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42-490: Since the Pagaruyung Kingdom was disbanded in 1833, no king or royal family resides in the palace today, but it is still held in high esteem among Minangkabau people, as the descendants of scattered Minang nobles ( bangsawan ) still find roots and links to the former royal house of Pagaruyung. The palace has been destroyed by fire several times, in 1804, 1966, and 2007. It has been rebuilt again and today functions as

84-484: A rumah gadang includes: Some symbolisms of the house, for example, relate to the gonjong reaching to god and the dindiang tapi , which is traditionally made of plaited strips of bamboo, symbolizing the strength and utility of the community which is formed when individual Minangkabau become part of the larger community instead of standing alone. The peaks of the roof are said to represent buffalo horns as well as reaching to god mentioned earlier. The pillars of

126-404: A legend concerning a battle between two water buffaloes from which the 'Minangkabau' name is thought to have been derived. The roof peaks themselves are built up out of many small battens and rafters . The women who share the house have sleeping quarters set into alcoves – traditionally odd in number – that are set in a row against the rear wall and curtained off by the vast interior space of

168-504: A museum and popular tourist attraction. The original Pagaruyung palace was built entirely from timber masonry, however, the current building frame was built using a modern concrete structure. Nevertheless, the Istano Basa Pagaruyung was quite faithfully restored using traditional techniques and materials adorned with 60 carvings that signify Minang philosophy and culture. The palace has three stories with 72 pillars and

210-665: A riot in the Padri War in 1804. The palace was rebuilt but was destroyed again by a fire in 1966. The building was then rebuilt again in 1976 as a replica of the original Pagaruyung Palace. It was built after the suppression of the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) movement in 1958, which was based in West Sumatra. Then-West Sumatra governor Harun Zen initiated the construction of

252-534: Is always based upon the natural environment. A well-known adat aphorism says, 'nature is our teacher. Ninety-four motifs have been observed on rumah gadang . Thirty-seven of them refer to flora, such as kaluak paku (' fern tendrils '), saluak laka ('interwoven rattan '), pucuak rabuang (' bamboo shoots '), areca-nut palms , and lumuik hanyuik ('washed-away moss'). Twenty-eight motifs refer to fauna, such as tupai tatagun ('startled squirrel'), itiak pulang patang ('ducks going home in

294-492: Is common to eat with one's hands. They usually provide kobokan , a bowl of tap water with a slice of lime in it to give a fresh scent. This water is used to wash one's hands before and after eating. If a customer does not want to eat with bare hands, it is acceptable to ask for a spoon and fork . The food is usually cooked once per day. When eating nasi Padang (Padang rice) in restaurants, customers choose from various dishes which are left on display in high-stacked plates in

336-978: Is commonly eaten for breakfast, while sate (beef satay in curry sauce served with ketupat ) is served in the evening. The serving style is different in nasi kapau food stalls, a Minangkabau Bukittinggi style. After the customer is seated, he or she orders specific dishes, which will be put directly upon the steamed rice or in separate small plates. There are many Padang food establishments throughout Indonesia and surrounding countries, according to Ikatan Warung Padang Indonesia (Iwapin) or Warung Padang Bonds. In greater Jakarta alone there are at least 20,000 Padang restaurant establishments. Several notable Minangkabau restaurant chains are Sederhana , Garuda, Pagi Sore, Simpang Raya, Sari Ratu, Sari Minang, Salero Bagindo and Natrabu. The cooking method of gulai , which employing certain ingredients; meat, poultry, vegetables, fish or seafood simmered and slowly cooked in coconut milk , spice mixture and chili pepper , formed

378-612: Is home to one of the most diverse range of peoples in the Southeast Asian archipelago. This diversity is reflected in a range variety of often dramatic traditional homes known as rumah adat . The most common housing forms have traditionally been wooden and raised on piles, built of locally gathered materials, with steeply pitched roofs. In addition to the Minangkabau's rumah gadang , the Batak of Lake Toba region build

420-401: Is named bapaserek or surambi papek ("without veranda"). The larger and more opulent houses, have higher walls and multiple roofs, often with five elements inserted into each other, and supported by large wooden columns. Variations on the number of columns are known as the gajah maharam ("elephant kneeling"), which may have forty columns resulting in a shorter and stouter form, and

462-551: Is the custom of merantau whereby many of the men will travel far afield for work, returning only periodically to their village of origin. Money earned on these trips is remitted for the building of contemporary rumah adat . A communal rumah gadang is a long house , rectangular in plan, with multiple gables and upsweeping ridges, forming buffalo horn-like ends. They normally have three-tiered projections, each with varying floor levels. They are broad and set on wooden piles that can reach as high as 3 metres (10 ft) off

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504-637: The anjuang of the Koto Piliang model. The Pagaruyung Palace is built in the traditional Minangkabau rumah gadang architectural style, but one unusual aspect is that it has three levels. In West Sumatra some modern government and commercial buildings, and domestic houses ( rumah gedung ), have adopted elements of the rumah gadang style. There has been a sizable Minangkabau settlement in Negeri Sembilan (now in Malaysia ) since

546-412: The labuah gajah (elephant road), for living and ceremonial events. A number of rice barns ( rangkiang ) ideally accompany a rumah gadang , with each having a different name and function. The rangkiang sitinjau lauik , contains rice for the family, particularly for adat ceremonies. The rangkiang sitangka lapa contains rice for donation to poor villagers and for times of famine in

588-417: The rajo babandiang ('design of grandeur') with fifty pillars and a more slender form. An additional six columns are required at each end for the anjuang of the Koto Piliang variation. A Minangkabau traditional council hall , known as a balai adat , appears similar to a rumah gadang . This type of building is used by clan leaders as a meeting place, and it is not enclosed by walls, except for

630-658: The Pagaruyung Kingdom was stored in Silinduang Bulan Palace  [ id ; min ] located about 2 kilometers from Pagaruyung Palace. Restoration of the building took six years and an estimated RP20 billion (US$ 1,71 million) to complete. The building was completed and inaugurated by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in October 2013. Rumah gadang Rumah Gadang ( Minangkabau : "big house") or Rumah Bagonjong "house for

672-406: The equator , Sumatra has a monsoonal climate and, although more rain falls between October and May, there is no extended rainless dry season . Despite large-scale deforestation , Sumatra still has millions of acres of unexploited rainforests that provide building materials . The great hardwood trees required for large scale construction are now, however, in strictly limited supply. Sumatra

714-591: The matrilineal Minangkabau society, the Rumah Gadang is owned by the women of the family who live there; ownership is passed from mother to daughter. The houses have a dramatic curved roof structure with multi-tiered, upswept gables. Shuttered windows are built into walls incised with profusely painted floral carvings. The term Rumah Gadang usually refers to the larger communal homes; however, smaller single residences share many of its architectural elements. In West Sumatra , traditional Rumah Gadang reflects

756-529: The Istano Basa Pagaruyung in 1976 as a way of reviving the flagging pride of the Minang community after the suppression. The restoration of the palace was marked with the erection of tunggak tuo (main columns) on 27 December 1976 by West Sumatra Governor Harun Zain. After completion, the palace has become well-known to the public as a museum and tourist attraction. This building was not built on

798-560: The Minangkabau people and has become the symbol of West Sumatra and Minangkabau culture. Throughout the region, numerous buildings demonstrate the design elements of Rumah Gadang , from genuine vernacular timber masonry structures built for customary ceremonies to the more mundane modern structures like those of government offices and public facilities. Today, Rumah Gadang architectural elements, especially its gonjong horn-like curved roof, can be found in modern structures, such as governor and regencies office buildings, marketplaces, hotels,

840-541: The Minangkabau people" ( Minangkabau : "spired roof house") are the traditional homes ( Indonesian : "rumah adat" ) of the Minangkabau in West Sumatra , Indonesia . The architecture, construction, internal and external decoration, and the functions of the house reflect the culture and values of the Minangkabau. A Rumah Gadang serves as a residence, a hall for family meetings, and for ceremonial activities. In

882-421: The Minangkabau woven songket textiles, with colors thought to have been derived from Chinese brocades . Traditionally, the motifs do not show animals or humans in a realistic form, although some may represent animals, human beings, or their activities or behavior. The motifs are based on the Minangkabau concept of aesthetics, which is part of their view of their world ( Alam Minangkabau ) in which expression

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924-644: The afternoon) which symbolizes co-operation and homecoming wanderers, and kumbang janti (golden bumblebee). The remaining twenty-nine motifs refer to humans and sometimes their activities or behavior, such as rajo tigo (three kings of the realm), kambang manih (sweet flower, used to describe an amiable girl) and jalo takambang (casting a net). The rumah gadang is built in one of two basic designs: koto piliang and bodi caniago . These forms reflect different two variations of Minangkabau social structure . The koto piliang design reflects an aristocratic and hierarchical social structure, with

966-420: The boat-shaped jabu with dominating carved gables and dramatic oversize roofs, and the people of Nias build the fortified omo sebua houses on massive ironwood pillars with towering roof structures. The Minangkabau are indigenous to the highlands of central Sumatra . Their culture is matrilineal , with property and land being passed down from mother to daughter; religious and political affairs are

1008-515: The capital city of Western Sumatra province. It is served in restaurants mostly owned by perantauan (migrating) Minangkabau people in Indonesian cities. Padang food is ubiquitous in Indonesian cities and is popular in neighboring Malaysia and Singapore . Padang food is famous for its use of coconut milk and spicy chili. Minang cuisine consists of three main elements: gulai (curry), lado ( chili pepper ) and bareh ( rice ). Among

1050-624: The cooking traditions in Indonesian cuisine , Minangkabau cuisine and most of Sumatran cuisine are under the influences of Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine, with dishes cooked in curry sauce with coconut milk and a lot of spice mixes. Because most Minangkabau people are Muslims , Minangkabau cuisine follows halal dietary law rigorously. Most of its protein is taken from beef, chicken, water buffalo, goat, lamb, mutton , and poultry and fish. Minangkabau people are known for their fondness of cattle meat products including offal . Almost all

1092-477: The facades of Padang restaurants , and Minangkabau International Airport . An istano basa , however, is the largest and most magnificent example of this traditional style. Sumatra is the sixth largest island in the world and since the time of Marco Polo has been referred to as the 'island of gold'. It is the most resource-rich island of Indonesia, including its tea , pepper and rubber plantations, and oil , tin and other mineral resources. Lying on

1134-475: The ground; sometimes with a verandah running along the front face of the house which is used as a reception and dining area, and as a sleeping place for guests. Unlike the Batak Toba homes, where the roof essentially creates the living space, the Minangkabau roof rests on conventional walls. Cooking and storage areas are often in separate buildings. The house is largely constructed of wood; an exception being

1176-472: The house containing anjuang (raised floors) at each end to permit elevated seating of clan leaders during ceremonial events. The bodi caniago design reflects a democratic social structure, with the floors being flat and on one level. Large communal homes are entered through a doorway in the centre of the structure which is usually surrounded by a perpendicular porch with a triangular gable and upsweeping peaked ridge end. The variation with no entry porch

1218-402: The ideal rumah gadang are arranged in five rows which run the length of the house. These rows divide the interior into four long spaces called lanjar . The lanjar at the rear of the house is divided into bedrooms ( ruang ). According to adat , a rumah gadang must have at least five ruang, and the ideal number is nine. The other lanjar are used as a common area, called

1260-400: The interior layout, as women are more restricted to the rear of the house than in the case of the matrilineal Sumatran Minangkabau. The construction of a house is subject to specific regulations, laid down by the ancestors and formalised in adat , that need to be observed if the house is to become a beautiful and pleasant building. The construction and maintenance of a rumah gadang is

1302-407: The main living area. Traditionally, large communal rumah gadang will be surrounded by smaller homes built for married sisters and daughters of the parent family. It is the responsibility of the women's maternal uncle to ensure that each marriageable woman in the family has a room of her own. To this end he will build either a new house or, more commonly, annexes to the original one. It is said that

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1344-409: The number of married daughters in a home can be told by the counting its horn-like extensions; as they are not always added symmetrically, rumah gadang can sometimes look unbalanced. Adolescent boys traditionally live in the village surau , a small mosque. Each element of a rumah gadang has its own symbolic meaning, which is referred to in adat speech and aphorisms . The elements of

1386-522: The original site but moved south from the original site. The palace was destroyed by fire on the evening of February 27, 2007, after the roof was struck by lightning. It was estimated that only 15 percent of the valuable artifacts survived the fire. Today the surviving artifacts are stored in Balai Benda Purbakala Kabupaten Tanah Datar (Archaeology Authority of Tanah Datar Regency). The pusaka or heirloom of

1428-617: The parts of cattle are used in Minangkabau dishes. Seafood is popular in coastal West Sumatran cities, and most are grilled or fried with spicy chili sauce or in curry gravy. Fish, shrimp, and cuttlefish are cooked in similar fashion. Most Minangkabau food is eaten with hot steamed rice or compressed rice such as katupek ( ketupat ). Vegetables are mostly boiled, such as boiled cassava leaf, or simmered in thin curry as side dishes, such as gulai of young jackfruit or cabbages. In popular usage prevalent in Indonesia and neighboring countries,

1470-526: The province of men. The Minangkabau are strongly Islamic , but also follow their own ethnic traditions, or adat . Minangkabau adat was derived from animistic and Hindu - Buddhist beliefs before the arrival of Islam, and remnants of animistic beliefs exist even among some practicing Muslims. As such, women are customarily the property owners; husbands are only tolerated in the house at certain times and under special conditions and must return to their sisters' house to sleep. Complementing this practice

1512-650: The rear longitudinal wall which is a plain lattice woven in a chequered pattern from split bamboo. The roof is of a truss and cross- beam construction and is typically covered with thatch from the fibre of the sugar palm ( ijuk ), the toughest thatch material available and said to last a hundred years. The thatch is laid in bundles which can be easily fitted to the curved, multi-gabled roof. Contemporary homes, however, are more frequently using corrugated iron in place of thatch. Roof finials are formed from thatch bound by decorative metal bindings and drawn into points said to resemble buffalo horns — an allusion to

1554-489: The responsibility of ninik mamak , the elder male blood-relatives of the matrilineal descent group that owns and builds it. Padang food Padang dish or Minangkabau dish is the cuisine of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra , Indonesia . It is among the most popular cuisines in Maritime Southeast Asia . It is known across Indonesia as Masakan Padang ( Padang cuisine ) after Padang ,

1596-536: The seventeenth century, with the chief of the Minangkabau still ruler there. The Negeri Sembilan Minangkabau, however, have adopted the Malay-style roof construction, with continuous ridge piece thatched with lengths of palm-leaf attached to battens. Although this has meant the loss of the characteristic curved roof and has blunter eaves , it is still considered dignified and beautiful. More orthodox Islamic influence has also led to variations such as modifications to

1638-563: The term "Padang food" is often used generally to refer to the culinary traditions of the Minangkabau people of Western Sumatra. However, this term is seldom used in Minangkabau inland cities itself, such as Bukittinggi , a culinary hotspot in West Sumatra, where they refer to it as "Minang cuisine" or "Minang food" instead. This is partly because many Minangkabau nagari (counties) take pride in their culinary legacies, and because there are differences between Padang rice of Padang and kapau rice of Bukittinggi. In Padang food establishments, it

1680-411: The typical Rumah Gadang gonjong , a horn-like curved roof made from 26 tons of black ijuk aren palm fibers. The palace is also furnished with over 100 replicas of Minang antique furniture and artifacts, aiming the palace to be revived as Minangkabau cultural center as well as a tourism attraction in West Sumatra. The original Pagaruyung palace was built on Batu Patah Hill and was burned down during

1722-468: The village. The rangkiang sibayau-bayau contains rice for the daily needs of the family. The Minangkabau traditionally embellish the wooden walls, pillars, and ceilings of the Rumah Gadang with bas-relief carved wooden motifs that reflect and symbolize their adat . The motifs comprise profuse floral designs based on a simple underlying geometric structure. The motifs are similar to those of

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1764-404: The windows. In a dine-in hidang style Padang restaurant, after the customers are seated, they do not have to order. Rather, the waiter sets the table with dozens of small dishes filled with various dishes. Customers take only what they want from this array, and they pay only for what they take. The best known Padang dish is rendang , a spicy meat stew. Soto Padang (crispy beef in spicy soup)

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