay) or Kru Se (in Thai), a few kilometers to the east of the current city. However, some think Patani was the same country known to the Chinese as Pan Pan . The region had been subject to Siamese control for some time. In
4165-419: The invasion, political disorder continued for five decades, during which the local rulers were helpless to end the lawlessness of the region, and most foreign merchants abandoned trade with Patani. Towards the end of the 17th century, Patani was described in Chinese sources as sparsely populated and barbaric. In the 18th century, Ayutthaya under King Ekkathat faced another Burmese invasion . This culminated in
4250-426: The king of Ayutthaya , but otherwise ran their own affairs. The Hikayat Patani suggests the name Patani means "this beach" which is " pata ni " ( pantai ini ) in the local Malay language . In this story, a ruler went hunting one day and saw a beautiful white mouse-deer the size of a goat, which then disappeared. He asked his men where the animal had gone, and they replied: "Pata ni lah!" This ruler then ordered
4335-454: The last raja of Patani after he refused Siam's demand for administrative reform, thus ending Patani as an independent state. Jawi alphabet Jawi ( جاوي ; Acehnese : Jawoë ; Kelantan-Pattani : Yawi ; Malay pronunciation: [d͡ʒä.wi] ) is a writing system used for writing several languages of Southeast Asia , such as Acehnese , Magindanawn , Malay , Mëranaw , Minangkabau , Tausūg , and Ternate . Jawi
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#17327729354964420-539: The late 17th century and it was invaded by Siam in 1786, which eventually absorbed the state after its last raja was deposed in 1902. An early kingdom in the Patani area was the Hindu - Buddhist Langkasuka , founded in the region as early as the 2nd century. It appeared in many accounts by Chinese travellers, among them was the Buddhist pilgrim Yijing . The kingdom drew trade from Chinese, Indian , and local traders as
4505-399: The letter from Sultan Iskandar Muda of Acèh Darussalam to King James I of England (1615), and the letter from Sultan Abdul Jalil IV of Johor to King Louis XV of France (1719). Many literary works such as epics, poetry and prose use the Jawi script. It is the pinnacle of the classic Malay civilisation. Historical epics such as the Malay Annals , as listed by UNESCO under Memories of
4590-423: The lingua franca of the region, alongside the spread of Islam. It was widely used in the Sultanate of Malacca , Sultanate of Johor , Sultanate of Maguindanao , Sultanate of Brunei , Sultanate of Sulu , Sultanate of Pattani , the Sultanate of Aceh to the Sultanate of Ternate in the east as early as the 15th century. The Jawi script was used in royal correspondences, decrees, poems and was widely understood by
4675-527: The lofty sky, And light that dances across upon the azure sky, Are not able to soothe my heart, That pines for the presence of the Beloved. The melodious rhythm of the reed flute, And the chorus of nymphs from Heaven, Are not able to calm the soul, That craves the certainty of your Love. Malay Annals The Malay Annals ( Malay : Sejarah Melayu , Jawi : سجاره ملايو ), originally titled Sulalatus Salatin ( Genealogy of Kings ),
4760-528: The merchants in the port of Malacca as the main means of communication. Early legal digests such as the Undang-Undang Melaka Code and its derivatives including the Codes of Johor, Perak, Brunei, Kedah, Pattani and Aceh were written in this script. It is the medium of expression of kings, nobility and the religious scholars. It is the traditional symbol of Malay culture and civilisation. Jawi
4845-548: The negotiation. In 1641, Raja Kuning visited the Ayutthayan court to resume good relation. The power of the queen had declined by this period, and she did not appear to wield any significant political power. In 1646, Patani joined other tributary states to rebel against Ayutthaya, but was later subdued by Ayutthaya. According to Kelantanese sources, Raja Kuning was deposed in 1651 by the Raja of Kelantan , who installed his son as
4930-474: The original spelling of Arabic loanwords. The sounds represented by these letters may be assimilated into sounds found in Malay's native phoneme inventory or in some instances appear unchanged. Like the other Arabic scripts, some letters are obligatorily joined while some are never joined. This was the same for the acceptance of Arabic writing in Turkey , Persia and India which had taken place earlier and thus,
5015-444: The original title of the text, Sulalatus Salatin . Abdul Samad's compilation was based on three manuscripts that he named as A, B and C, kept in the library of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka , Kuala Lumpur. Two of the manuscripts, alternatively named as MS86 and MS86a by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, were later referred in the nomination form submitted for UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme International Register. The Malay Annals
5100-419: The original. There is a possibility that Raffles MS no.18 version has developed from a genealogical king-list complete with the periods of reigns and dates. This king-list was subsequently enlarged by various stories and historically relevant material which was inserted in suitable places, but at the same time it lost its dates. Unknown Malay texts titled Soelalet Essalatina or Sulalatu'l-Salatina , that
5185-559: The practice of circumcision to symbolise the coming of age ), and Jawi pekan or Jawi Peranakan (literally 'Malay of the town' or 'Malay born of', referring to the Malay-speaking Muslims of mixed Malay and Indian ancestry). With verb-building circumfixes men-...-kan , menjawikan (literally ' to make something Malay ' ), also refers to the act of translating a foreign text into Malay language. The phrase Tulisan Jawi that means ' Jawi script '
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#17327729354965270-424: The region as a whole; the history of the royalty in the region including battles won or lost, marriage ties and diplomatic relationships; the administrative hierarchy that ruled Malacca; the greatness of its rulers and administrators, including the bendahara Tun Perak and laksamana , Hang Tuah . The Malay Annals conclude with the account of Malacca's defeat by the Portuguese forces in 1511, resulting not only in
5355-668: The reign of Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah III of Johor , the regent of Johor, Yang di-Pertuan Di Hilir Raja Abdullah also known as Raja Bongsu , had commissioned the rewriting and compilation work of the manuscript to the bendahara Tun Sri Lanang . In 1613, the Johorean capital, Batu Sawar was sacked by the Aceh Sultanate and Alauddin Riayat Shah, and his entire court, including Tun Sri Lanang and Raja Abdullah
5440-413: The reign of the first of its four successive queens, Raja Hijau (The Green Queen), who came to the throne in 1584 and was followed by Raja Biru (The Blue Queen), Raja Ungu (The Purple Queen) and Raja Kuning (The Yellow Queen). During this period the kingdom's economic and military strength was greatly increased to the point that it was able to fight off four major Siamese invasions. It had declined by
5525-545: The rewriting effort commissioned by the then regent of Johor , Raja Abdullah . It was originally written in Classical Malay on traditional paper in old Jawi script , but today exists in 32 different manuscripts, including those in Rumi script . Notwithstanding some of its mystical contents, historians have looked at the text as a primary source of information on past events verifiable by other historical sources, in
5610-412: The ruler of Patani, and the period of Kelantanese dynasty in Patani began. A different queen appeared to have been in control of Patani again by 1670, and three queens of Kelantan lineage may have ruled Patani from 1670 to 1718. When Phetracha took control of Ayutthaya in 1688, Patani refused to acknowledge his authority and rebelled. Ayutthaya then invaded with 50,000 men and subdued Patani. Following
5695-580: The sea. The most substantial ruins believed to be ancient Langkasuka have been found in Yarang located approximately 15 kilometres from the sea and the current city of Pattani . How or when Langkasuka was replaced by Patani is unknown. Patani is not mentioned in the Javanese text Nagarakretagama written in 1365, but places such as Langkasuka, Sai and Kelantan are, which may indicate Patani had yet to be founded in this period. Hikayat Patani indicates that
5780-463: The spelling system of both scripts did not undergo similar advanced developments and modifications as experienced by Jawi. The script became prominent with the spread of Islam, supplanting the earlier writing systems. The Malays held the script in high esteem as it is the gateway to understanding Islam and its Holy Book, the Quran. The use of Jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as
5865-406: The standard script of the Malay language, and gave birth to traditional Malay literature when it featured prominently in official correspondences, religious texts, and literary publications. With the arrival of Western influence through colonization and education, Jawi was relegated to religious education, with the Malay language eventually adopting a form of the Latin alphabet called Rumi that
5950-580: The state capital of Pahang in Malaysia has introduced the usage of Jawi on all signage across the city from 1 August 2019. This was done after a recommendation from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who was then the Regent of Pahang, to uphold usage of the writing system. The Pahang state government has since expanded the order and made it mandatory for every signage statewide including road signs to display Jawi alongside other scripts from 1 January 2020 after being delayed
6035-434: The states of Terengganu , Kelantan , Kedah , Perlis , Penang , Pahang and Johor . Various efforts were in place to revive the Jawi script in Malaysia and Brunei due to its role in the Malay and Islamic spheres. Jawi is also seen on the reverse of Malaysian ringgit and Brunei dollar banknotes. Malays in Patani still use Jawi today for the same reasons. In August 2019, the Malaysian Government's plans to introduce
6120-550: The strong observance of the Muslim faith in the early 14th century Terengganu specifically and the Malay world as a whole. The development of Jawi script was different from that of Pallava writing which was exclusively restricted to the nobility and monks in monasteries. The Jawi script was embraced by the entire Muslim community regardless of class. With the increased intensity in the appreciation of Islam, scriptures originally written in Arabic were translated in Malay and written in
6205-473: The submission of Patani. The siege of Patani by Siam occurred in 1786, this is followed by the destruction of the town, massacres as well as deportations of the inhabitants. Further, Siam invaded Patani several times in 1789–1791, 1808, 1831–1832 and 1838. This served to completely end the centuries old mandala system, effectively ending Pattani's status of an independent state. Bangkok divided Patani into seven small principalities ( hua muang ). Britain recognised
6290-520: The sultan of Patani Mudhaffar Shah attacked Ayutthaya in 1563 due to his unwelcome reception in the Thai court in the years prior. King Chakkraphat fled the city for two months but Mudhaffar failed to take the throne. He died suddenly in 1564 on his way back to Patani. His brother Sultan Manzur Shah (1564–1572) who was left in charge in Patani while he was away then became the ruler of Patani. Manzur Shah ruled for nine years, and after his death, Patani entered
6375-460: The system was developed and derived directly from the Arabic script , while scholars like R. O. Windstedt suggest it was developed with the influence of the Perso-Arabic alphabet . The ensuing trade expansions and the spread of Islam to other areas of Southeast Asia from the 15th century carried the Jawi alphabet beyond the traditional Malay-speaking world. Until the 20th century, Jawi was
6460-572: The teaching of Jawi at the most basic level in ethnic Chinese and Tamil vernacular schools attracted opposition from ethnic Chinese and Indian education groups, which claimed that the move would lead to an Islamization of the Malaysian education system. The Chinese educationist group Dong Jiao Zong organised a conference calling on the Malaysian Government to rescind its decision in late December 2019. Perhaps fearing violence,
6545-503: The withdrawal of the English from Patani. Potteries from the middle Ming to late Qing dynasties are found in the city, indicating extensive faraway trade. Patani was seen by European traders as a way to access the Chinese market. After 1620, the Dutch and English both closed their warehouses, but a prosperous trade was continued by the Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese for most of the 17th century. Raja Hijau died on 28 August 1616 and
6630-430: The world"). She stopped paying the bunga mas tribute to Siam, and formed an alliance with Johor , marrying her daughter (who later became Raja Kuning ) off to their ruler Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III . However, her daughter was already married to the king of Bordelong ( Phatthalung ), Okphaya Déca, who prompted the Siamese to attack Patani in 1633–1634. Siam, however, failed to take Patani. Raja Ungu died in 1634, and
6715-502: Was based on the Za'aba system. Jawi can be typed using the Jawi keyboard . The word Jawi ( جاوي ) is a shortening of the term in Arabic : الجزائر الجاوي , romanized : Al-Jaza'ir Al-Jawi , lit. 'Java Archipelago', which is the term used by Arabs for Nusantara . The word jawi is a loanword from Javanese : ꦗꦮꦶ , romanized: jawi which
6800-609: Was captured and exiled to Aceh . Although Tun Sri Lanang managed to complete the bulk of the Malay Annals in Johor, he completed his work during his captivity in Aceh. In 1821, the English translation of Raffles MS no.18 by John Leyden was posthumously published in London. It included a foreword by Raffles himself, introducing the text and explaining its relevance in highlighting the potential congeniality of Malayans to British rule. It
6885-517: Was developed during the advent of Islam in Maritime Southeast Asia , supplanting the earlier Brahmic scripts used during Hindu-Buddhist era. The oldest evidence of Jawi writing can be found on the 14th century Terengganu Inscription Stone , a text in Classical Malay that contains a mixture of Malay, Sanskrit and Arabic vocabularies. There are two competing theories on the origins of the Jawi alphabet. Popular theory suggests that
6970-652: Was succeeded by her sister Raja Biru (the Blue Queen), who was around 50 when she became queen. Raja Biru persuaded the Kelantan Sultanate that lay to the south to become incorporated into Patani. After Raja Biru died in 1624, she was succeeded by her younger sister Raja Ungu (the Purple Queen). Raja Ungu, was more confrontational towards the Siamese, and abandoned the Siamese title peracau , using instead paduka syah alam ("her excellency ruler of
7055-460: Was succeeded by the last of four successive female rulers of Patani, Raja Kuning (or Ratu Kuning, the Yellow Queen). The war with Siam had caused considerable suffering to Patani as well as a significant decline in trade, and Raja Kuning adopted a more conciliatory stance towards the Siamese. The Siamese had intended to attack Patani again in 1635, but the Raja of Kedah intervened to help with
7140-621: Was then followed by the edited version in Malay by Abdullah Abdul Kadir , published in Singapore in 1831 and the compilation by Édouard Dulaurier in 1849. In 1915, William Shellabear 's edition was published. It is considered as a hybrid long text, primarily based on Abdullah and Dulaurier's version but containing extracts from other texts as well. It was then followed by another translation of Raffles MS no.18 , this time by Richard Olaf Winstedt in 1938. Another important version, compiled by Malaysian historian Abdul Samad Ahmad in 1979, uses
7225-404: Was used not only amongst the ruling class, but also the common people. The Islamisation and Malayisation of the region popularised Jawi into a dominant script. Royal correspondences for example are written, embellished and ceremoniously delivered. Examples of royal correspondences still in the good condition are the letter between Sultan Hayat of Ternate and King John III of Portugal (1521),
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