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50-517: Most of the prikazy were subordinated to the boyar duma . Some of them, palace prikazy (Russian: дворцовые приказы , romanized:  dvortsovyje prikazy ), were subordinated to the [taynyi prikaz] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized variant: latin ( help ) or [pervyi prikaz] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized variant: latin ( help ) , which answered directly to the tsar of Russia . The patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' had his own prikazy . Originally, prikazy were created by private orders given by

100-557: A function. This way, the number of boyars could be increased, by selling functions to those who could afford them. The close alliance between the boyar condition and the military-administrative functions led to a confusion, aggravated by the Phanariots : these functions began to be considered as noble titles, like in the Occident. In fact, this was not at all the case. Traditionally, the boyars were organized in three states: boyars of

150-570: A long span of time; the Siberian Prikaz, for example, was restored in 1730 and existed until 1755. At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter the Great even established some new prikazy . The system was only fully eliminated by Catherine the Great in 1775. The classification of the various prikazes is a very difficult task. In fact, each major historian tries to build their own system of classification. Major variants include prikazes of

200-439: A state function and/or a court function. These functions were called dregătorie or boierie . Only the prince had the power to assign a boierie. Landowners with serfs but no function were categorized as mazil but were still considered to be of noble origin ( din os boieresc , literally "of boyar bone"). Small landowners who possessed a domain without distinction ( devălmășie ) were called moșneni, răzeși , while

250-468: A system of proportional representation and one half were elected by plurality in single member districts . However, the 2007 Duma elections were carried out in a new format: all 450 deputies were elected by a system of proportional representation. Russian citizens at least 21 years old are eligible to run for the Duma (Article 97). Boyars A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of

300-525: A territory, of a class of population, or of an area of affairs. Another method of classification is to rank prikazes by subordination. Boyar duma A duma ( Russian : дума ) is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions. The term boyar duma is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, city dumas were formed across Russia. The first formally constituted state duma

350-522: A third of the duma. Under the reign of Catherine II , reforms to local government led to city dumas being established in Russian cities. Under the reign of Alexander II, several reforms were enacted during the 1860s and 1870s. These included the creation of local political bodies known as zemstvos . All owners of houses, tax-paying merchants and workmen are enrolled on lists in a descending order according to their assessed wealth. The total valuation

400-626: Is also related to the Russian verb dumat′ ( думать ) meaning "to think". The term boyar duma ( боярская дума , boyarskaya duma ) is used to refer to the councils of boyars and junior boyars ( boyar scions ) which advised the prince on state matters during the times of Kievan Rus' and the Tsardom of Russia (then tsar). In 1711 Peter the Great transferred its functions to the Governing Senate . Contemporary sources always refer simply to "the boyars" or to "the duma", but never to

450-679: Is predecessor or old form of the title Bolyar (the Bulgarian word for Boyar). Boila was a title worn by some of the Bulgar aristocrats (mostly of regional governors and noble warriors) in the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018). The plural form of boila ("noble"), bolyare is attested in Bulgar inscriptions and rendered as boilades or boliades in the Greek of Byzantine documents. Multiple different derivation theories of

500-609: Is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia ( parliament ), the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia . Under Russia's 1993 constitution, there are 450 deputies of the State Duma (Article 95), each elected to a term of four years (Article 96); this was changed to a five-year term in late 2008. In previous elections of 1993, 1995, 1999 and 2003 one half of the deputies were elected by

550-410: Is then divided into three equal parts, representing three groups of electors very unequal in number, each of which elects an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma. The executive is in the hands of an elective mayor and an uprava , which consists of several members elected by the duma. Under Alexander III , however, by laws promulgated in 1892 and 1894, the municipal dumas were subordinated to

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600-669: The Kingdom of Poland as the result of the Galicia-Volhynia wars , local boyars were equated since 1430 in rights along with Polish nobility ( szlachta ). A great number of boyars fled to the lands of Great Duchy of Lithuania in Volhynia and Podolia . In the Carpathian regions inhabited by present day Romanians, the boyar ( boier ) class emerged from the chiefs (named cneaz ("leader") or jude ("judge") in

650-566: The Nogais , and some remained Muslims for a generation after the Mongols were ousted. What is interesting about the boyars is their implied duties. Because boyars were not constitutionally instituted, much of their powers and duties came from agreements signed between princes. Agreements, such as one between Ivan III and Mikhail Borisovich in 1484 showed how allegiances needed to be earned and secured, rather than implied and enforced. Instead of

700-509: The Rurik dynasty. The boyar Boris Godunov tried to proclaim himself tsar, but several boyar factions refused to recognize him. The chaos continued after the first False Dmitriy gained the throne, and civil war erupted. When the Romanovs took over, the seventeenth century became one filled with administrative reform. A comprehensive legal code was introduced, and a merging of the boyars into

750-1302: The Russian Revolution . Since 1993, the State Duma ( Государственная дума , Gosudarstvennaya Duma ) has functioned as the lower legislative house of the Russian Federation . The Russian word is inherited from the Proto-Slavic word *duma which is of disputed origin. Its origin has many proposed theories that provide convincing evidence to support each proposed origin. Mladenov, Stender-Petersen: From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke”), akin to Proto-Slavic *duti (“to blow, to inflate”), *dymъ (“smoke”), perhaps originally meaning “breath, spirit”. Compare Ancient Greek θῡμός (thūmós, “soul, emotion”), occasionally also “thought, mind”. Vaillant: Contracted from hypothetical *douma < *do- + *umъ (“mind”) + *-a. Compare *douměti (“to comprehend”) (whence Russian надоу́мить (nadoúmitʹ, “to advise”)). Machek: From an inversion of root *mewHdʰ-, otherwise yielding Proto-Slavic *myslь (“thought”), Ancient Greek μῦθος (mûthos, “word, fable”). Also thought to be derived from Proto-Germanic *dōmaz . The word

800-667: The feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Bulgaria , Kievan Rus' (and later Russia ), Moldavia and Wallachia (and later Romania ), Lithuania and among Baltic Germans . Comparable to Dukes / Grand Dukes , Boyars were second only to the ruling princes , grand princes or tsars from the 10th to the 17th centuries. Also known as bolyar ; variants in other languages include Bulgarian : боляр or болярин ; Russian : боярин , romanized :  boyarin , IPA: [bɐˈjærʲɪn] , pl.  бояре; Romanian : boier , IPA: [boˈjer] ; and Greek : βογιάρος . The title Boila

850-414: The "boyar duma". Originally there were ten to twelve boyars and five or six okolnichies . By 1613 the duma had increased to twenty boyars and eight okolnichies . Lesser nobles, "duma gentlemen" ( dumnye dvoriane ) and secretaries, were added to the duma and the number of okolnichies rose in the latter half of the 17th century. In 1676, the number of boyars increased to 50 – by then they constituted only

900-681: The 10th century, and it is found in Bulgaria , also popular as old Bulgar title boila , which denoted a high aristocratic status among the Bulgars. It was probably built from bol - meaning many and yarin, yarki - meaning bright, enlightened . In support of this hypothesis is the 10th-century diplomatic protocol of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII , where the Bulgarian nobles are called boliades , while

950-511: The 16th and 17th centuries, many of those Rus boyars who failed to get the status of a nobleman actively participated in the formation of the Cossack army. Boyars in Novgorod and Pskov formed a sort of republic, where the power of princes (knyaz) was strongly limited until the conquest by Moscow. Boyars kept their influence in the Russian principalities of Vladimir, Tver and Moscow. Only after

1000-540: The 9th to 13th century, boyars wielded considerable power through their military support of the Rus's princes. Power and prestige of many of them, however, soon came to depend almost completely on service to the state, family history of service and, to a lesser extent, land ownership. Boyars of Kievan Rus were visually very similar to knights, but after the Mongol invasion, their cultural links were mostly lost. The boyars occupied

1050-541: The 9th-century Bulgar sources call them boila . A member of the nobility during the First Bulgarian Empire was called a boila , while in the Second Bulgarian Empire , the corresponding title became bolyar or bolyarin . Bolyar , as well as its predecessor, boila , was a hereditary title. The Bulgarian bolyars were divided into veliki ("great") and malki ("minor"). Presently in Bulgaria,

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1100-430: The Great, who took power in 1697, took it upon himself to westernize Russia, and catch it up with the modern world. After the revolt of the streltsy regiments in 1698, Peter the Great returned to Russia, forcing government officials and those that were financially able to have clean shaven faces and wear Western clothing. Peter also reformed the judicial system, and created a senate with members appointed by him, replacing

1150-578: The Phanariot epoch, however, any man could be a prince if appointed by the sultan , and rich enough to buy this appointment from the grand vizier . During the Ottoman suzerainty, and especially during the Phanariot régime, the title of Prince became an administrative function within the imperial Ottoman hierarchy, and thus the ultimate form of boyardness. The title of Prince of Wallachia or Moldavia

1200-586: The State Duma, and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers. However, Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic power. Just before the creation of the Duma in May 1906, the Tsar issued the Fundamental Laws . It stated in part that the Tsar's ministers could not be appointed by, and were not responsible to, the Duma, thus denying responsible government at the executive level. Furthermore,

1250-589: The Tsar had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished. At this first meeting of the Duma members proposed that political prisoners should be released, trade unions given rights and land reform be introduced. Nicholas II rejected these suggestions and dissolved the assembly in July, 1906. The imperial State Duma was elected four times: in 1906, twice in 1907, and in 1912. The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума, Gosudarstvennaya Duma , common abbreviation: Госдума, Gosduma ) in Russia

1300-552: The areas north of the Danube , and celnic south of the river) of rural communities in the early Middle Ages , who made their judicial and administrative attributions hereditary and gradually expanded them upon other communities. They were approved by the Ottoman Empire , which had suzerainty over the area. After the appearance of more advanced political structures in the area, their privileged status had to be confirmed by

1350-427: The attack on Novgorod . This was to ensure the boyars and their military power remained loyal to the tsar. The grand duke also made sure that peasants could not leave the princes' lands, or from one place to another, in the mid-1400s, effectively establishing serfdom . The boyars gained rewards and gifts as well. Some boyars were sent to regions as governors, and could “feed off” the locals in this way. Still, by

1400-459: The boyar opposition with the use of the oprichnina terror purges. Land grants were also given to subjects that provided military service, and soon this type of land grant became the more common compared to inherited land among the boyars. Ivan IV consolidated his power, centralized royal power, and made every effort possible to curb the influence of the princes. After Ivan IV, a time of troubles began when his son Fedor died without an heir, ending

1450-644: The boyars' independent political power became obsolete. The independence and autonomy experienced by the princes of the regions in Muscovy was abolished under Ivan IV by the end of the sixteenth century, making them "the prince's sons", or just simple boyars serving the Grand Prince. Ivan IV divided Muscovy into two parts in 1565, and in the private part, the terror began. The boyars attempted to band together and resist, but instead of constitutionally establishing their role in government, Ivan IV ruthlessly crushed

1500-480: The burden of governing Muscovy. Small principalities knew their loyal subjects by name, but after the consolidation of territories under Ivan, familial loyalty and friendship with the boyar's subjects turned those same subjects into administrative lists. The face of provincial rule disappeared. Boyar membership, until the 16th century, did not necessarily require one to be Russian, or even Orthodox, as historians note that many boyars came from places like Lithuania or

1550-472: The central power, which used this prerogative to include in the boyar class individuals that distinguished themselves in the military or civilian functions they performed, by allocating them lands from the princely domains. Historian Djuvara explained the hypotheses concerning the origin of the Romanians , such as advancing the theory that the vast majority of the nobility in the medieval states that made up

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1600-493: The centralization of power by Moscow was the power of the boyars diminished. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the boyars of Moscow had considerable influence that continued from the Muscovy period. However, starting with the reign of Ivan III , the boyars were starting to lose that influence to the authoritative tsars in Muscovy. Because of Ivan III's expansionist policies, administrative changes were needed in order to ease

1650-429: The class of the boyars of the first state, there was the subclass of the "grand boyars". Those were great landowners who also had some very high functions, such as the function of great vornic . Above those grand boyars was only the prince. Usually a prince was a boyar before his election or appointment as prince, but this was not an absolute condition. Initially, only princely descendants could be elected princes. During

1700-480: The elite bureaucracy was beginning to form. By the end of the Time of Troubles , the boyars had lost nearly all independent power. Instead of going to Moscow to gain more power, the boyars felt defeated, and felt compelled to go to Moscow to maintain a united and strong Russia. Second, the boyars lost their independent principalities, where they maintained all their power, and instead governed districts and regions under

1750-424: The end of the 15th century, boyar membership had declined, and merit rather than family background decided who became a boyar. When Ivan IV became the tsar, more radical changes were implemented to limit boyar influence. Ivan IV became the grand prince of all Muscovy in 1533 at the age of three, but various boyar factions tried to compete for control of the regency. When Ivan IV came to power in 1547, much more of

1800-406: The first, second, and third states. For example, there was a first or a grand postelnic , a second postelnic, and a third postelnic, each one with his different obligations and rights. The difference of condition was visible even in the vestimentation or physical aspect. Only the boyars of the first state had the right, for example, to grow a beard, the rest being entitled only to a mustache. Within

1850-534: The formation of the feudal states, such that the prince merely confirmed their preexisting status as landowners; and those who acquired their domain from a princely donation or who had inherited it from an ancestor who acquired it through such a donation ( cf. the distinction between Uradel and Briefadel in the Holy Roman Empire and in its feudal successor regimes). During the Phanariot régime, there were also boyars who had no land at all, but only

1900-619: The governors in the same way as the zemstvos. In 1894 municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in Caucasia. Under the pressure of the Russian Revolution of 1905 , on 6 August 1905, Sergei Witte issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma, initially thought to be an advisory organ. In the subsequent October Manifesto , Nicholas II pledged to introduce basic civil liberties , provide for broad participation in

1950-487: The grand prince of the time. Boyars also lost their advisory influence over the grand prince with tools such as the duma, and instead the grand prince no longer felt compelled to listen to the demands of the boyars. The tsar no longer feared losing their military support, and unification of Muscovy became paramount in importance. With Peter the Great , the final nail in the coffin happened for the boyar's power, and they would never recover from his administrative reforms. Peter

2000-424: The grand prince personally overseeing his lands, he had to rely on his captains and close advisors to oversee day-to-day operations. Instead of the great voice the boyars had previously in their advisory roles, they now had less bargaining power and mobility. They answered questions posed by the grand prince, and Ivan III even made sure to get their approval on special events, such as his marriage to Zoe Paleologa, or

2050-465: The highest state offices and, through a council ( duma ), advised the grand duke . They received extensive grants of land and, as members of the Boyars' Duma, were the major legislators of Kievan Rus' . After the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, the boyars from western and southern parts of Kievan Rus' (modern Belarus and Ukraine) were incorporated into Lithuanian and Polish nobility ( szlachta ). In

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2100-483: The old council of boyars that originally advised the tsar. This move he made was one of many that dismantled the powers and status the boyars previously possessed. Peter was driving out the conservative and religious faction of the boyars out of the courts, and instead using both foreign and Russian officials to fill the administrative system. Several boyars, as well as other nobility, spoke out against these reforms, including historian Mikhail Shcherbatov, who stated that

2150-423: The reforms Peter made helped destroy Russian tradition, and created people that tried to "worm their way up, by flattering and humoring the monarch and the grandees in every way." Still, the reforms continued, as by this point, the tsar possessed too much power, and Russia became an absolute monarchy more and more with each ruler. The Galician nobility originally were called boyars. With the annexation of Galicia by

2200-425: The serfs (indentured servants) were called rumâni . Although functions could only be accorded by the prince and were not hereditary, land possession was hereditary. The prince could give land to somebody but could not take it from its possessor except for serious reasons such as treason. Therefore, there were two kinds of boyars: those whose families, as chiefs of the ancient rural communities, had held land before

2250-406: The territory of modern-day Romania was of Cuman origin and not Romanian: "Romanians were called the black Cumans". The Romanian social hierarchy was composed of boyar, mazil ( turkish: mazul ), răzeș ( yeoman, freedman ) and rumân ( serf ). Being a boyar implied three things: being a land-owner, having serfs, and having a military and/or administrative function. A boyar could have

2300-511: The tsar to a certain person. The functions of the prikazy would be led by boyars and professional administrators. From 1512, the term " prikaz " started to be used to refer to offices. There were 22 prikazy (departments) in 1613, however this number would balloon to 80 by the mid-17th century. The prikazy were abolished by Peter the Great as part of his governmental reform program and replaced them, beginning in 1717, with administrative organs known as Collegiums . This process would undergo

2350-619: The word battle ( бој , boj ). The boyars of Serbia were literally "men for the battle" or the warrior class, in contrast to the peasants. They could own land but were obliged to defend it and fight for the king. With the rule of the Ottoman Empire after 1450, the Ottoman as well as the Austro-Hungarian terms exchanged the Serbian one. Today, it is an archaic term representing the aristocracy ( племство , plemstvo ). From

2400-399: The word bolyari is used as a nickname for the inhabitants of Veliko Tarnovo —once the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire . In medieval Serbia , the rank of the boyars ( Боjари , bojari ) was equivalent to the rank of the baron ; meaning "free warrior" (or "free man" in general), it was the first rank after the non-free peasants or serfs . The etymology of the term comes from

2450-558: The word have been suggested by scholars and linguists, such as it having possible roots from old Turkic: bai ("noble, rich"; cf. " bay ") plus Turkic är ("man, men"), proto-Slavic "boj" (fight, battle) or romanian "boi" (oxen, cattle) to "Boier" (owner of cattle). The title entered Old East Slavic as быля ( bylya , attested solely in The Tale of Igor's Campaign ). The oldest Slavic form of boyar — bolyarin , pl. bolyari ( Bulgarian : болярин , pl. боляри )—dates from

2500-644: Was the Imperial State Duma introduced to the Russian Empire by Emperor Nicholas II in 1905. The Emperor retained an absolute veto and could dismiss the State Duma at any time for a suitable reason. Nicholas dismissed the First State Duma (1906) within 75 days; elections for a second Duma took place the following year. The Russian Provisional Government dissolved the last Imperial State Duma (the fourth Duma) in 1917 during

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