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133-751: 18th century 19th century 20th century The Padri War (also called the Minangkabau War ) was fought from 1803 until 1837 in West Sumatra , Indonesia between the Padri and the Adat. The Padri were Muslim clerics from Sumatra who wanted to impose Sharia in Minangkabau in West Sumatra , Indonesia . The Adat comprised the Minangkabau nobility and traditional chiefs. They asked for

266-434: A tropical monsoon climate , similar to most other Indonesian provinces. Throughout the year the province is only affected by two seasons, namely the rainy season and the dry season. The air temperature varies from 24.7 to 32.9 degrees Celsius with air humidity levels ranging from 82% to 88%. The relative rainy season falls from October to April. Variation in rainfall ranges from 2,100 mm to 3,264 mm. The month December

399-457: A fortification. Next, using houwitsers, mortars and cannons, the Dutch troops fired at Fort Bonjol. However, the Padri did not remain silent by firing cannons from Tajadi Hill. So with a less favorable position, the Dutch troops suffered many casualties. Fort Bonjol is located on a hill which is almost straight up, known as Bukit Tajadi . Not so far from this fort flows Batang Alahan Panjang ,

532-698: A large number of his students to head various surau surrounding the region. A great number of his students were Hajj returnees and were influenced by the ideals of the Wahabi movement . They called themselves Padri. The Padri movement is considered one of the major precursors of the Salafiyya movement of the 19th century; and influenced the Salafi reformist Muhammadiyyah movement of South East Asia . The Padri had their extremist version of Sharia law which they would implement through violent upheaval to replace

665-628: A massive attack on Fort Bonjol for the umpteenth time. Cochius was a high-ranking Dutch officer who had expertise in the war strategy of Fort Stelsel . Next, the Dutch intensively surrounded Bonjol from all directions for about six months (16 March–17 August 1837) led by a general and several officers. This joint army mostly consisted of various tribes, such as Java , Madura , Bugis and Ambon . There were 148 officers European , 36 officers indigenous , 1,103 soldiers European , 4,130 soldiers indigenous , including Sumenapsche hulptroepen hieronder begrepen (auxiliary troops of Sumenap aka Madura). In

798-417: A month to approach the area Alahan Panjang Valley . As the leading front of Alahan Panjang is the area Padang Lawas which is still fully controlled by The Padri . However, on 8 June 1835, Dutch troops succeeded in controlling this area. The very dense bushes and forests around Bonjol made it difficult for the Dutch troops to see the Padri strongholds. This situation was put to good use by the Padri to build

931-821: A negotiation ruse, the Dutch again captured Syarif and exiled him, first to Cianjur in West Java, then to Ambon , and later to Manado in Sulawesi . He died on 6 November 1864, at the age of 92 and is buried in Sulawesi. The site of his grave is marked by a Minangkabau (West Sumatran) house. Imam Bonjol and the Padri Movement have been accused of Wahhabism and of conducting crime against Batak people according to some Batak historians, specifically Mangaradja Onggang Parlindungan and international sources. Some Batak historians argued that Imam Bonjol does not deserve

1064-559: A number of nature reserves: Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve, Batang Palupuh Nature Reserve, Lembah Anai Nature Reserve, Lembah Harau Nature Reserve, Bung Hatta Grand Forest Park, and Beringin Sakti Nature Reserve. The Province of West Sumatra is led by a governor who is elected directly with his representative for a 5-year term. In addition to being a regional government, the Governor also acts as a representative or extension of

1197-411: A regulator of the life of its members. the regency replaced the term village government that was used previously. Whereas for the nagari in the city government system still as a traditional institution, it has not become part of the regional government structure. Opportunities that occur in village government are the emergence of individualistic economic growth. This condition is a result of dependence on

1330-477: A river in the middle of the valley with a fast flow, winding from north to south. This fort is shaped like a long rectangle, surrounded on three sides by two layers of defensive walls approximately 3 meters high. Between the two layers of wall a deep trench was made with a width of 4 meters. The outer wall consists of large stones with almost the same construction technique as fortresses in Europe and on top of it

1463-470: A strategic stronghold, as well as being the main headquarters of Tuanku Imam Bonjol. The tactics of guerilla attacks applied by The Padri succeeded in slowing down the Dutch attack on Fort Bonjol , even in several resistances almost all of the Dutch troops' war equipment such as cannons and their supplies were able to recover. confiscated. Dutch troops could only carry weapons and clothing attached to their hands and bodies. So on 21 September 1833, before

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1596-603: A tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and high average rainfall. The province includes large areas of dense tropical forest, which is home to a host of species including: Rafflesia arnoldii (world's largest flower), Sumatran tiger , siamang , Malayan tapir , Sumatran serow , rusa deer , Malayan sun bear , Bornean clouded leopard , and many birds and butterflies. The province includes two national parks: Siberut National Park and Kerinci Seblat National Park , as well as

1729-544: Is associated with a Minangkabau legend known as Tambo . From the Tambo , it is said that at one time there was a foreign kingdom (usually interpreted as the Majapahit Empire ) which came from the sea and would conquer what is now West Sumatra. To prevent fighting in the region, the local people propose a cattle race competition with the foreign forces. The foreign forces agreed and sent a large and aggressive cattle to

1862-510: Is determined to defend the Bonjol headquarters until the last drop of blood, live a noble life or die martyrdom . Efforts to carry out an offensive attack on Bonjol were only made again after army reinforcements consisting of Bugis troops arrived, so in mid-August 1835 attacks began to be carried out against the Padri strongholds in Fort Fort. Bukit Tajadi , and these Bugis troops were at

1995-799: Is located in Sungayang District, Tanah Datar Regency . In the historical record of the Majapahit Empire, Nagarakretagama which dated from 1365, also mentioned the name Minangkabwa as one of the Malay countries that has been conquered by the Majapahit. Likewise in the Ming Chronicles from 1405, there was the royal name of Mi-nang-ge-bu of the six kingdoms who sent messengers facing Yongle Emperor in Nanjing . On

2128-531: Is part of the Deutro-Malay community who migrated from Southern China to the island of Sumatra around 2,500–2,000 years ago. It is estimated that this community group entered from the east of the island of Sumatra, along the Kampar River to the highlands called darek which became the home of the Minangkabau people. Some of these darek areas then form a kind of confederation known as luhak , which

2261-418: Is planted bamboo with long thorns which are planted very close together so that the Padri can observed and even fired cannons at the Dutch troops. The very dense bushes and forests around Bonjol made it difficult for the Dutch troops to see the Padri strongholds. This situation was put to good use by the Padri to build a strategic stronghold, as well as being the main headquarters of Tuanku Imam Bonjol. Seeing

2394-744: Is the Minangkabau language which has several dialects, such as the Bukittinggi dialect, Pariaman dialect, South Coastal dialect, and Payakumbuh dialect. In the Pasaman and West Pasaman regions bordering North Sumatra, the Batak Mandailing dialect is also spoken. Meanwhile, in the Mentawai archipelago, the Mentawai language is widely used. Tamil is spoken by Tamils in Padang. Indonesian

2527-417: Is the major metropolitan areas with the population of 942,940 in mid 2023; Minangkabau highlands cities of Payakumbuh and Bukittinggi rank as West Sumatra's next most populous cities, with populations of 144,830 and 124,050 respectively in mid 2023. West Sumatra is the native homeland of Minangkabau people. They speak Minangkabau language and predominantly Muslim . West Sumatran have historically played

2660-660: Is the month with the most rainfall. While the dry season usually starts in June to September. The season in West Sumatra is similar to other regions in Indonesia, only known for two seasons, namely the dry season and the rainy season. From June to September wind flows from Australia and do not contain much water vapor, resulting in a dry season. Conversely in December to March many wind currents contain water vapor from Asia and

2793-535: Is then referred to as Luhak Nan Tigo , which consists of Luhak Tanah Data , Luhak Agam , and Luhak Limopuluah Koto . During the era of the Dutch East Indies , the luhak area became a territorial government area called afdeling , headed by a resident who by the Minangkabau community was called the name Tuan Luhak. Initially, The Minangkabau people were included as a sub-group of the Malays , but since

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2926-531: Is widely understood as a second-language. It is used as the language of education as well as interethnic communication. Imam Bonjol Tuanku Imam Bonjol (1772 – 6 November 1864), also known as Muhammad Syahab , Peto Syarif , and Malim Basa , was one of the most popular leaders of the Padri movement in Central Sumatra. He was declared a National Hero of Indonesia . Tuanku Imam Bonjol

3059-537: The hajj to Mecca and returned inspired to bring the Qur'an and shariah to a position of greater influence in Sumatra. The Padri movement had formed during the early 19th century and sought to purge the culture of traditions and beliefs its partisans viewed as un-Islamic. In the 1820s, the Dutch had yet to consolidate their possessions in some parts of the Dutch East Indies (later Indonesia) after re-acquiring it from

3192-567: The Badan Pusat Statistik as Minangkabau people . Batak people , mainly from Mandailing sub-ethnic group, and Javanese comprised 4% of the population respectively, while Mentawai people who live in the Mentawai islands made up 1%. In 2015, about 44.2% of West Sumatran lived in urban areas. Most of the urban population of West Sumatra is concentrated in the centre-west coast of province and Minangkabau Highlands . West Sumatra has 3 cities with populations over 100,000. Padang

3325-800: The Batang Hari River (now part of the Dharmasraya Regency ). The Batusangkar inscription mentioned Ananggawarman as a yuvaraja performing the Tantris teaching ritual from Buddhism called hevajra which is the ceremony of the transfer of power from Adityawarman to his crown prince, this can be attributed to the Chinese chronicle of 1377 about the San-fo-ts'i messenger to the Emperor of China requesting recognition as ruler of

3458-674: The British . This was especially true on the island of Sumatra, where some areas would not come under Dutch rule until the 20th century. From c.1692, Islam was propagated to the Minangkabau areas of West Sumatra by Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan in the Shattari school of Sufism . In 1784, the Sufi ulama called Tuanku Nan Tuo was appointed as the religious head of the Koto Tuo region. He appointed

3591-527: The Mentawai Islands . The West Sumatran coastline faces the Indian Ocean and stretches 375 km from North Sumatra province in the north-west to Bengkulu in the south-east. The lakes of West Sumatra include: Maninjau (99.5 km ), Singkarak (130.1 km ), Diatas (31.5 km ), Dibawah (14.0 km ) and Talang (5.0 km ). Most of the rivers in West Sumatra flow into

3724-589: The Padri and the Adat . In several negotiations there was no agreement between them. Pagaruyung's kingdom was in turmoil, and the peak of the war was when the Padri under the leadership of Tuanku Pasaman attacked Pagaruyung in 1815. Sultan Arifin Muningsyah was forced to abdicate and escape from the royal capital to Lubuk Jambi. Under pressure by the Padri, the Pagaruyung royal family requested assistance from

3857-703: The Padri War began. At that time Raffles discovered that the capital city of the kingdom had been burned because of the war. After the signing of a peace agreement between the British and the Netherlands was signed in 1814, the Dutch re-entered Padang in May 1819. The Dutch reaffirmed their influence on the island of Sumatra and Pagaruyung, with the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 . The power of

3990-575: The San-fo-ts'i region. Some inland areas of central Sumatra are still influenced by Buddhism, evident in the Padangroco temple, the Padanglawas temple and Muara Takus temple, the areas that were formerly part of Adityawarman's land. Whereas the recorded devout adherents besides Adityawarman, were Kublai Khan and king Kertanegara of Singhasari . The spread of Islam after the end of

4123-504: The Strait of Malacca , include: Batanghari , Kampar , Ombilin and Sinamar , and others flow into the Indian Ocean, include: Kuranji , Anai and Arau . The mountains and volcanoes of West Sumatra include: Kerinci (3,805 m), Talakmau (2,912 m), Marapi (2,891 m), Singgalang (2,877 m), Talang (2,572 m), Tandikat (2,438 m) and Sago (2,271 m). West Sumatra is one of the earthquake-prone areas in Indonesia, due to its location in

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4256-479: The desa . The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The West Sumatra I Electoral District consists of 7 of the regencies in the province (Mentawai Islands, Pesisir Selatan, Solok, Sikunjung, Tanah Datar, South Solok and Dharmasraya), together with 4 cities (Padang Panjang, Padang, Solok and Sawahlunto), and elects 8 members to

4389-520: The 13th century, and began during the Pamalayu expedition by Kertanagara , and later during the reign of Adityawarman and his son Ananggawarman . Adityawarman's kingdom had the strength to dominate the central Sumatra region and its surrounding. This was proven by the title Maharajadiraja which was held by Adityawarman recorded on the back of the Amoghapasa carving, found in the upper reaches of

4522-483: The 14th century had little effect, especially relating to the patrilineal system, and gave a relatively new phenomenon to the people in the interior of Minangkabau. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Suma Oriental , written between 1513 and 1515, recorded from the three Minangkabau kings, only one of whom had been a Muslim convert from 15 years before. The influence of Islam in Pagaruyung developed around

4655-474: The 16th century, namely through travelers and religious teachers who stopped or came from Aceh and Malacca . One of the famous ulama of Aceh, Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili , was a cleric who was thought to first spread Islam in Pagaruyung. By the 17th century, the Kingdom of Pagaruyung transformed itself into an Islamic sultanate . The first Islamic king in the Minangkabau traditional culture was Sultan Alif. With

4788-605: The 1841 rebellion in Batipuh in addition to the cultuurstelsel problem. The name West Sumatra originated in the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) era, where the designation of the area for the west coast of Sumatra was Hoofdcomptoir van Sumatra's Westkust . Then with the strengthening of the political and economic influence of the VOC, until the 18th century this administrative region included

4921-805: The 19th century, the Minangkabau and the Malays began to be seen as distinguished, from the matrilineal culture of the Minangkabau that persisted compared to the patrilineal culture adopted by Malay society in general. According to the Minangkabau Tambo , in the period between the 1st century to the 16th century, many small kingdoms stood on what is now West Sumatra. These kingdoms included the Kuntu, Kandis, Siguntur, Pasumayan Koto Batu, Batu Patah, Sungai Pagu, Inderapura, Jambu Lipo, Taraguang, Dusun Tuo, Bungo Setangkai, Talu, Kinali, Parit Batu, Pulau Punjung. These kingdoms were short lived, and are usually under

5054-661: The 5th line words ( tāmvan ...) are actually incorporated, so that they become mināngatāmvan and are translated as the meeting point of twin rivers. The twin river is supposed to refer to the meeting of two sources of the Kampar River , namely the Kampar Kiri River and the Kampar Kanan River . But this hypothesis is denied by the Dutch indologist Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis , which proves that tāmvan has nothing to do with "meeting point", because these can also be found in other Srivijaya relics. From

5187-564: The Dutch East Indies, their chief and are not required to pay tax . Then the Dutch argued that to maintain security, build roads, open schools, and so on required money, so the people were obliged to grow coffee and had to sell it to the Dutch. This war took a long time to complete, forcing Governor General of the Dutch East Indies Johannes van den Bosch on 23 August 1833 to go to Padang to see up close

5320-440: The Dutch also continued to try to exert influence in several areas close to their strongholds. Then, on 11 June 1835, the Dutch troops moved again to the east of Batang Alahan Panjang and built a fortification there, while the Padri troops remained on standby on the other side. Dutch troops managed to approach Bonjol, Pasaman|Bonjol] within a distance of approximately only 250 steps at midnight on 16 June 1835, then they tried to build

5453-499: The Dutch arrived in 1821. Tuanku Nan Renceh was an extremist Wahabbi puritan. Nan Renceh with Tuan Ku Lintau and Tuan Ku Pasaman were at war with the Adat and would forbid cock-fighting, gambling, and sireh; and forced women to cover up. Any that disagreed with their interpretation of Islam were punishable by death. They grew wealthy by enslaving the population to grow coffee and other agriculture. While forcing residents to wear white and grow beards, they would wear red. Imam Bonjol

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5586-482: The Dutch troops who were not fully prepared for a large-scale attack. Battle of Sulit Air (1825) The Battle of Sulit Air was also one of the Padri's victories, where they succeeded in expelling the Dutch troops from the area Dutch involvement in the war came about because it was "in ited" by the Adat faction, and in April 1821, Dutch troops attacked Simawang and Sulit Air under captains Goffinet and Dienema on

5719-428: The Dutch, and before that they had conducted diplomacy with the British when Raffles visited Pagaruyung and promised them assistance. On February 10, 1821, Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah, the nephew of Sultan Arifin Muningsyah, in Padang along with 19 other traditional leaders signed an agreement with the Dutch to cooperate in fighting the Padri, even though he was considered not entitled to make an agreement on behalf of

5852-465: The Dutch. He also enslaved the Batak people. In January 1824, he signed a peace treaty with the Dutch but a new commander arrived and dishonoured it. In 1831, Imam Bonjol attacked a Dutch garrison killing off 2 thirds of the soldiers. Later, as Imam Bonjol met numerous Hajj returnees who contested the Padri and Wahabbi extremism, he began to have misgivings, doubts, and regrets. By September 1832, Imam Bonjol

5985-514: The Governor General of the Dutch East Indies was replaced by Jean Chrétien Baud , van den Bosch made a report that the attack on Bonjol had failed and efforts were being made to consolidate for the next attack. During 1834, the Dutch focused on building roads and bridges leading to Bonjol, Pasaman|Bonjol by mobilizing thousands of forced laborers. This was done to facilitate the mobility of his troops in conquering Bonjol. Apart from that,

6118-967: The Mentawai Islands Regency, 26 are in West Pasaman Regency, 2 in Agam Regency, 2 in Padang Pariaman Regency, 4 in Pariaman City, 21 in Padang City and 49 in South Pesisir Regency. Cities and Regencies in West Sumatra in order of the Human Development Index (HDI). The figures come from the 2020 Indonesia Human Development Report, published by Statistics Indonesia . As a new regency, Dharmasraya got

6251-531: The Minangkabau region, they had never found significant gold reserves in the area. As a result of the conflict between the British and French in the Napoleonic Wars where the Dutch were on the French side, the British fought the Dutch and again succeeded in taking control of the coast of West Sumatra between 1795 and 1819. The British governor Thomas Stamford Raffles visited Pagaruyung in 1818, when

6384-595: The PRRI rebellion, the insurgents arrested leftist activists and placed them in detention camps in West Sumatra. PKI cadres were detained at Situjuh and Suliki, while followers of the national communist Murba Party and other groups were detained at the Muara Labuh camp. Incidentally, Hadji Abdullah Ahmad , a noted anti-communist and religious leader was from the Minangkabau Highlands , where communism

6517-423: The Pacific Ocean during the rainy season. Such conditions occur every half-year after passing the transition period in between April – May and October – November. The city of Padang is one of Indonesia's wettest cities, with frequent rainfall throughout the course of the year. As in most other province of Indonesia, West Sumatra has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ) bordering on

6650-444: The Padri and the Indigenous People. This conflict led to turmoil among several nagari in the Pagaruyung Kingdom, until in 1815, the Padri under the leadership of Tuanku Lintau attacked the Pagaruyung Kingdom and war broke out in Koto Tangah . This attack caused Sultan Arifin Muningsyah to be forced to step aside and flee the royal capital. Notes of Thomas Stamford Raffles who visited Pagaruyung in 1818, stated that he only found

6783-408: The Padri leaders in 1815, on 21 February 1821, the Minangkabau nobility made a deal with the Dutch in Padang to help them fight the Padri. Adat , as customary law is called in Indonesia, includes indigenous, pre-Islamic religious practices and social traditions in local customs. The Padri, like contemporaneous jihadists in the Sokoto Caliphate of West Africa, were Islamist purists who had made

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6916-460: The Padri leaders were once his students and he continuously disagreed with their extremist fanaticism and militant violence. In revenge for this insolence, the Padri attacked and burnt down numerous villages which were Shattari centers; instigated mass murder of the ulama and rang cerdek (intelligentsia) as well as rape and plunder. The Padri waged war against Nan Tuo's village of Koto Tuo from 1815. Nan Tuo's sons died in battle. Koto Tuo held on until

7049-445: The Padri troops immediately returned to Bonjol Fort. On 9 September 1835, Dutch troops tried to attack from the direction of Luhak Limo Puluah and Padang Bubus, but the results failed, even causing many losses to the Dutch troops. Lieutenant Colonel Bauer, one of the commanders of the Dutch troops, suffered from illness and was forced to be sent to Bukittinggi and then his position was replaced by Major Prager . The protracted blockade and

7182-413: The Padri with shipments of soldiers from Java , Madura , Celebes and the Moluccas . But the Dutch colonial ambitions caused the Adat and the Padri to forget their differences in secret to drive the Dutch away. On 2 May 1833 Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah was captured by Lieutenant Colonel Elout in Batusangkar on charges of treason. He was exiled to Batavia (present-day Jakarta) until his death, and

7315-400: The Padri. This is very much based on a strong desire to control coffee cultivation which is expanding in the interior of Minangkabau (the Darek region). Until the 19th century, coffee was one of the mainstay products of the Dutch in Europe. Christine Dobbin calls it more of a trade war, this is in line with the dynamics of social change in Minangkabau society in the twists and turns of trade in

7448-416: The Padris because their resources were stretched thin by the Diponegoro resistance in Java . In 1824, the Dutch signed the Masang Agreement ending hostilities with the state of Bonjol. Subsequently, however, once the Diponegoro resistance was suppressed, the Dutch attacked the state of Pandai Sikat in a renewed effort to gain control of West Sumatra. Despite valiant fighting by the Indonesians (by this time

7581-608: The People's Representative Council. The West Sumatra II Electoral District consists of the remaining 5 regencies (Padang Pariaman, Agam, Lima Puluk Kota, Pasaman and West Pasaman), together with the 3 cities of Bukittinggi, Pariaman and Payakumbuh, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. The Census population of West Sumatra was 2.8 million in 1971, 3.4 million in 1980, 4.0 million in 1990, 4.25 million in 2000, 4.85 million in 2010, and 5.53 million in 2020, of whom 2,786,360 were male and 2,748,112 were female. In 2010, 88% were recorded by

7714-475: The Perle Ship in Padang, a number of Europeans and Sepoys, soldiers from Africa who served in the Dutch army, recruited from Ghana and Mali, consisting of 1 sergeant, 4 corporaals and 112 flankeurs, and led by Kapitein Sinninghe. Waves and continuous attacks and rain of bullets from artillery troops armed with large cannons, for approximately 6 months, as well as infantry and cavalry troops who continued to arrive. On 3 August 1837, led by Lieutenant Colonel Michiels as

7847-487: The Sumatra province based in Bukittinggi . Four years later, Sumatra Province was divided into three provinces: North Sumatra , Central Sumatra , and South Sumatra . West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi were part of the residency within the province of Central Sumatra. During the PRRI rebellion, based on emergency law number 19 of 1957, Central Sumatra Province was further divided into three provinces: West Sumatra Province, Riau Province, and Jambi Province. The Kerinci region which

7980-429: The Sumpur Kudus District, which contains the words derived from the word Quduus (holy) as the seat of Rajo Ibadat and Limo Kaum which contains the word qaum is an influence from Arabic or Islam. In addition, in the adat , the term Imam , Katik ( Khatib ), Bila (Bilal), Malin (Mu'alim), which is a substitute for Hindu and Buddhist terms used previously, such as the term Pandito (priest), also appears. At

8113-415: The VOC at that time took the opportunity to end Aceh's monopoly on gold and pepper. Furthermore, the VOC through its regent in Padang , Jacob Pits whose territory included from Kotawan in the south to Barus in the north sent a letter dated October 9, 1668 addressed to the Ahmadsyah Sultan, Iskandar Zur-Karnain, the Minangkabau ruler who was rich in gold, was told the VOC controlled the west coast area so that

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8246-465: The attack on several Dutch posts, but the Dutch Indies government also did not want to take the risk of rejecting the reports from its officers. The position of Regent of Tanah Datar was then given to Tuan Gadang in Batipuh . Then the Dutch troops began conducting searches in several areas which were still the base of the Padri tribe. In January 1833, Dutch troops built a fortification in Padang Matinggi, but before they could strengthen their position,

8379-417: The beginning of the 17th century, the Pagaruyung Kingdom was forced to recognize the sovereignty of the Aceh Sultanate , and to recognize the designated Aceh governors for the west coast of Sumatra. But around 1665, the Minangkabau people on the west coast rebelled against the Aceh governor. From the letter of the Minangkabau ruler Raja Pagaruyung submitted a request to the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and

8512-404: The central government in the province, whose authority is regulated in Law No. 32 of 2004 and Government Regulation number 19 of 2010. While the relationship between the provincial government and the regency and city governments is not a sub-ordinate, each of these regional governments governs and manages government affairs according to the principle of autonomy and co-administration. Until 1979,

8645-426: The central government, resulting in lack of independence. This condition can weaken the resilience of the area of the economy itself. However, now the villages of West Sumatra have tried to build efforts to facilitate the political policies of the village government or since exchanging back into nagari, namely changing the structure and process between village government structures made under Law No. 5 of 1979. Nagari

8778-401: The command of Lieutenant Colonel Raaff succeeded in pushing the Padri people out of Pagaruyung. Then the Dutch built a defensive fort in Batusangkar with the name Fort Van der Capellen , while the Padri gathered strength and defended themselves in Lintau . On 14 August 1822 Padri Ulama forces faced battle with Dutch forces, the Padri Ulama succeeded in defeating the Dutch and their commander

8911-521: The commanders of Prince Diponegoro who had defected and served in the Dutch East Indies government after the war in Java ended. However, then Lieutenant Colonel Elout argued that the presence of Sentot who was stationed in Lintau actually created new problems. Several official Dutch documents prove that Sentot was guilty of conspiring with the Padri so that Sentot and his legions were then returned to Java. In Java, Sentot also failed to dispel Dutch suspicions about him and sent him back to Sumatra. Sentot

9044-442: The communist plantation workers' union Sarbupri members took place in Sumatra, actions motivated by the communist past of these individuals. West Sumatra lies in the middle of the western coast of Sumatra , and has an area of 42,119.54 km . Geographic features include plains , mountainous volcanic highlands formed by the Barisan mountain range that runs from north-west to south-east, and an offshore island archipelago called

9177-401: The competition, while the local community sent a cattle calf who was still breastfeeding to the competition. In the competition, the cattle calf who was still breastfeeding thought the large and aggressive cattle was the mother. So the calf immediately ran towards the large and aggressive cattle to find milk until he tore apart the big cattle's stomach. The victory inspired the local people to use

9310-402: The courage of the Padri, aroused the courage of the surrounding people to rebel and attack the Dutch troops, so that on 11 December 1835, the people of Simpang and Alahan Mati took up arms and attacked the strongholds. Dutch defense. The Dutch troops were unable to overcome this resistance. However, after assistance arrived from Madura soldiers who served in the Dutch troops, this resistance

9443-400: The development of the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies, this area was incorporated in the Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust , including the Residentie Bengkulu region which had just been surrendered by the British to the Dutch. Then expanded again by including Tapanuli and Singkil . But in 1905, the status of Tapanuli was upgraded to Residentie Tapanuli , while the Singkil area

9576-530: The direct descendant of the Minangkabau kings as a king under British protection. After the end of the Padri War, Tuan Gadang of Batipuh asked the Dutch East Indies government to give a higher position than just as the Tanah Datar Regent which he held after replacing Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah, but this request was rejected by the Dutch, this later included one of the drivers of the outbreak of

9709-519: The enemy so that the Dutch were expelled and forced to leave the fort again, leaving behind many casualties on each side. The failure of this conquest really hit the policy of the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia which at that time had been held by Dominique Jacques de Eerens , then at the beginning of 1837 he sent a warlord named Major General Cochius to directly lead

9842-489: The entire strength of the Padri in Luhak Agam also was conquered by the Dutch after the fall of Kamang Magek, Agam Kamang at the end of 1832, so that the Padri were again forced to withdraw from Luak Luhak area and defend themselves in Bonjol. Since 1833 a compromise began to emerge between Indigenous People and Padri People . On 11 January 1833, several strongholds of the Dutch garrison were suddenly attacked, making

9975-531: The entry of Islam, the customary rules that are contrary to the teachings of Islam began to be replaced with the Islamic-based customary law. There is a famous Minangkabau custom proverb, " Adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah ", which means that the Minangkabau adat is based on Islam, while Islam is based on the Qur'an . But in some cases, several systems and methods of adat were still maintained causing

10108-818: The existence of the Malay Kingdom which had its capital in Dharmasraya . A military expedition to West Sumatra called the Pamalayu emerged in 1275–1293 under the leadership of Kebo Anabrang of the Singasari Kingdom . After the submission of the kingdom recorded on the Amoghapasa carved on the Padang Roco Inscription , the Pamalayu returned to Java with the daughters of King Dharmasraya, Dara Petak and Dara Jingga . Dara Petak

10241-434: The existing Adat . Historical accounts of the Padri War reveal several different ideologies. The most influential were by Tuanku Nan Tuo, Tuan Ku Nan Renceh, and Imam Bonjol. Tuanku Nan Tuo was a Shattari Sufi leader and reformist, not a Padri. He would convince villagers to rid their society of vices like cock-fighting, gambling, and opium. His methods would be through discussion, education, and also public protest. All

10374-462: The foremost field commander, he began to control the situation little by little, and finally on 15 August 1837, Tajadi Hill fell, and on 16 August 1837, Fort Bonjol was completely conquered. However, Tuanku Imam Bonjol was able to withdraw from the fort accompanied by several of his followers and continued towards the Marapak area. With the victory, the Dutch tightened their hold on West Sumatra. Yet,

10507-410: The fortification was attacked by the Padri under the leadership of Tuanku Rao which resulted in many Dutch casualties. However, in the battle at Air Bangis, on 29 January 1833, Tuanku Rao suffered serious injuries as a result of being hit by bullets. Then he was put on board the ship for exile. Not long after he was on the ship, Tuanku Rao met his death. It is suspected that his body was then thrown into

10640-402: The front of the Dutch troops in capturing one by one the strategic strongholds of the Padri people around Bukit Tajadi. However, until early September 1835, the Dutch troops had not succeeded in controlling Mount Tajadi, instead on 5 September 1835, The Padri came out of their strongholds and stormed outside the fort destroying the Dutch fortifications built around Mount Tajadi. After the attack,

10773-466: The gold trade can be re-flowed through the coast. According to Dutch records, Sultan Ahmadsyah died in 1674 and was replaced by his son Sultan Indermasyah. When the VOC succeeded in expelling the Aceh Sultanate from the coast of West Sumatra in 1666, Aceh's influence weakened on Pagaruyung. The relationship between the outer regions and the coast with the Kingdom of Pagaruyung becomes closer. At

10906-531: The help of the Dutch , who intervened in 1821 and helped the nobility defeat the Padri faction. It can be considered that the Padri War began in 1803, before Dutch intervention, and was a conflict that had broken out in Minangkabau country when the Padri started to suppress what they saw as unIslamic customs, i.e. the adat . But after the occupation of the Pagaruyung Kingdom by Tuanku Pasaman, one of

11039-487: The highest score (59.43) from a possible 100 among other new regencies. Before the reforms of 1999 and the implementation of regional autonomy in 2001, the lowest local government unit under the district administrations was the Javanese model of the village, the desa . Under regional autonomy, the traditional Minangkabau nagari , which are larger than villages elsewhere in Indonesia, have been reintroduced in place of

11172-553: The important role within the Muslim community in Indonesia. Up until today the region is considered one of the strongholds of Islam in Indonesia. They have a reputation as traders, intellectuals as well as politically savvy people who have successfully exported their culture, language, cuisine and beliefs throughout Indonesia. Mentawaians live on the Mentawai Islands, off the western coast of Sumatra, that are also part of

11305-731: The influence of larger kingdoms, such as Malayu and Pagaruyung. The Malayu Kingdom is estimated to have appeared in the year 645 thought to be located in the upper reaches of the Batang Hari River . Based on the Kedukan Bukit inscription , this kingdom was conquered by the Srivijaya in 682. And then in 1183 it appeared again based on the Grahi inscription in Cambodia, and then the Negarakertagama and Pararaton recorded

11438-467: The interior and on the west coast or east coast. Meanwhile, on the one hand, the Dutch wanted to take over or have a monopoly. Furthermore, to weaken the opposing forces, the Dutch violated the ceasefire agreement by attacking the nagari Pandai Sikek which was one of the areas capable of producing gunpowder and firearms. Then to strengthen its position, the Dutch built a fort in Bukittinggi which

11571-403: The king of Pagaruyung was very weak in the days leading up to the Padri war, although the king was still respected by his subject. The areas on the western coast fell into the influence of Aceh, while Inderapura on the southern coast practically became an independent kingdom although officially still under the rule of the king of Pagaruyung. In the early 19th century a conflict broke out between

11704-465: The kingdom of Pagaruyung. As a result of this agreement, the Netherlands considered it a sign of surrender of the kingdom of Pagaruyung to the Dutch government. After the Dutch captured Pagaruyung from the Padri, in 1824 at the request of Lieutenant Colonel Raaff, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah returned to Pagaruyung, but in 1825, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah, the last king in Minangkabau, died and was later buried in Pagaruyung. Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah on

11837-589: The list of names of Dutch troop officers include Majjen Cochius , Lieutenant Colonel Bauer, Major Sous, Major Prager , Captain MacLean, Lieutenant van der Tak, Peltu Steinmetz, etc. Then there are also "Inlandsche" (indigenous) names such as Kapitein Noto Prawiro, Indlandsche Lieutenant Prawiro di Logo, Karto Wongso Wiro Redjo, Prawiro Sentiko, Prawiro Brotto, Merto Poero and others. From Batavia, additional Dutch troops were imported, who arrived on 20 July 1837 on

11970-432: The loyalty of the people of Luhak Agam is still doubtful and it is very possible that they will attack the Dutch troops from behind. But van den Bosch insisted on immediately conquering Fort Bonjol no later than 10 September 1833, the two officers asked for a six-day delay so that the fall of Bonjol was expected on 16 September 1833. Even though the movement of Dutch troops towards Bonjol was still very slow, it took almost

12103-617: The name Minangkabau, which comes from the phrase " Manang kabau " (winning cattle). The story of the Tambo is also found in the Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai which also mentions that the victory made the country that was previously named Pariangan changed to the name Minangkabau . Furthermore, the use of the name Minangkabau is also used to refer to a nagari (village), namely the Nagari Minangkabau , which

12236-591: The native people of province. They speak Mentawai languages , which are not intelligible with either Indonesian nor Minangkabau. Small minority of the Mentawais are Christians nowadays. In the Mentawai Islands, where the majority of the population is Mentawai, it is rare to find Minangkabau people. Chinese Indonesian are only found in big cities, such as Padang, Bukittinggi, and Payakumbuh. In Padang and Pariaman, there are also small numbers of Nias and Tamil people . The language used in everyday life in West Sumatra

12369-403: The onset of government reform and regional autonomy, since 2001, the term nagari has been used again in this province. The political culture that lived in the West Sumatra village government since the policy of uniformity (Law No.5 of 1979) was applied to the parochial political culture. this condition is seen through the power system, the ruling system, the terms of the ruler, and the role of

12502-745: The orders of James du Puy, the Dutch Resident in Padang . Between 1821 and 1824, skirmishes broke out throughout the region, ended only by the Treaty of Masang. The war cooled down during the next six years, as the Dutch faced larger-scale uprisings in Java . After the end of the Diponegoro War and the restoration of Dutch East Indies power in Java, the Dutch East Indies government again tried to subdue

12635-522: The other hand wanted to be recognized as the king of Pagaruyung, but the Dutch East Indies government had limited his authority and only appointed him the Regent of Tanah Datar. Because of the policy it encouraged Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah to start thinking about expelling the Dutch from the region. After emerging victorious from the Diponegoro War in Java, the Dutch then tried to conquer

12768-534: The other hand, the name Minang (Minanga kingdom) itself has also been mentioned in the Kedukan Bukit inscription dated from 682 which is written in Sanskrit . In the inscription, it was stated that the founder of the Srivijaya Empire named Dapunta Hyang departed from a place called Minānga . Some experts who refer to the source of the inscription suspects that the 4th line words (... minānga ) and

12901-461: The outbreak of civil war known as the Padri War . The war was initially between the ulamas and the Adats , who were the Minangkabau nobility and traditional chiefs; later, the Dutch involved themselves in the war. Islam also had an influence on Pagaruyung kingdom's government system with the addition of government elements such as Tuan Kadi and several other terms related to Islam. The naming of

13034-403: The power of the Minangkabau king was divided into king Suruaso and the king of Sungai Tarab with the equal power. Previously in 1732, the VOC regent in Padang had noted that there was a queen named Yang Dipertuan Puti Jamilan who had sent spears and swords made from gold, as a sign of her inauguration as the ruler of the land. While the Dutch and British succeeded in reaching the interior of

13167-455: The powerful role of women in the matrilineal Minangkabau culture . The Adat, or traditionalist, position was that local custom that pre-dated the arrival of Islam should also be respected and followed. Feeling their leadership position threatened, the traditionalists appealed to the Dutch for help in their struggle against the Padris. At first, the Dutch were not able to win militarily against

13300-486: The presence of the VOC in Padang and once tried to persuade the British who were in Bengkulu to expel the Dutch from the region which the British did not respond to. But in 1781, the British managed to control Padang for a short period of time, and messengers from Pagaruyung congratulated the success of the British in expelling the Dutch from Padang. Minangkabau land has long been considered rich in gold, and at that time

13433-624: The present-day Kampar Regency in Riau and Kerinci Regency in Jambi. Before becoming a province in 1957, West Sumatra was a part of the province of Central Sumatra (1948–1957), alongside Riau, Jambi, and the Riau Islands . West Sumatra is known by the name Bumi Minangkabau (Land of Minangkabau), as it is the home and origin of the Minangkabau people . The Minangkabau name comes from two words namely, Minang (win) and Kabau (cattle). The name

13566-409: The process of military operations carried out by Dutch troops . Arriving in Padang, he held negotiations with Commissioner Pesisir Barat Sumatra , Major General Riesz and Lieutenant Colonel Elout to immediately conquer Fort Bonjol , the command center of the Padri troops. Riesz and Elout explained that the right time had not yet come to carry out a general attack on Fort Bonjol , because of

13699-469: The province's boundaries, covering up to the western coast of North Sumatra, the southwestern coast of Aceh, the western region of Riau, the western region of Jambi, the northern region of Bengkulu, and Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia . Another native ethnic group is the Mentawai people , who inhabit the western islands of the same name. Islam is a predominant religion in the province, with about 97.4% of

13832-476: The remains of Pagaruyung Royal Palace which was burned down. As part of the Dutch aid agreement, the Indigenous People surrendered the areas of Simawang and Sulit Air, by order of resident James du Puy in Padang . Then on 8 December 1821 additional troops arrived led by Lieutenant Colonel Raaff to strengthen the position in the area that had been controlled. On 4 March 1822, Dutch troops under

13965-401: The ruler in the village government. The kinship system in developing participant political culture began to shift, in terms of the level of sensitivity, the form of tolerance in kinship, and the role of seniority in kinship. This means that the lack of togetherness in the kinship power system. Nagari government is an autonomous government structure, has a clear territory and adheres to adat as

14098-508: The sea by Dutch soldiers. Realizing this, now the Dutch are not only facing the Padri but the entire Minangkabau community. So the Dutch East Indies Government in 1833 issued an announcement called " Long Plaque " containing a statement that the arrival of the Dutch to Minangkabau did not intend to control the country, they only came to trade and maintain security, the Minangkabau population would continue to be ruled by

14231-478: The situation chaotic; mentioned there were around 139 European soldiers and hundreds of native soldiers were killed. Sultan nggul Alam Bagagar who was previously appointed by the Dutch as Regent of Tanah Datar , was captured by the troops of Lieutenant Colonel Elout on 2 May 1833 in Batusangkar on charges of treason and exiled to Batavia. In Dutch records Sultan nggul Alam Bagagar denied his involvement in

14364-439: The smallest administrative unit in West Sumatra was called a nagari , which had existed before Indonesian independence . With the enactment of Law No. 5 of 1979 concerning village governance, the status of nagari was eliminated and replaced with villages, and several jorong statuses were upgraded to villages. The position of nagari guardians was also removed and government administration was carried out by village heads. But since

14497-598: The state of Bonjol , he became involved in the Adat-Padri controversy as a Padri leader. The Padri movement, which has been compared to the Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah ( Sunni ) school of Islam in the now Saudi Arabia , was an effort to return the Islam of the area to the purity of its roots by removing local distortions like gambling, cockfighting , the use of opium and strong drink, tobacco, and so forth. It also opposed

14630-541: The stories of the tambo passed from generation to generation, the ancestors of the Minangkabau people were the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain ( Alexander the Great ). This tambo story is more or less comparable to the Malay Annals who also tells how the Minangkabau people sent their representatives to ask Sang Sapurba , one of the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain, to become their king. The Minang community

14763-519: The strength of Fort Bonjol , the Dutch troops tried to carry out a blockade against Bonjol with the aim of paralyzing the supply of food and weapons for the Padri troops. . This blockade turned out to be ineffective, because it was the Dutch troops' strongholds and supplies that were attacked by Padri troops in a guerilla manner. At the same time, all Padri troops began to arrive from areas that had been conquered by Dutch troops, namely from various countries in Minangkabau and surrounding areas. Everyone

14896-498: The tectonic slab located between the confluence of two major continental plates (the Eurasian Plate and Indo-Australian Plate ) and Great Sumatran fault , plus the activity of the active volcanoes. Large earthquakes that occurred recently in West Sumatra earthquake were the 2009 Sumatra earthquake and the 2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami . The area was also affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami . This region has

15029-415: The three scholars. Together with other scholars, these eight figures are known as Harimau Nan Salapan (Tigers of Eight). Harimau Nan Salapan then asked Tuanku Lintau who has closeness and kinship with Yang Dipertuan Pagaruyung Sultan Arifin Muningsyah to invite the Indigenous People to abandon several habits that are contrary to the teachings Islam. In several negotiations there was no agreement between

15162-469: The time Pagaruyung was one of the trading centers on the island of Sumatra, due to its production of gold, it attracted the attention of the Dutch and the British to establish relations with Pagaruyung. It is recorded that in 1684, a Portuguese explorer named Tomas Dias paid a visit to Pagaruyung at the behest of the Dutch governor general in Malacca . Around 1750 the Pagaruyung kingdom began to dislike

15295-462: The total population. West Sumatra was the centre of the Pagaruyung Kingdom , founded by Adityawarman in 1347. The first European to come to the region was a French traveler named Jean Parmentier who arrived around 1523. The region was later colonised by the Dutch Empire and became a residency named Sumatra's West Coast ( Dutch : Sumatra's Westkust ), whose administrative area included

15428-405: The traditional and religious leaders increasingly reconciled their visions after the war. This helped promulgating the new view of " adat basandi syara', syara' basandi Kitabullah " ("tradition founded upon Islamic law, Islamic law founded upon the Qur'an "). West Sumatra West Sumatra is home to the Minangkabau people , although the traditional Minangkabau region is actually wider than

15561-424: The traditionalists had realised they didn't want to be ruled by the Dutch either and had joined forces with the Padris in their resistance), the overwhelming power of the Dutch military eventually prevailed. Syarif was captured in 1832 but escaped after three months to continue the struggle from his tiny fortress in Bonjol. After three years of siege, the Dutch finally managed to sack Bonjol on 16 August 1837. Through

15694-622: The west coast of Sumatra from Barus to Inderapura . Along with the fall of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung, and the involvement of the Dutch in the Padri War, the Dutch East Indies government began to make the interior of Minangkabau a part of Pax Nederlandica , an area under Dutch supervision, and the Minangkabau region was divided into the Residentie Padangsche Benedenlanden and the Residentie Padangsche Bovenlanden . Furthermore, in

15827-478: Was wounded in action . Defeated by Padri Ulama Forces, the Dutch suffered heavy casualties and their commander was killed in action After the Dutch obtained support they attacked Lintau but the Padri Ulama forces successfully defended, defeating the Dutch forces, causing them to withdraw to Batusangkar. Battle of Bukittinggi (1824) Padri troops carried out a well-planned frontal attack, surprising

15960-442: Was a mystic, strategist, and visionary. Imam Bonjol with Tuan Ku Rao and Tuan Ku Tambusai were based in the northern areas where the Padri War evolved differently. Many in the north were early Padri sympathisers. While they were as militant and extremist as Nan Renceh initially, their roles were quite different. While Nan Renceh was punishing the Adat population, Imam Bonjol and Rao were developing trading routes and fortresses against

16093-475: Was active. Numerous examples of anti-communist resentment also occurred, for instance during the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966 , PKI-organised squatters' movements and campaigns against foreign businesses in Sumatra's plantations provoked quick reprisals against Communists. Repression against alleged PKI members and sympathizers continued for several years. As late as 1976 mass lay-offs of former members of

16226-523: Was also formed in almost the same period. During the Japanese occupation , Residentie Sumatra's Westkust changed its name to Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shu . On the basis of military geo-strategy, the Kampar area was separated from Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shu and incorporated into the territory of Rhio Shu . At the beginning of Indonesian independence in 1945, the West Sumatra region was incorporated in

16359-566: Was born in Bonjol, Pasaman , West Sumatra . His parents name were Bayanuddin (father) and Hamatun (mother). His father is a Minangkabau cleric who came from Sungai Rimbang, Suliki, Limapuluh Koto . His mother is an Algerian who has settled in Morocco and migrated to Bonjol with her brother. Syarif was immersed in Islamic studies as he grew up, studying first from his father and later under various other Muslim theologians. After founding

16492-720: Was buried in the Mangga Dua cemetery. After the fall, the influence and prestige of the kingdom of Pagaruyung remained high, especially among Minangkabau people who were overseas. One of Pagaruyung's royal heirs was invited to become a ruler in Kuantan , Malaysia. Likewise when Raffles was still on duty in the Malay Peninsula , he met Pagaruyung's relatives who were in Negeri Sembilan , and Raffles intended to appoint Yang Dipertuan Ali Alamsyah who he considered to be

16625-670: Was chosen by the anak nagari (nagari residents) democratically in direct elections for 6 years in office. West Sumatra Province is subdivided into twelve regencies and seven autonomous cities, which lie outside any regency. The regencies and cities are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The cities and regencies are together sub-divided into 179 districts ( kecamatan ) and thence into 1,265 villages ( kelurahan and desa ) as at 2023. The coastal cities and regencies include 219 offshore islands (large enough to have names), of which 111 comprise

16758-406: Was disillusioned and, perhaps seeking repentance, he walked out of his village fort and left the Padri. Upon the return of three alim ulama from Mecca around 1803, namely Haji Miskin , Haji Sumanik and Haji Piobang , they expressed their wish to perfecting the application of Islamic law in Minangkabau society. Knowing this, Tuanku Nan Renceh was very interested and supported the wishes of

16891-587: Was exiled and detained in Bengkulu, while his troops were disbanded and then recruited back into the Dutch army. In July 1832, from Batavia a large infantry force was sent under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Ferdinand P. Vermeulen Krieger , to speed up the completion of the war. In October 1832, Luhak Limo Puluah was under Dutch rule at the same time as Tuanku Lintau died. Then The Padri continued to consolidate and entrench themselves in Kamang , but

17024-674: Was given to Residentie Atjeh . Then in 1914, Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust , was demoted to Residentie Sumatra's Westkust , and added the Mentawai Islands region in the Indian Ocean into Residentie Sumatra's Westkust, and in 1935 the Kerinci region was also incorporated into Residentie Sumatra's Westkust. After the breakdown of the Gouvernement Sumatra's Oostkust , the Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi regions were given to Residentie Riouw , and Residentie Djambi

17157-471: Was initially led jointly by the princes or datuk in the nagari , then during the Dutch East Indies government one of the princes was chosen to become the guardian of the Nagari. Then in running the government, the nagari guardians are assisted by a number of jorong or jorong guardians, but now assisted by the nagari secretary and civil servants depending on the needs of each nagari . This nagari guardian

17290-496: Was known as Fort de Kock . At the beginning of August 1831, Lintau was successfully conquered and put Luhak Tanah Datar under Dutch control. However, Tuanku Lintau still continued to fight from the Luhak Limo Puluah area. Meanwhile, when Lieutenant Colonel Elout carried out various attacks against The Padri between 1831 and 1832, he obtained additional strength from the troops of Sentot Prawirodirdjo , one of

17423-523: Was married to Raden Wijaya , the king of Majapahit , as well as the heir to the Singhasari kingdom, while Dara Jingga was married to Adwayawarman . Jayanagara was born from the marriage of Raden Wijaya and Dara Petak, who would become the second king of Majapahit, while Adityawarman was born from the marriage of Dara Jingga and Adwayawarman; he later became king of the Pagaruyung Kingdom . Hindu - Buddhist influence in western Sumatra emerged around

17556-421: Was overcome. Almost a year after besieging Bonjol, on 3 December 1836, Dutch troops again carried out a large-scale attack on Fort Bonjol, as a final attempt to conquer Bonjol. This powerful attack was able to breach part of Fort Bonjol, so that Dutch troops could invade and succeed in killing several families of Tuanku Imam Bonjol . However, with tenacity and high fighting spirit, the Padri again managed to ravage

17689-640: Was previously incorporated in the South Sumatra Regency of Kerinci , was incorporated into Jambi Province as a separate regency. Likewise, the Kampar , Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi areas are designated as part of Riau Province. Communism in Sumatra has historically had an influence in the politics and society of Sumatra . Padang , Pariaman , Silungkang , Sawah Lunto , Alahan Panjang and Suliki of West Sumatra have been cited as areas which were particularly active in communism. During

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