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131-471: The houses have a dramatic curved roof structure with multi-tiered, upswept gables. Shuttered windows are built into walls incised with profusely painted floral carvings. The term Rumah Gadang usually refers to the larger communal homes; however, smaller single residences share many of its architectural elements. In West Sumatra , traditional Rumah Gadang reflects the Minangkabau people and has become

262-484: A rumah gadang includes: Some symbolisms of the house, for example, relate to the gonjong reaching to god and the dindiang tapi , which is traditionally made of plaited strips of bamboo, symbolizing the strength and utility of the community which is formed when individual Minangkabau become part of the larger community instead of standing alone. The peaks of the roof are said to represent buffalo horns as well as reaching to god mentioned earlier. The pillars of

393-434: A tropical monsoon climate , similar to most other Indonesian provinces. Throughout the year the province is only affected by two seasons, namely the rainy season and the dry season. The air temperature varies from 24.7 to 32.9 degrees Celsius with air humidity levels ranging from 82% to 88%. The relative rainy season falls from October to April. Variation in rainfall ranges from 2,100 mm to 3,264 mm. The month December

524-704: A common ancestor with their relative, the Siahaan clan in Balige . It is certain that the Toba people as a distinct culture can be found beyond the boundaries of their geographical origins. According to the folklore of the Batak people, the first ancestor of the Batak people is Si Raja Batak , literally means ‘King Batak’ or ‘the King of Batak’. His origin is believed to be from a Toba village known as Sianjur Mula village, situated on

655-404: A legend concerning a battle between two water buffaloes from which the 'Minangkabau' name is thought to have been derived. The roof peaks themselves are built up out of many small battens and rafters . The women who share the house have sleeping quarters set into alcoves – traditionally odd in number – that are set in a row against the rear wall and curtained off by the vast interior space of

786-559: A number of nature reserves: Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve, Batang Palupuh Nature Reserve, Lembah Anai Nature Reserve, Lembah Harau Nature Reserve, Bung Hatta Grand Forest Park, and Beringin Sakti Nature Reserve. The Province of West Sumatra is led by a governor who is elected directly with his representative for a 5-year term. In addition to being a regional government, the Governor also acts as a representative or extension of

917-411: A regulator of the life of its members. the regency replaced the term village government that was used previously. Whereas for the nagari in the city government system still as a traditional institution, it has not become part of the regional government structure. Opportunities that occur in village government are the emergence of individualistic economic growth. This condition is a result of dependence on

1048-603: A tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and high average rainfall. The province includes large areas of dense tropical forest, which is home to a host of species including: Rafflesia arnoldii (world's largest flower), Sumatran tiger , siamang , Malayan tapir , Sumatran serow , rusa deer , Malayan sun bear , Bornean clouded leopard , and many birds and butterflies. The province includes two national parks: Siberut National Park and Kerinci Seblat National Park , as well as

1179-525: Is subdivided into twelve regencies and seven cities . It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside Java , although several of them are relatively low in population compared with cities elsewhere in Indonesia. Padang is the province's capital and largest city . West Sumatra is home to the Minangkabau people , although the traditional Minangkabau region is actually wider than

1310-533: Is always based upon the natural environment. A well-known adat aphorism says, 'nature is our teacher. Ninety-four motifs have been observed on rumah gadang . Thirty-seven of them refer to flora, such as kaluak paku (' fern tendrils '), saluak laka ('interwoven rattan '), pucuak rabuang (' bamboo shoots '), areca-nut palms , and lumuik hanyuik ('washed-away moss'). Twenty-eight motifs refer to fauna, such as tupai tatagun ('startled squirrel'), itiak pulang patang ('ducks going home in

1441-544: Is associated with a Minangkabau legend known as Tambo . From the Tambo , it is said that at one time there was a foreign kingdom (usually interpreted as the Majapahit Empire ) which came from the sea and would conquer what is now West Sumatra. To prevent fighting in the region, the local people propose a cattle race competition with the foreign forces. The foreign forces agreed and sent a large and aggressive cattle to

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1572-470: Is contrasted to Javanese people , Indonesia's largest ethnic group, who are more culturally conciliatory and less willing to air differences publicly. Batak Toba people also known as professing Christians in contrast with the largely Muslim population in Indonesia. In terms of occupational sector, Batak Toba is also known to be well represented in some sectors particularly law , education , military , economy , and politics . An overwhelming majority of

1703-551: Is home to one of the most diverse range of peoples in the Southeast Asian archipelago. This diversity is reflected in a range variety of often dramatic traditional homes known as rumah adat . The most common housing forms have traditionally been wooden and raised on piles, built of locally gathered materials, with steeply pitched roofs. In addition to the Minangkabau's rumah gadang , the Batak of Lake Toba region build

1834-799: Is located in Sungayang District, Tanah Datar Regency . In the historical record of the Majapahit Empire, Nagarakretagama which dated from 1365, also mentioned the name Minangkabwa as one of the Malay countries that has been conquered by the Majapahit. Likewise in the Ming Chronicles from 1405, there was the royal name of Mi-nang-ge-bu of the six kingdoms who sent messengers facing Yongle Emperor in Nanjing . On

1965-401: Is named bapaserek or surambi papek ("without veranda"). The larger and more opulent houses, have higher walls and multiple roofs, often with five elements inserted into each other, and supported by large wooden columns. Variations on the number of columns are known as the gajah maharam ("elephant kneeling"), which may have forty columns resulting in a shorter and stouter form, and

2096-416: Is no obligation for Toba people to live in the Toba region, although they are obliged to be attached to their original village in Toba. The original village or Bius of a Toba Batak person is called ‘ Bona Pasogit ‘. It is common for a Toba Batak person to identify his/her origin not by their birthplaces, but by their Bona Pasogit in ‘ Tano Batak ‘ or ‘The Batak Land’. Just as it is with other ethnicities,

2227-531: Is part of the Deutro-Malay community who migrated from Southern China to the island of Sumatra around 2,500–2,000 years ago. It is estimated that this community group entered from the east of the island of Sumatra, along the Kampar River to the highlands called darek which became the home of the Minangkabau people. Some of these darek areas then form a kind of confederation known as luhak , which

2358-800: Is sometimes used to refer to the Batak Toba people, for one thing because the Toba people are the largest sub-group of the Batak ethnicity, for another because they tend to self-identify as merely Batak instead of ‘Toba’ or ‘Batak Toba’, contrary to the habit of the Karo, Mandailing, Simalungun, Pakpak communities who commonly self-identify with their respective sub-groups. The Toba people are found in Toba Regency , Humbang Hasundutan Regency , Samosir Regency , North Tapanuli Regency , Central Tapanuli Regency (with Sibolga and its surrounding regions), and part of Dairi Regency . The Batak Toba people speak

2489-744: Is the Minangkabau language which has several dialects, such as the Bukittinggi dialect, Pariaman dialect, South Coastal dialect, and Payakumbuh dialect. In the Pasaman and West Pasaman regions bordering North Sumatra, the Batak Mandailing dialect is also spoken. Meanwhile, in the Mentawai archipelago, the Mentawai language is widely used. Tamil is spoken by Tamils in Padang. Indonesian

2620-550: Is the custom of merantau whereby many of the men will travel far afield for work, returning only periodically to their village of origin. Money earned on these trips is remitted for the building of contemporary rumah adat . A communal rumah gadang is a long house , rectangular in plan, with multiple gables and upsweeping ridges, forming buffalo horn-like ends. They normally have three-tiered projections, each with varying floor levels. They are broad and set on wooden piles that can reach as high as 3 metres (10 ft) off

2751-516: Is the largest Protestant church with Lutheranism in Indonesia. It was founded by the German missionaries and still regarded as the traditional church of the Toba Batak people. In the early 20th century, HKBP disported into several independent Protestant churches such as GKPS (Simalungun) and GKPA (Angkola) to accommodate church services for the Batak people outside of the Toba community. Before

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2882-417: Is the major metropolitan areas with the population of 942,940 in mid 2023; Minangkabau highlands cities of Payakumbuh and Bukittinggi rank as West Sumatra's next most populous cities, with populations of 144,830 and 124,050 respectively in mid 2023. West Sumatra is the native homeland of Minangkabau people. They speak Minangkabau language and predominantly Muslim . West Sumatran have historically played

3013-603: Is the month with the most rainfall. While the dry season usually starts in June to September. The season in West Sumatra is similar to other regions in Indonesia, only known for two seasons, namely the dry season and the rainy season. From June to September wind flows from Australia and do not contain much water vapor, resulting in a dry season. Conversely in December to March many wind currents contain water vapor from Asia and

3144-535: Is then referred to as Luhak Nan Tigo , which consists of Luhak Tanah Data , Luhak Agam , and Luhak Limopuluah Koto . During the era of the Dutch East Indies , the luhak area became a territorial government area called afdeling , headed by a resident who by the Minangkabau community was called the name Tuan Luhak. Initially, The Minangkabau people were included as a sub-group of the Malays , but since

3275-447: Is widely understood as a second-language. It is used as the language of education as well as interethnic communication. Toba Batak people Outside North Sumatra: Riau , Batam , Jakarta , Java , Kalimantan , Sulawesi , Papua , Bali , and around Indonesia – 1,100,000 The Toba Batak people ( Batak Toba : ᯅᯖᯂ᯲ ᯖᯬᯅ ) are the largest ethnic group of the Batak peoples of North Sumatra , Indonesia. The general term ‘Batak’

3406-637: The anjuang of the Koto Piliang model. The Pagaruyung Palace is built in the traditional Minangkabau rumah gadang architectural style, but one unusual aspect is that it has three levels. In West Sumatra some modern government and commercial buildings, and domestic houses ( rumah gedung ), have adopted elements of the rumah gadang style. There has been a sizable Minangkabau settlement in Negeri Sembilan (now in Malaysia ) since

3537-412: The labuah gajah (elephant road), for living and ceremonial events. A number of rice barns ( rangkiang ) ideally accompany a rumah gadang , with each having a different name and function. The rangkiang sitinjau lauik , contains rice for the family, particularly for adat ceremonies. The rangkiang sitangka lapa contains rice for donation to poor villagers and for times of famine in

3668-417: The rajo babandiang ('design of grandeur') with fifty pillars and a more slender form. An additional six columns are required at each end for the anjuang of the Koto Piliang variation. A Minangkabau traditional council hall , known as a balai adat , appears similar to a rumah gadang . This type of building is used by clan leaders as a meeting place, and it is not enclosed by walls, except for

3799-567: The Badan Pusat Statistik as Minangkabau people . Batak people , mainly from Mandailing sub-ethnic group, and Javanese comprised 4% of the population respectively, while Mentawai people who live in the Mentawai islands made up 1%. In 2015, about 44.2% of West Sumatran lived in urban areas. Most of the urban population of West Sumatra is concentrated in the centre-west coast of province and Minangkabau Highlands . West Sumatra has 3 cities with populations over 100,000. Padang

3930-800: The Batang Hari River (now part of the Dharmasraya Regency ). The Batusangkar inscription mentioned Ananggawarman as a yuvaraja performing the Tantris teaching ritual from Buddhism called hevajra which is the ceremony of the transfer of power from Adityawarman to his crown prince, this can be attributed to the Chinese chronicle of 1377 about the San-fo-ts'i messenger to the Emperor of China requesting recognition as ruler of

4061-527: The Mentawai Islands . The West Sumatran coastline faces the Indian Ocean and stretches 375 km from North Sumatra province in the north-west to Bengkulu in the south-east. The lakes of West Sumatra include: Maninjau (99.5 km ), Singkarak (130.1 km ), Diatas (31.5 km ), Dibawah (14.0 km ) and Talang (5.0 km ). Most of the rivers in West Sumatra flow into

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4192-692: The Padri and the Adat . In several negotiations there was no agreement between them. Pagaruyung's kingdom was in turmoil, and the peak of the war was when the Padri under the leadership of Tuanku Pasaman attacked Pagaruyung in 1815. Sultan Arifin Muningsyah was forced to abdicate and escape from the royal capital to Lubuk Jambi. Under pressure by the Padri, the Pagaruyung royal family requested assistance from

4323-755: The Padri War began. At that time Raffles discovered that the capital city of the kingdom had been burned because of the war. After the signing of a peace agreement between the British and the Netherlands was signed in 1814, the Dutch re-entered Padang in May 1819. The Dutch reaffirmed their influence on the island of Sumatra and Pagaruyung, with the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 . The power of

4454-575: The San-fo-ts'i region. Some inland areas of central Sumatra are still influenced by Buddhism, evident in the Padangroco temple, the Padanglawas temple and Muara Takus temple, the areas that were formerly part of Adityawarman's land. Whereas the recorded devout adherents besides Adityawarman, were Kublai Khan and king Kertanegara of Singhasari . The spread of Islam after the end of

4585-797: The Sinambela clan. During the time when the Batak kingdom was based in Bakara, the Sisingamangaraja dynasty of the Batak kingdom divided their kingdom into four regions by the name of Raja Maropat , which are: The Dutch colonization started with the defeat of King Sisingamangaraja XII , ending the Thirty years Batak War . The Dutch colonization formally began with the annexation of the Onafhankelijke Batak-Landen or ‘The Free Batak-Country’ into The Dutch East Indies and

4716-504: The Strait of Malacca , include: Batanghari , Kampar , Ombilin and Sinamar , and others flow into the Indian Ocean, include: Kuranji , Anai and Arau . The mountains and volcanoes of West Sumatra include: Kerinci (3,805 m), Talakmau (2,912 m), Marapi (2,891 m), Singgalang (2,877 m), Talang (2,572 m), Tandikat (2,438 m) and Sago (2,271 m). West Sumatra is one of the earthquake-prone areas in Indonesia, due to its location in

4847-634: The Toba Batak language and are centered on Lake Toba and Samosir Island within the lake. Batak Toba people frequently build in traditional Batak architecture styles which are common in Samosir. Cultural demonstrations, performances, and festivities such as Sigale Gale are often held for tourists. Paleontological research done in the Humbang region of the west side of Toba Lake suggests that human activity existed 6,500 years ago. The genetic test of

4978-479: The desa . The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The West Sumatra I Electoral District consists of 7 of the regencies in the province (Mentawai Islands, Pesisir Selatan, Solok, Sikunjung, Tanah Datar, South Solok and Dharmasraya), together with 4 cities (Padang Panjang, Padang, Solok and Sawahlunto), and elects 8 members to

5109-405: The equator , Sumatra has a monsoonal climate and, although more rain falls between October and May, there is no extended rainless dry season . Despite large-scale deforestation , Sumatra still has millions of acres of unexploited rainforests that provide building materials . The great hardwood trees required for large scale construction are now, however, in strictly limited supply. Sumatra

5240-520: The 13th century, and began during the Pamalayu expedition by Kertanagara , and later during the reign of Adityawarman and his son Ananggawarman . Adityawarman's kingdom had the strength to dominate the central Sumatra region and its surrounding. This was proven by the title Maharajadiraja which was held by Adityawarman recorded on the back of the Amoghapasa carving, found in the upper reaches of

5371-483: The 14th century had little effect, especially relating to the patrilineal system, and gave a relatively new phenomenon to the people in the interior of Minangkabau. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Suma Oriental , written between 1513 and 1515, recorded from the three Minangkabau kings, only one of whom had been a Muslim convert from 15 years before. The influence of Islam in Pagaruyung developed around

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5502-474: The 16th century, namely through travelers and religious teachers who stopped or came from Aceh and Malacca . One of the famous ulama of Aceh, Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili , was a cleric who was thought to first spread Islam in Pagaruyung. By the 17th century, the Kingdom of Pagaruyung transformed itself into an Islamic sultanate . The first Islamic king in the Minangkabau traditional culture was Sultan Alif. With

5633-722: The 1840s, a new attempt was done in 1861 by several missionaries sent out by the German Rhenish Missionary Society (RMG). The first Bataks were baptized during this year. In 1864, Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen from the German Rhenish Missionary Society reached the Batak region and founded a village called "Huta Dame" (village of peace) in the district of Tapanuli in Tarutung , North Sumatra . The Batak Christian Protestant Church ( Indonesian : Huria Kristen Batak Protestan )

5764-605: The 1841 rebellion in Batipuh in addition to the cultuurstelsel problem. The name West Sumatra originated in the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) era, where the designation of the area for the west coast of Sumatra was Hoofdcomptoir van Sumatra's Westkust . Then with the strengthening of the political and economic influence of the VOC, until the 18th century this administrative region included

5895-805: The 19th century, the Minangkabau and the Malays began to be seen as distinguished, from the matrilineal culture of the Minangkabau that persisted compared to the patrilineal culture adopted by Malay society in general. According to the Minangkabau Tambo , in the period between the 1st century to the 16th century, many small kingdoms stood on what is now West Sumatra. These kingdoms included the Kuntu, Kandis, Siguntur, Pasumayan Koto Batu, Batu Patah, Sungai Pagu, Inderapura, Jambu Lipo, Taraguang, Dusun Tuo, Bungo Setangkai, Talu, Kinali, Parit Batu, Pulau Punjung. These kingdoms were short lived, and are usually under

6026-661: The 5th line words ( tāmvan ...) are actually incorporated, so that they become mināngatāmvan and are translated as the meeting point of twin rivers. The twin river is supposed to refer to the meeting of two sources of the Kampar River , namely the Kampar Kiri River and the Kampar Kanan River . But this hypothesis is denied by the Dutch indologist Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis , which proves that tāmvan has nothing to do with "meeting point", because these can also be found in other Srivijaya relics. From

6157-680: The Christian Toba Batak Rajas with the German Missionaries during the 1886 to evaluate the pre-Christian customs of the Toba Batak society to be inline with Christian values and Church Ordinance . The result of this discussion is the codification of Batak Toba customs by the Christian Rajahs and the Missionaries into two treaties: Ruhut Parsaoron di Habatahon 1898 or The Customs regulating

6288-428: The Dutch, and before that they had conducted diplomacy with the British when Raffles visited Pagaruyung and promised them assistance. On February 10, 1821, Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah, the nephew of Sultan Arifin Muningsyah, in Padang along with 19 other traditional leaders signed an agreement with the Dutch to cooperate in fighting the Padri, even though he was considered not entitled to make an agreement on behalf of

6419-523: The Indonesian Protestant community, it is common for Protestant churches in Indonesia to provide service in Toba Batak language . The first Protestant missionaries who tried to reach the Batak highlands of inner Northern Sumatra were English and American Baptist preachers in the 1820s and 1830s but without any success. After Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn and Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk did intensive research on Batak language and culture in

6550-967: The Mentawai Islands Regency, 26 are in West Pasaman Regency, 2 in Agam Regency, 2 in Padang Pariaman Regency, 4 in Pariaman City, 21 in Padang City and 49 in South Pesisir Regency. Cities and Regencies in West Sumatra in order of the Human Development Index (HDI). The figures come from the 2020 Indonesia Human Development Report, published by Statistics Indonesia . As a new regency, Dharmasraya got

6681-414: The Minangkabau region, they had never found significant gold reserves in the area. As a result of the conflict between the British and French in the Napoleonic Wars where the Dutch were on the French side, the British fought the Dutch and again succeeded in taking control of the coast of West Sumatra between 1795 and 1819. The British governor Thomas Stamford Raffles visited Pagaruyung in 1818, when

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6812-420: The Minangkabau woven songket textiles, with colors thought to have been derived from Chinese brocades . Traditionally, the motifs do not show animals or humans in a realistic form, although some may represent animals, human beings, or their activities or behavior. The motifs are based on the Minangkabau concept of aesthetics, which is part of their view of their world ( Alam Minangkabau ) in which expression

6943-654: The Muslim Toba Batak are originated from port of Barus , Sorkam , parts of Sibolga , and from Asahan areas. They are generally regarded as the original Toba Batak Muslims, although, sometimes the Batak Muslims from these regions are identified and self-identified as distinct sub-group known as ‘Orang Pesisir’ or ‘Batak Pesisir’ and ‘ Batak Pardembanan ’ (Asahan). In some cases of conversion to Islam , there are occurrences of Toba Batak Muslims disassociating themselves with Toba Batak customs and identity and prefer association with other ethnic identities (e.g. of their spouses) or to disassociate ethnic identity at all. This would cause

7074-412: The PRRI rebellion, the insurgents arrested leftist activists and placed them in detention camps in West Sumatra. PKI cadres were detained at Situjuh and Suliki, while followers of the national communist Murba Party and other groups were detained at the Muara Labuh camp. Incidentally, Hadji Abdullah Ahmad , a noted anti-communist and religious leader was from the Minangkabau Highlands , where communism

7205-423: The Pacific Ocean during the rainy season. Such conditions occur every half-year after passing the transition period in between April – May and October – November. The city of Padang is one of Indonesia's wettest cities, with frequent rainfall throughout the course of the year. As in most other province of Indonesia, West Sumatra has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ) bordering on

7336-413: The Padri with shipments of soldiers from Java , Madura , Celebes and the Moluccas . But the Dutch colonial ambitions caused the Adat and the Padri to forget their differences in secret to drive the Dutch away. On 2 May 1833 Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah was captured by Lieutenant Colonel Elout in Batusangkar on charges of treason. He was exiled to Batavia (present-day Jakarta) until his death, and

7467-608: The People's Representative Council. The West Sumatra II Electoral District consists of the remaining 5 regencies (Padang Pariaman, Agam, Lima Puluk Kota, Pasaman and West Pasaman), together with the 3 cities of Bukittinggi, Pariaman and Payakumbuh, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. The Census population of West Sumatra was 2.8 million in 1971, 3.4 million in 1980, 4.0 million in 1990, 4.25 million in 2000, 4.85 million in 2010, and 5.53 million in 2020, of whom 2,786,360 were male and 2,748,112 were female. In 2010, 88% were recorded by

7598-487: The Sumatra province based in Bukittinggi . Four years later, Sumatra Province was divided into three provinces: North Sumatra , Central Sumatra , and South Sumatra . West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi were part of the residency within the province of Central Sumatra. During the PRRI rebellion, based on emergency law number 19 of 1957, Central Sumatra Province was further divided into three provinces: West Sumatra Province, Riau Province, and Jambi Province. The Kerinci region which

7729-429: The Sumpur Kudus District, which contains the words derived from the word Quduus (holy) as the seat of Rajo Ibadat and Limo Kaum which contains the word qaum is an influence from Arabic or Islam. In addition, in the adat , the term Imam , Katik ( Khatib ), Bila (Bilal), Malin (Mu'alim), which is a substitute for Hindu and Buddhist terms used previously, such as the term Pandito (priest), also appears. At

7860-405: The Tapanuli Residency was unified under North Sumatra province. Since then, Toba is under the Toba Samosir Regency 's region with Balige as its capital. The Toba Batak people practice a distinct culture. The central foundation of their culture is the customs or adat called ‘ Dalihan Na Tolu ’ (‘The Three Legged Stove’). The Toba Batak generally are regarded as a patriarchal society. While

7991-410: The Toba Batak people are adherents of Christianity . The value and practice of Christianity are absorbed deeply into the daily life of the Toba people in combination with the practice of Toba traditional customs known as Adat . The currently pertaining traditional law, customs, and regulations used by most Batak Toba people to regulate their social relations nowadays were products of discussions between

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8122-433: The Toba Batak people shows that the Toba Batak are the descendants of different people with distinct genetic components. The Toba Batak's ancestors migrated from Taiwan thousands of years ago. There were numerous kingdoms and dynasties in the history of the Batak and Toba Batak people. The last dynasty in the Toba Batak people is the Sisingamangaraja dynasty with twelve successive priest kings called ‘Sisingamangaraja’ from

8253-424: The Toba people have also migrated to other places to look for a better life. For example, the majority of the Silindung natives are the Hutabarat, Panggabean, Simorangkir, Hutagalung, Hutapea and Lumbantobing clans. Instead all those six clans are actually descendants of Guru Mangaloksa, one of Raja Hasibuan's sons from Toba region. So it is with the Nasution clan where most of them live in Padangsidimpuan, surely share

8384-410: The Toba people is called rumah bolon . It is a rectangular building that can house up to five or six families. One can enter a rumah bolon through a staircase in the middle of the house with an odd numbers of steps (odd number of staircase means offspring of slave, even number of staircase means offspring of king). When a person enters the house, one must bow in order to avoid one's head from knocking

8515-415: The VOC at that time took the opportunity to end Aceh's monopoly on gold and pepper. Furthermore, the VOC through its regent in Padang , Jacob Pits whose territory included from Kotawan in the south to Barus in the north sent a letter dated October 9, 1668 addressed to the Ahmadsyah Sultan, Iskandar Zur-Karnain, the Minangkabau ruler who was rich in gold, was told the VOC controlled the west coast area so that

8646-643: The afternoon) which symbolizes co-operation and homecoming wanderers, and kumbang janti (golden bumblebee). The remaining twenty-nine motifs refer to humans and sometimes their activities or behavior, such as rajo tigo (three kings of the realm), kambang manih (sweet flower, used to describe an amiable girl) and jalo takambang (casting a net). The rumah gadang is built in one of two basic designs: koto piliang and bodi caniago . These forms reflect different two variations of Minangkabau social structure . The koto piliang design reflects an aristocratic and hierarchical social structure, with

8777-417: The beginning of the 17th century, the Pagaruyung Kingdom was forced to recognize the sovereignty of the Aceh Sultanate , and to recognize the designated Aceh governors for the west coast of Sumatra. But around 1665, the Minangkabau people on the west coast rebelled against the Aceh governor. From the letter of the Minangkabau ruler Raja Pagaruyung submitted a request to the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and

8908-420: The boat-shaped jabu with dominating carved gables and dramatic oversize roofs, and the people of Nias build the fortified omo sebua houses on massive ironwood pillars with towering roof structures. The Minangkabau are indigenous to the highlands of central Sumatra . Their culture is matrilineal , with property and land being passed down from mother to daughter; religious and political affairs are

9039-404: The central government in the province, whose authority is regulated in Law No. 32 of 2004 and Government Regulation number 19 of 2010. While the relationship between the provincial government and the regency and city governments is not a sub-ordinate, each of these regional governments governs and manages government affairs according to the principle of autonomy and co-administration. Until 1979,

9170-426: The central government, resulting in lack of independence. This condition can weaken the resilience of the area of the economy itself. However, now the villages of West Sumatra have tried to build efforts to facilitate the political policies of the village government or since exchanging back into nagari, namely changing the structure and process between village government structures made under Law No. 5 of 1979. Nagari

9301-442: The communist plantation workers' union Sarbupri members took place in Sumatra, actions motivated by the communist past of these individuals. West Sumatra lies in the middle of the western coast of Sumatra , and has an area of 42,119.54 km . Geographic features include plains , mountainous volcanic highlands formed by the Barisan mountain range that runs from north-west to south-east, and an offshore island archipelago called

9432-401: The competition, while the local community sent a cattle calf who was still breastfeeding to the competition. In the competition, the cattle calf who was still breastfeeding thought the large and aggressive cattle was the mother. So the calf immediately ran towards the large and aggressive cattle to find milk until he tore apart the big cattle's stomach. The victory inspired the local people to use

9563-576: The conversion to Christianity, the old belief of the Toba Batak tribe was a mixture of Animism and Hinduism with significant influence of Islam . In the beginning of the 20th century, some Toba Batak Rajahs who refused to embrace Christianity instituted a religion inspired by the pre-Christian Toba Batak beliefs, customs and practices. This religion is called ‘ Ugamo Malim ‘ with its adherents called Parmalim . The Parmalims worship Debata Mula Jadi Nabolon, which means The Great Almighty God. A minority of Toba Batak are adherents of Sunni Islam . Many of

9694-541: The customs and regulations of the Toba Batak life. Toba Batak's adat traditions are often present in Christian ceremonies such as baptism , confirmation , marriage , and burial , while church hymns , psalms , and prayers are often involved and invoked in traditional ethnic Toba Batak ceremonies. The Toba Batak people are known to possess a robust tradition of ‘ Mangaranto ‘ or becoming migrants to look for better education, and social and economic opportunities. There

9825-664: The development of the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies, this area was incorporated in the Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust , including the Residentie Bengkulu region which had just been surrendered by the British to the Dutch. Then expanded again by including Tapanuli and Singkil . But in 1905, the status of Tapanuli was upgraded to Residentie Tapanuli , while the Singkil area

9956-530: The direct descendant of the Minangkabau kings as a king under British protection. After the end of the Padri War, Tuan Gadang of Batipuh asked the Dutch East Indies government to give a higher position than just as the Tanah Datar Regent which he held after replacing Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah, but this request was rejected by the Dutch, this later included one of the drivers of the outbreak of

10087-531: The entry of Islam, the customary rules that are contrary to the teachings of Islam began to be replaced with the Islamic-based customary law. There is a famous Minangkabau custom proverb, " Adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah ", which means that the Minangkabau adat is based on Islam, while Islam is based on the Qur'an . But in some cases, several systems and methods of adat were still maintained causing

10218-818: The existence of the Malay Kingdom which had its capital in Dharmasraya . A military expedition to West Sumatra called the Pamalayu emerged in 1275–1293 under the leadership of Kebo Anabrang of the Singasari Kingdom . After the submission of the kingdom recorded on the Amoghapasa carved on the Padang Roco Inscription , the Pamalayu returned to Java with the daughters of King Dharmasraya, Dara Petak and Dara Jingga . Dara Petak

10349-475: The facades of Padang restaurants , and Minangkabau International Airport . An istano basa , however, is the largest and most magnificent example of this traditional style. Sumatra is the sixth largest island in the world and since the time of Marco Polo has been referred to as the 'island of gold'. It is the most resource-rich island of Indonesia, including its tea , pepper and rubber plantations, and oil , tin and other mineral resources. Lying on

10480-578: The first Tapanuli Resident . Although there were changes made to the name, the division of the region was still the same. For example, the name of Afdeling Bataklanden was changed to Luhak Tanah Batak, and the first luhak (federated region) appointed was Cornelius Sihombing; who was once also a demang (chief) silindung . The title Onderafdeling (Dutch for "subdivision") was changed to urung , and demangs that supervised an onderafdeling were promoted as kepala (head) urung . Onderdistrik (subdistrict) then became urung kecil , and

10611-579: The formation of the Tapanuli Residency in 1910. The Tapanuli Residency is divided into four regions that are called afdeling ( Dutch for "section"); today it is known as a regency or city, namely: During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , the administration of the Tapanuli Residency had little changes. After the independence, the government of Indonesia retained Tapanuli as Residency . Dr. Ferdinand Lumban Tobing became

10742-466: The gold trade can be re-flowed through the coast. According to Dutch records, Sultan Ahmadsyah died in 1674 and was replaced by his son Sultan Indermasyah. When the VOC succeeded in expelling the Aceh Sultanate from the coast of West Sumatra in 1666, Aceh's influence weakened on Pagaruyung. The relationship between the outer regions and the coast with the Kingdom of Pagaruyung becomes closer. At

10873-475: The ground; sometimes with a verandah running along the front face of the house which is used as a reception and dining area, and as a sleeping place for guests. Unlike the Batak Toba homes, where the roof essentially creates the living space, the Minangkabau roof rests on conventional walls. Cooking and storage areas are often in separate buildings. The house is largely constructed of wood; an exception being

11004-487: The highest score (59.43) from a possible 100 among other new regencies. Before the reforms of 1999 and the implementation of regional autonomy in 2001, the lowest local government unit under the district administrations was the Javanese model of the village, the desa . Under regional autonomy, the traditional Minangkabau nagari , which are larger than villages elsewhere in Indonesia, have been reintroduced in place of

11135-472: The house containing anjuang (raised floors) at each end to permit elevated seating of clan leaders during ceremonial events. The bodi caniago design reflects a democratic social structure, with the floors being flat and on one level. Large communal homes are entered through a doorway in the centre of the structure which is usually surrounded by a perpendicular porch with a triangular gable and upsweeping peaked ridge end. The variation with no entry porch

11266-402: The ideal rumah gadang are arranged in five rows which run the length of the house. These rows divide the interior into four long spaces called lanjar . The lanjar at the rear of the house is divided into bedrooms ( ruang ). According to adat , a rumah gadang must have at least five ruang, and the ideal number is nine. The other lanjar are used as a common area, called

11397-553: The important role within the Muslim community in Indonesia. Up until today the region is considered one of the strongholds of Islam in Indonesia. They have a reputation as traders, intellectuals as well as politically savvy people who have successfully exported their culture, language, cuisine and beliefs throughout Indonesia. Mentawaians live on the Mentawai Islands, off the western coast of Sumatra, that are also part of

11528-731: The influence of larger kingdoms, such as Malayu and Pagaruyung. The Malayu Kingdom is estimated to have appeared in the year 645 thought to be located in the upper reaches of the Batang Hari River . Based on the Kedukan Bukit inscription , this kingdom was conquered by the Srivijaya in 682. And then in 1183 it appeared again based on the Grahi inscription in Cambodia, and then the Negarakertagama and Pararaton recorded

11659-399: The interior layout, as women are more restricted to the rear of the house than in the case of the matrilineal Sumatran Minangkabau. The construction of a house is subject to specific regulations, laid down by the ancestors and formalised in adat , that need to be observed if the house is to become a beautiful and pleasant building. The construction and maintenance of a rumah gadang is

11790-403: The king of Pagaruyung was very weak in the days leading up to the Padri war, although the king was still respected by his subject. The areas on the western coast fell into the influence of Aceh, while Inderapura on the southern coast practically became an independent kingdom although officially still under the rule of the king of Pagaruyung. In the early 19th century a conflict broke out between

11921-465: The kingdom of Pagaruyung. As a result of this agreement, the Netherlands considered it a sign of surrender of the kingdom of Pagaruyung to the Dutch government. After the Dutch captured Pagaruyung from the Padri, in 1824 at the request of Lieutenant Colonel Raaff, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah returned to Pagaruyung, but in 1825, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah, the last king in Minangkabau, died and was later buried in Pagaruyung. Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah on

12052-407: The main living area. Traditionally, large communal rumah gadang will be surrounded by smaller homes built for married sisters and daughters of the parent family. It is the responsibility of the women's maternal uncle to ensure that each marriageable woman in the family has a room of her own. To this end he will build either a new house or, more commonly, annexes to the original one. It is said that

12183-617: The name Minangkabau, which comes from the phrase " Manang kabau " (winning cattle). The story of the Tambo is also found in the Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai which also mentions that the victory made the country that was previously named Pariangan changed to the name Minangkabau . Furthermore, the use of the name Minangkabau is also used to refer to a nagari (village), namely the Nagari Minangkabau , which

12314-591: The native people of province. They speak Mentawai languages , which are not intelligible with either Indonesian nor Minangkabau. Small minority of the Mentawais are Christians nowadays. In the Mentawai Islands, where the majority of the population is Mentawai, it is rare to find Minangkabau people. Chinese Indonesian are only found in big cities, such as Padang, Bukittinggi, and Payakumbuh. In Padang and Pariaman, there are also small numbers of Nias and Tamil people . The language used in everyday life in West Sumatra

12445-408: The number of married daughters in a home can be told by the counting its horn-like extensions; as they are not always added symmetrically, rumah gadang can sometimes look unbalanced. Adolescent boys traditionally live in the village surau , a small mosque. Each element of a rumah gadang has its own symbolic meaning, which is referred to in adat speech and aphorisms . The elements of

12576-466: The offspring continuously. Nainggolan, Napitupulu, Pardede, Gultom, Panggabean, Silalahi, Siahaan, Simanjuntak, Sihombing, Sitorus, Panjaitan, Sitompul, Marbun, Lumban Tobing, Aritonang, Pangaribuan, Situmorang, Manurung, Marpaung, Hutapea, Tambunan, Silitonga, Tampubolon , Sinaga, Siregar, Pakpahan, Sidabutar, Aruan, Ambarita, and Simatupang are among the common surnames. However, the number of all Toba Batak clans are in hundreds. The traditional house of

12707-403: The onset of government reform and regional autonomy, since 2001, the term nagari has been used again in this province. The political culture that lived in the West Sumatra village government since the policy of uniformity (Law No.5 of 1979) was applied to the parochial political culture. this condition is seen through the power system, the ruling system, the terms of the ruler, and the role of

12838-573: The other hand wanted to be recognized as the king of Pagaruyung, but the Dutch East Indies government had limited his authority and only appointed him the Regent of Tanah Datar. Because of the policy it encouraged Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah to start thinking about expelling the Dutch from the region. After emerging victorious from the Diponegoro War in Java, the Dutch then tried to conquer

12969-534: The other hand, the name Minang (Minanga kingdom) itself has also been mentioned in the Kedukan Bukit inscription dated from 682 which is written in Sanskrit . In the inscription, it was stated that the founder of the Srivijaya Empire named Dapunta Hyang departed from a place called Minānga . Some experts who refer to the source of the inscription suspects that the 4th line words (... minānga ) and

13100-512: The outbreak of civil war known as the Padri War . The war was initially between the ulamas and the Adats , who were the Minangkabau nobility and traditional chiefs; later, the Dutch involved themselves in the war. Islam also had an influence on Pagaruyung kingdom's government system with the addition of government elements such as Tuan Kadi and several other terms related to Islam. The naming of

13231-403: The power of the Minangkabau king was divided into king Suruaso and the king of Sungai Tarab with the equal power. Previously in 1732, the VOC regent in Padang had noted that there was a queen named Yang Dipertuan Puti Jamilan who had sent spears and swords made from gold, as a sign of her inauguration as the ruler of the land. While the Dutch and British succeeded in reaching the interior of

13362-486: The presence of the VOC in Padang and once tried to persuade the British who were in Bengkulu to expel the Dutch from the region which the British did not respond to. But in 1781, the British managed to control Padang for a short period of time, and messengers from Pagaruyung congratulated the success of the British in expelling the Dutch from Padang. Minangkabau land has long been considered rich in gold, and at that time

13493-624: The present-day Kampar Regency in Riau and Kerinci Regency in Jambi. Before becoming a province in 1957, West Sumatra was a part of the province of Central Sumatra (1948–1957), alongside Riau, Jambi, and the Riau Islands . West Sumatra is known by the name Bumi Minangkabau (Land of Minangkabau), as it is the home and origin of the Minangkabau people . The Minangkabau name comes from two words namely, Minang (win) and Kabau (cattle). The name

13624-525: The province of men. The Minangkabau are strongly Islamic , but also follow their own ethnic traditions, or adat . Minangkabau adat was derived from animistic and Hindu - Buddhist beliefs before the arrival of Islam, and remnants of animistic beliefs exist even among some practicing Muslims. As such, women are customarily the property owners; husbands are only tolerated in the house at certain times and under special conditions and must return to their sisters' house to sleep. Complementing this practice

13755-414: The province's boundaries, covering up to the western coast of North Sumatra, the southwestern coast of Aceh, the western region of Riau, the western region of Jambi, the northern region of Bengkulu, and Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia . Another native ethnic group is the Mentawai people , who inhabit the western islands of the same name. Islam is a predominant religion in the province, with about 97.4% of

13886-411: The provinces of North Sumatra to the north, Riau to the northeast, Jambi to the southeast, and Bengkulu to the south. The province has an area of 42,119.54 km (16,262.45 sq mi), or about the same size as Switzerland , with a population of 5,534,472 at the 2020 census . The official estimate at mid 2023 was 5,757,210 (comprising 2,900,270 males and 2,856,940 females). The province

14017-649: The rear longitudinal wall which is a plain lattice woven in a chequered pattern from split bamboo. The roof is of a truss and cross- beam construction and is typically covered with thatch from the fibre of the sugar palm ( ijuk ), the toughest thatch material available and said to last a hundred years. The thatch is laid in bundles which can be easily fitted to the curved, multi-gabled roof. Contemporary homes, however, are more frequently using corrugated iron in place of thatch. Roof finials are formed from thatch bound by decorative metal bindings and drawn into points said to resemble buffalo horns — an allusion to

14148-401: The responsibility of ninik mamak , the elder male blood-relatives of the matrilineal descent group that owns and builds it. West Sumatra West Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatera Barat ) is a province of Indonesia . It is on the west coast of the island of Sumatra and includes the Mentawai Islands off that coast. West Sumatra borders the Indian Ocean to the west, as well as

14279-399: The role of men is central in the Toba Batak society, the role of women is very crucial with the existence of the Toba Batak concept of ‘ Hula hula ‘ where women and their families hold a higher ground in familial relations. Since the conversion to Christianity of the Toba Batak people in the 19th century, Christianity has played a vital part in the life of Toba people with church influencing

14410-401: The ruler in the village government. The kinship system in developing participant political culture began to shift, in terms of the level of sensitivity, the form of tolerance in kinship, and the role of seniority in kinship. This means that the lack of togetherness in the kinship power system. Nagari government is an autonomous government structure, has a clear territory and adheres to adat as

14541-535: The seventeenth century, with the chief of the Minangkabau still ruler there. The Negeri Sembilan Minangkabau, however, have adopted the Malay-style roof construction, with continuous ridge piece thatched with lengths of palm-leaf attached to battens. Although this has meant the loss of the characteristic curved roof and has blunter eaves , it is still considered dignified and beautiful. More orthodox Islamic influence has also led to variations such as modifications to

14672-409: The slopes of Mount Pusuk Buhit, about 45 minutes drive from Pangururan , the capital of Samosir Regency today. A surname or family name ( marga ) is part of a Toba person's name, which identifies the clan or family they belonged to. The Batak Toba people always have a surname or family name. The surname or family name is obtained from the father's lineage (paternal) which would then be passed on to

14803-439: The smallest administrative unit in West Sumatra was called a nagari , which had existed before Indonesian independence . With the enactment of Law No. 5 of 1979 concerning village governance, the status of nagari was eliminated and replaced with villages, and several jorong statuses were upgraded to villages. The position of nagari guardians was also removed and government administration was carried out by village heads. But since

14934-465: The social life of the Batak (referred to as Ruhut), and Patik dohot Uhum ni Halak Batak 1899 or Laws and Regulations of the Batak people (referred to as Patik). Most of the Toba people are adherents of Protestantism with Lutheranism as the biggest denomination. After Protestantism, Catholicism is the second largest religious belief among the Toba People. Being the largest ethnic group in

15065-541: The stories of the tambo passed from generation to generation, the ancestors of the Minangkabau people were the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain ( Alexander the Great ). This tambo story is more or less comparable to the Malay Annals who also tells how the Minangkabau people sent their representatives to ask Sang Sapurba , one of the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain, to become their king. The Minang community

15196-522: The symbol of West Sumatra and Minangkabau culture. Throughout the region, numerous buildings demonstrate the design elements of Rumah Gadang , from genuine vernacular timber masonry structures built for customary ceremonies to the more mundane modern structures like those of government offices and public facilities. Today, Rumah Gadang architectural elements, especially its gonjong horn-like curved roof, can be found in modern structures, such as governor and regencies office buildings, marketplaces, hotels,

15327-498: The tectonic slab located between the confluence of two major continental plates (the Eurasian Plate and Indo-Australian Plate ) and Great Sumatran fault , plus the activity of the active volcanoes. Large earthquakes that occurred recently in West Sumatra earthquake were the 2009 Sumatra earthquake and the 2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami . The area was also affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami . This region has

15458-523: The time Pagaruyung was one of the trading centers on the island of Sumatra, due to its production of gold, it attracted the attention of the Dutch and the British to establish relations with Pagaruyung. It is recorded that in 1684, a Portuguese explorer named Tomas Dias paid a visit to Pagaruyung at the behest of the Dutch governor general in Malacca . Around 1750 the Pagaruyung kingdom began to dislike

15589-530: The total population. West Sumatra was the centre of the Pagaruyung Kingdom , founded by Adityawarman in 1347. The first European to come to the region was a French traveler named Jean Parmentier who arrived around 1523. The region was later colonised by the Dutch Empire and became a residency named Sumatra's West Coast ( Dutch : Sumatra's Westkust ), whose administrative area included

15720-597: The transverse beam at the entrance of the traditional house. The interpretation of this is that the guests must respect the owner of the house. The traditional boat of the Toba Batak people is the solu . It is a dugout canoe , with boards added on the side bound with iron tacks. The boat is propelled by sitting rowers, who sit in pairs on cross seats. The Toba Batak are known throughout Indonesia as capable musicians, and are perceived as confident, outspoken and willing to question authority, expressing differences in order to resolve them through discussion. This outlook on life

15851-468: The village. The rangkiang sibayau-bayau contains rice for the daily needs of the family. The Minangkabau traditionally embellish the wooden walls, pillars, and ceilings of the Rumah Gadang with bas-relief carved wooden motifs that reflect and symbolize their adat . The motifs comprise profuse floral designs based on a simple underlying geometric structure. The motifs are similar to those of

15982-622: The west coast of Sumatra from Barus to Inderapura . Along with the fall of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung, and the involvement of the Dutch in the Padri War, the Dutch East Indies government began to make the interior of Minangkabau a part of Pax Nederlandica , an area under Dutch supervision, and the Minangkabau region was divided into the Residentie Padangsche Benedenlanden and the Residentie Padangsche Bovenlanden . Furthermore, in

16113-530: Was active. Numerous examples of anti-communist resentment also occurred, for instance during the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966 , PKI-organised squatters' movements and campaigns against foreign businesses in Sumatra's plantations provoked quick reprisals against Communists. Repression against alleged PKI members and sympathizers continued for several years. As late as 1976 mass lay-offs of former members of

16244-468: Was also formed in almost the same period. During the Japanese occupation , Residentie Sumatra's Westkust changed its name to Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shu . On the basis of military geo-strategy, the Kampar area was separated from Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shu and incorporated into the territory of Rhio Shu . At the beginning of Indonesian independence in 1945, the West Sumatra region was incorporated in

16375-656: Was buried in the Mangga Dua cemetery. After the fall, the influence and prestige of the kingdom of Pagaruyung remained high, especially among Minangkabau people who were overseas. One of Pagaruyung's royal heirs was invited to become a ruler in Kuantan , Malaysia. Likewise when Raffles was still on duty in the Malay Peninsula , he met Pagaruyung's relatives who were in Negeri Sembilan , and Raffles intended to appoint Yang Dipertuan Ali Alamsyah who he considered to be

16506-670: Was chosen by the anak nagari (nagari residents) democratically in direct elections for 6 years in office. West Sumatra Province is subdivided into twelve regencies and seven autonomous cities, which lie outside any regency. The regencies and cities are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The cities and regencies are together sub-divided into 179 districts ( kecamatan ) and thence into 1,265 villages ( kelurahan and desa ) as at 2023. The coastal cities and regencies include 219 offshore islands (large enough to have names), of which 111 comprise

16637-603: Was given to Residentie Atjeh . Then in 1914, Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust , was demoted to Residentie Sumatra's Westkust , and added the Mentawai Islands region in the Indian Ocean into Residentie Sumatra's Westkust, and in 1935 the Kerinci region was also incorporated into Residentie Sumatra's Westkust. After the breakdown of the Gouvernement Sumatra's Oostkust , the Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi regions were given to Residentie Riouw , and Residentie Djambi

16768-471: Was initially led jointly by the princes or datuk in the nagari , then during the Dutch East Indies government one of the princes was chosen to become the guardian of the Nagari. Then in running the government, the nagari guardians are assisted by a number of jorong or jorong guardians, but now assisted by the nagari secretary and civil servants depending on the needs of each nagari . This nagari guardian

16899-523: Was married to Raden Wijaya , the king of Majapahit , as well as the heir to the Singhasari kingdom, while Dara Jingga was married to Adwayawarman . Jayanagara was born from the marriage of Raden Wijaya and Dara Petak, who would become the second king of Majapahit, while Adityawarman was born from the marriage of Dara Jingga and Adwayawarman; he later became king of the Pagaruyung Kingdom . Hindu - Buddhist influence in western Sumatra emerged around

17030-640: Was previously incorporated in the South Sumatra Regency of Kerinci , was incorporated into Jambi Province as a separate regency. Likewise, the Kampar , Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi areas are designated as part of Riau Province. Communism in Sumatra has historically had an influence in the politics and society of Sumatra . Padang , Pariaman , Silungkang , Sawah Lunto , Alahan Panjang and Suliki of West Sumatra have been cited as areas which were particularly active in communism. During

17161-403: Was supervised by kepala urung kecil ; which was previously known as assistant demang . Just as it was in the past, the government of the Tapanuli Residency was divided into four districts, namely: During the transfer of sovereignty in the early 1950s, the Tapanuli Residency that was unified into North Sumatra province and was divided into four new regencies, namely: In December 2008,

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