Azad Kashmir government
73-420: Azad Kashmir government Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Local government Constitution of Pakistan Territorial election commission Elections Provincial elections Territorial elections Political parties Provinces Autonomous region Customs Regional topics The Politics of Pakistan ( سیاسیاتِ پاکستان ; ISO : Siyāsiyāt-e-Pākistāna ) takes place within
146-480: A Chief Minister , who then selects the ministers of his or her cabinet. Note: Azad Kashmir is federally administered and is a "Local authority". Pakistan's provinces are divided into districts called zillas in local languages (counterpart to a county in US or UK terminology). A zilla is further subdivided into tehsils (roughly equivalent to a borough in an integrated multi-tier (federated) systemic context, such as
219-602: A Judicial Commission of Pakistan, hereinafter in this Article referred to as the commission, for appointment of Judges of the Supreme Court, High Courts and the Federal Shariat Court, as hereinafter provided. (2) For appointment of Judges of the Supreme Court, the Commission shall consist of--- (i) Chief Justice of Pakistan; Chairman (ii) [four] most senior Judges of the Supreme Court;Member (iii)
292-568: A certain level were potential members. As Hussain notes, the informality of the Establishment ensures that occupying a particular post does not confer membership. Over time, the civil–military power equation has undergone changes, such as increased power sharing between the civilian government and the military as well as the convergence of interests in major aspects such as the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor . During
365-685: A corruption case. In September 2020, the Pakistan Democratic Movement was formed with the main objective to remove the Establishment's association with the politics of Pakistan. The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement openly criticises the Pakistan Army and accuses the Pakistani state of violating the basic human rights of Pashtuns. In 2023 when Imran Khan was arrested after his removal from government in April 2022 and
438-625: A former Chief Justice or a former Judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan to be nominated by the Chief Justice of Pakistan, in consultation with the [four] member Judges, for a term of two years; Member (iv) Federal Minister for Law and Justice;Member (v) Attorney-General for Pakistan; and Member (vi) a Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court of Pakistan nominated by the Pakistan Bar Council for a term of two years. (3) Now withstanding anything contained in clause (1) or clause (2),
511-563: A founding member of the Establishment, started looking for a new identity for Pakistan, chiefly one that it did not share with neighbouring rival India. Accordingly, Pakistan started to look towards the Middle East for "aid, ideology, and strategic cooperation"; while at the same time turning its back away from its own shared history with India in South Asia . Further building on Ayub Khan-era policies, Kashmir remained important for
584-749: A majority of Pakistan's Heads of State and Heads of Government have been elected civilian leaders. General elections were held in October 2002. After monitoring the elections, the Commonwealth Observer Group stated in conclusion: On 22 May 2004, the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group re-admitted Pakistan into the Commonwealth , formally acknowledging its progress in returning to democracy. Kashmir ( Azad Kashmir ) has its own constitution,
657-509: A public servant as well as matters relating to foreign affairs, national defence, and the armed services. This institution is designed to bridge the gap between administrator and citizen, to improve administrative processes and procedures, and to help curb misuse of discretionary powers. Pakistan has been ruled by both democratic and military governments. The first decade was marred with political unrest and instability, with frequent collapses of civilian democratic governments that eventually led to
730-491: A state . Ayesha Siddiqa , a Pakistani journalist and scholar, notes that the Establishment is overwhelmingly dominated by the Pakistan Armed Forces (i.e. serving and retired officers, SPDF personnel, military-sponsored think-tanks etc.), with its core members also including civil bureaucrats, politicians, media houses and major economic players. Abubakar Siddique , a Bangladeshi writer, observed that
803-575: A substantial role in influencing political and security policies during civilian administrations. It is widely regarded as an influential force in Pakistan's political and strategic affairs , particularly in areas concerning domestic policies, national security and foreign relations . This includes state policies introduced during various periods of military rule, including the Islamization measures implemented under General Zia-ul-Haq . In
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#1732771878759876-415: Is a famous slogan " ye jo dehshatgardi hai, iske peeche wardi hai", Urdu : یہ جو دہشت گردی ہے، اس کے پیچھے وردی ہے “ (Those in uniform are behind terrorism). Due to the popularity of the slogan, Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM) adopted it. Apart from political movements, many journalists have also taken voice against the Establishment. Hamid Mir , Pakistan's most well-known journalist, spoke against
949-525: Is alleged, that this court does not fully meet the criterion prescribed for the independence of the judiciary. That is to say, it is not immune to pressures and influences from the Executive. In the past, this court was used as a refuge for the recalcitrant judges. And whereas some of its judgments, particularly the ones which rely on the Islamic concept of equity, justice and fair play, expanded and enlarged
1022-627: Is elected by the Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly and is supported by a council of ministers. (S&GA). Ministry of Home Affairs The Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly, also known as the AJK Legislative Assembly, is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives. The assembly consists of 41 elected members and eight co-opted members of whom five are women, one is from the Ulama community, one
1095-603: Is from Jammu and Kashmir technocrats and other professionals, and one is from Jammu and Kashmir nationals residing abroad. The Supreme Court of Azad Jammu and Kashmir is the highest court of appeals in Azad Kashmir. It consists of a chief justice and two other judges. The number of judges in the supreme Court has been fixed at three by the Azad Kashmir Interim Constitution Act of 1974. The high court of Azad Kashmir , which serves as
1168-420: Is the state government which administers one of the territories of Pakistani-administered Kashmir territories of Azad Kashmir . The Azad Kashmir government consists of a president as head of state and a prime minister as chief executive, with the support of a council of ministers. The state assembly is the Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly . The chief executive of the government is the prime minister, who
1241-431: Is to institutionalise a system for enforcing administrative accountability, through investigating and rectifying any injustice done to a person through maladministration by a federal agency or a federal government official. The Mohtasib is empowered to award compensation to those who have suffered loss or damage as a result of maladministration. Excluded from jurisdiction, however, are personal grievances or service matters of
1314-724: Is to interpret the Constitution and federal laws and regulations. Pakistan is a multiparty democracy where several political parties compete for seats in the National and Provincial assemblies. However, as an aftermath of the Fall of Dhaka in 1971, a two-party system was developed between the People's Party and Muslim League . There has also been a sharp rise in the popularity of centrist parties such as PML-Q and PTI . The Armed Forces has historically played an influential role in
1387-941: The Eighth Amendment in 1985 (under the Zia dictatorship) and by the Seventeenth Amendment in 2003 (under the military rule of General Pervez Musharraf ) —and has twice been revoked— by the Thirteenth Amendment in 1997 (by the Pakistan Muslim League (N) ) and under the Eighteenth Amendment in 2010 (by the Pakistan Peoples Party ). Despite this most recent power-stripping, the President remains
1460-608: The Karachi Agreement of 28 April 1949, matters related to defence, foreign affairs, negotiations with the UNCIP and coordination of all affairs relating to Gilgit and Baltistan (strategically important territories that now constitute Pakistan's "Northern Areas"). Pakistan is subdivided into four provinces, one territory, and one capital territory. Each province has a Provincial Assembly, a directly elected legislature. Members are elected for five-year terms. Each Assembly elects
1533-496: The Kashmir conflict , India as a nation was perceived as an existential threat to Pakistan in every way, particularly after the 1971 secession of Muslim-majority Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan ), and the latter's belief that India did not pose an existential threat, effectively endangering the two-nation theory. On 1 April 2022, Prime Minister Imran Khan announced that in context of no-confidence motion against him in
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#17327718787591606-588: The National Assembly , the "establishment" had given him three options to choose from viz: "resignation, no-confidence [vote] or elections". Feudals: Chieftains: Clergy: In Pakistan, many voices have been taken and there have been several protests against the Establishment but these are not shown by Pakistani media channels since they are not allowed by the Establishment. In Pakistan, especially in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, there
1679-482: The People's Republic of China ( after 1963 ) was a driver of the economy . The Establishment ensured control over information dissemination through the media and academia. Radical and/or violent Islamic groups were slowly tolerated. The Establishment theoretically tolerated democratic rule and never seriously imposed Islam ; the army being less tolerant of Islamists. Just by surviving, Pakistan and its Establishment would be defeating India. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ,
1752-1428: The ex officio chair of the National Security Council , as per the National Security Act 2004. The prime minister is appointed by the members of the National Assembly through a vote. The prime minister is assisted by the Federal Cabinet, a council of ministers whose members are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister. The Federal Cabinet consists of ministers, ministers of state, and advisers. As of early 1994, there were thirty-three ministerial portfolios: commerce; communications; culture; defence; defence production; education; environment; finance and economic affairs; food and agriculture; foreign affairs; health; housing; information and broadcasting; interior; Kashmiri affairs and Northern Areas; law and justice; local government; minority affairs; narcotics control; parliamentary affairs; petroleum and natural resources production; planning and development; railways; religious affairs; science and technology; social welfare; special education; sports; state and frontier regions; tourism; water and power; women's development; and youth affairs. The bicameral federal legislature consists of
1825-402: The military establishment , is a term commonly used in Pakistan to describe the influence of the Pakistan Armed Forces , intelligence agencies , and associated pro-military entities within the country's governance structure. Since Pakistan's independence in 1947 , the Establishment has periodically assumed direct control of the government through military coups and has frequently played
1898-433: The "Establishment," it resembles a classic oligarchy . Pakistani politician, Mushahid Hussain , revealed that members of the Establishment included members of the business community; journalists, editors, and media experts; and a few academics and members of think tanks. At times, some foreign ambassadors with particularly close ties to the leadership were de facto members [...] Military officers and civilian bureaucrats above
1971-578: The 1958 military coup. From 1947 until now, Pakistan has been governed by various of both right-wing conservative governments and left-wing socialistic oriented governments, while neither far-right and far-left had failed to achieve enough majority to claim the exclusive mandate. From 1947 to 1958 as many as seven Prime Ministers of Pakistan either resigned or were ousted. On 7 October 1958 Pakistan's civilian and first President Iskander Mirza in collaboration with General Mohammad Ayub Khan abrogated Pakistan's constitution and declared Martial Law. General Ayub Khan
2044-649: The 2000s, the military establishment later reversed its support of political Islam under General Pervez Musharraf , who pursued enlightened moderation , leading Pakistan to join the United States -led War on terror and subsequently becoming designated as a major non-NATO ally by the Bush administration . Furthermore, in the 2010s, General Raheel Sharif pursued a policy of hardline crackdowns on Islamist militant groups, continuing this reversal of Zia-ul-Haq's aggressive pro- Islamist policies. Civilian members of
2117-538: The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Interim Constitution Act of 1974, and a locally chosen parliamentary form of government, as described above. The constitution allows for many of the structures that compose a self-governing state, including a legislative assembly elected through periodic elections, a prime minister who commands the majority in the assembly, an indirectly elected president, an independent judiciary, and local government institutions. However, an override exists in
2190-699: The Azad Kashmir Council in Islamabad. The latter body, presided over by the Prime Minister of Pakistan , exercises paramount authority over the AJK Legislative Assembly , which cannot challenge decisions of the council. The council is under the numerical control of the federal government in Islamabad, as in addition to the Pakistani prime minister it comprises six other federal ministers, the minister of Kashmir affairs as
2263-632: The Cabinet and is led by the Prime Minister. It is totally independent of the legislative branch that consists of a bicameral parliament . The Upper House is the Senate whilst the National Assembly is the lower house. The Judicial branch forms with the composition of the Supreme Court as an apex court , alongside the high courts and other inferior courts . The judiciary's function
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2336-475: The Establishment for a variety of reasons; most notably due to its strategic importance to Pakistan. Furthermore, it was seen as a chance for Pakistan to fulfil its vision of its founding, the two-nation theory —that of being a "homeland for oppressed Indian Muslims". (Though very few, the number of those in the Establishment who want Pakistan to get out of the Kashmir conflict with India are growing.) Outside of
2409-433: The Establishment many times. Assassination attempts have been made on many journalists who spoke against the Establishment including Mir, Asad Ali Toor , and others. Prominent journalist Matiullah Jan was also abducted and Jan accused the Establishment of abducting him. Another well-known journalist, Imran Riaz Khan , known for his outspoken views, was reported abducted on 11 May 2023, allegedly due to his criticism of
2482-412: The President of Pakistan after consulting the Chief Justice of this Court, from amongst the serving or retired judges of the Supreme Court or a High Court or from amongst persons possessing the qualifications of judges of a High Court. Of the eight judges, three are required to be Ulema who are well versed in Islamic law. The judges hold office for a period of three years, which may eventually be extended by
2555-473: The President shall appoint the most senior Judge of the Supreme Court as the Chief Justice of Pakistan. The chief justice and judges of the Supreme Court may remain in office until age sixty-five: now 68 years and this is also another clause of seventeenth amendment. The Federal Shariat Court (FSC) of Pakistan is a court which has the power to examine and determine whether the laws of the country comply with Shari'a law. It consists of 8 Muslim judges appointed by
2628-478: The President. Appeal against its decisions lie to the Shariat Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court, consisting of three Muslim judges of the Supreme Court and two Ulema, appointed by the President. If any part of the law is declared to be against Islamic law, the government is required to take the necessary steps to amend such law appropriately. The court also exercises revisional jurisdiction over
2701-537: The Prime Minister and dissolve the National Assembly was removed by the Thirteenth Amendment and partially restored by the Seventeenth Amendment . The Senate is a permanent legislative body with equal representation from each of the four provinces, elected by the members of their respective provincial assemblies. There are representatives from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and from Islamabad Capital Territory. The chairman of
2774-620: The Senate (upper house) and National Assembly (lower house). According to Article 50 of the Constitution, the National Assembly, the Senate and the President together make up a body known as the Majlis-e-Shoora (Council of Advisers). Pakistan's democracy has no recall method. However, past governments have been dismissed for corruption by the President's invocation of Article 58 of the Constitution. The President's power to dismiss
2847-419: The Senate, under the constitution, is next in line to act as president should the office become vacant and until such time as a new president can be formally elected. Both the Senate and the National Assembly can initiate and pass legislation except for finance bills. Only the National Assembly can approve the federal budget and all finance bills. In the case of other bills, the president may prevent passage unless
2920-478: The World, report by Freedom House , Pakistan is categorised as a "partly free" country and it is categorised as "not free" in terms of internet freedom. The current and former Presidents of Pakistan, in keeping with the constitutional provision that the state religion is Islam, must be Muslim. Elected for a five-year term by an Electoral College consisting of members of the Senate and National Assembly and members of
2993-421: The approval of 18th Constitutional Amendment in April 2010, a new High court is established at Federal Capital Islamabad with the name of Islamabad High Court . In 18th Amendment, judges appointments are proposed by a Parliamentary Commission. Judges of the provincial high courts were, previously appointed (The seventeenth amendment give these powers to the president, previously Prime minister exercised them) by
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3066-566: The backing of the military, but was subsequently removed from power in 2022 after losing that support. However, he won re-election in 2024. No Prime Minister of Pakistan has ever completed their full length tenure. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Pakistan an " authoritarian regime " in 2023. According to the V-Dem Democracy indices Pakistan was 2023 the 20th most electoral democratic country in Asia . In 2023, according to Freedom in
3139-627: The basis of separate electorates at the same time as the polls for Muslim seats during the general elections. The judiciary includes the Supreme Court , provincial high courts, District & sessions Courts, Civil and Magistrate courts exercising civil and criminal jurisdiction. Some federal and provincial courts and tribunals such as Services court, Income tax & excise court, Banking court and Boards of Revenue's Tribunals are as well established in all provinces. In reference of ARTICLE 175 (A) APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES The Supreme Court has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction. (1) There shall be
3212-432: The civilians involved with the Establishment, such as politicians and judges, are also very "pro-military". American political scientist Stephen P. Cohen says in his book, The Idea of Pakistan : "Of all of Ayub Khan 's achievements, the most enduring was an informal political system that tied together the senior ranks of the military, the civil service, key members of the judiciary, and other elites. Subsequently dubbed
3285-466: The claim of restoring law and order in the country as is its role in the Constitution of Pakistan . It has dismissed the legislative branch and parliament a total of four times since Pakistan's independence, and maintains wider commercial , foreign , and political interests in the country. Due to this imbalance of power, the Pakistani military has faced allegations of acting as a state within
3358-428: The constitution provide a delicate check and balance of sharing powers between executive , legislative , and judicial branches of the government . The head of state is the president who is elected by the electoral college for a five-year term. Asif Ali Zardari is currently the president of Pakistan (since 2024). The president was a significant authority until the 18th amendment , passed in 2010, stripped
3431-410: The controversial 8th Amendment, its opponents question the very rationale and utility of this institution. It is stated that this court merely duplicates the functions of the existing superior courts and also operates as a check on the sovereignty of Parliament. The composition of the court, particularly the mode of appointment of its judges and the insecurity of their tenure, is taken exception to, and it
3504-433: The country's politics, although it has declined in recent years. From 1950s to 2000s, several coups were staged that overthrew democratic regimes. After the resignation of President Pervez Musharraf in 2008, a sharp line has been drawn between the " military establishment " and politics and Pakistan is moving closer to becoming a democracy after general elections in 2013 . Imran Khan ascended to leadership in 2018 with
3577-545: The court of appeals, has three circuit benches based in Kotli , Mirpur and Rawalakot . Chief Election Commissioner for conducting general elections in AJK; Service Tribunal for adjudicating service issues of civil servants; Zakat Council for collecting, distributing the zakat system in AJK; Supreme Judicial Council of AJK; The Establishment (Pakistan) The Establishment ( Urdu : اسٹیبلشمنٹ ), also referred to as
3650-496: The criminal courts, deciding Hudood cases. The decisions of the court are binding on the High Courts as well as subordinate judiciary. The court appoints its own staff and frames its own rules of procedure. Ever since its establishment in 1980, the Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan has been the subject of criticism and controversy in society. Created as an Islamisation measure by the military regime and subsequently protected under
3723-707: The ex-officio member, the prime minister of Azad Kashmir, and six Azad Kashmir members elected by the Legislative Assembly.38 The interim constitution act lists fifty-two subjects—virtually everything of any importance—that are under the jurisdiction of the Azad Kashmir Council, which has been described as the "supra power" by the Azad Kashmir High Court. Its decisions are final and not subject to judicial review. Thus, Azad Kashmir remains for all intents and purposes under Pakistan's strict control, exercising no real sovereignty of its own. From
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#17327718787593796-800: The form of Section 56 of the Jammu and Kashmir Interim Constitution Act (which was drafted by the Federal Ministries of Law and Kashmir Affairs in Islamabad), the Pakistani government can dismiss any elected government in Azad Kashmir irrespective of the support it may enjoy in the AJK Legislative Assembly . The Interim Constitution Act provides for two executive forums—the Azad Kashmir Government in Muzaffarabad and
3869-475: The four provinces, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and Islamabad Capital Territory on the basis of population. National Assembly members serve for the parliamentary term, which is five years, unless they die or resign sooner, or unless the National Assembly is dissolved. Although the vast majority of the members are Muslim, about 5 percent of the seats are reserved for minorities, including Christians, Hindus, and Sikhs. Elections for minority seats are held on
3942-412: The framework established by the constitution . The country is a federal parliamentary republic in which provincial governments enjoy a high degree of autonomy and residuary powers. Executive power is vested with the national cabinet which is headed by Prime Minister of Pakistan ( Shehbaz Sharif since 3 March 2024), who works with the bicameral parliament and the judiciary . Stipulations set by
4015-457: The government and military establishment. His abduction, amidst a backdrop of enforced disappearances in Pakistan, raised concerns about his safety and well-being. Imran Riaz Khan, a prominent figure with over 4.6 million subscribers on YouTube alone, was later recovered in September 2023 after over four months of disappearance. However, he was rearrested on 23 February 2024 in connection with
4088-414: The legislature in joint sitting overrules the president by a majority of members of both houses present and voting. Unlike the National Assembly, the Senate cannot be dissolved by the President. Members of the National Assembly are elected by universal adult suffrage (formerly twenty-one years of age and older but the seventeenth amendment changed it to eighteen years of age.). Seats are allocated to each of
4161-416: The military was a role model for the Pakistani people. Kashmir , a Muslim -majority region that served as the core territorial conflict hotspot between India and Pakistan, was always an issue for the Establishment, to the extent that it became an integral reason for the existence of Pakistan. Quick reforms and revolutions were considered problematic. Foreign aid from the United States , Japan , and then
4234-472: The military-dominated Establishment have included: Sharifuddin Pirzada , Tariq Azim Khan , Sahabzada Yaqub Khan A. K. Brohi , Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Zafar Ahmed Ansari . The core principles and values of the Establishment are the policies of treating India as an arch-rival and existential threat, the Kashmir dispute , Islamization of Pakistan , maintaining Punjab as the heartland of Pakistan ,
4307-587: The one to be found in Montreal (Canada, 2002) and Birmingham (UK, 2001 announcement) or known as arrondissements in French context. Tehsils may contain town or municipalities. Pakistan's system is the one that applies an integrated federated systemic framework most comprehensively, so far. This methodology is not new to the region, as it is similar to what is referred to as the old Panchayat Raj system in India that
4380-617: The outset, the institutional set up in the territory was designed to ensure Pakistan's control of the area's affairs. According to the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) 39 resolutions, Azad Kashmir is neither a sovereign state nor a province of Pakistan, but rather a "local authority" with responsibility over the area assigned to it under the current 2003 ceasefire line agreement. 40 The "local authority" or Provisional government of Azad Kashmir as established in October 1947 handed over to Pakistan under
4453-529: The past one of these powers —a legacy of military dictator General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq — has included the president's discretionary ability to dissolve the National Assembly when "a situation has arisen in which the Government of the Federation cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and an appeal to the electorate is necessary." This power has twice been granted —by
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#17327718787594526-417: The presidency of most of its powers. Since then, Pakistan has shifted from a Semi-presidential system to a purely parliamentary government . Since the amendment, the president's powers include the right to pardon and the ability to suspend or moderate any sentence passed by any court or authority. The government consists of three branches: executive, legislative and judicial. The Executive branch consists of
4599-705: The president after consultation with the chief justice of the Supreme Court, as well as the governor of the province and the chief justice of the high court to which the appointment is being made. High courts have original and appellate jurisdiction. In addition, there are special courts and tribunals to deal with specific kinds of cases, such as drug courts, commercial courts, labour courts, traffic courts, an insurance appellate tribunal, an income tax appellate tribunal, and special courts for bank offences. There are also special courts to try terrorists. Appeals from special courts go to high courts except for labour and traffic courts, which have their own forums for appeal. Appeals from
4672-416: The provincial assemblies, the president is eligible for re-election. But no individual may hold the office for more than two consecutive terms. The president may resign or be impeached and may be removed from office due to incapacity or gross misconduct by a two-thirds vote of the members of the parliament. The president generally acts on the advice of the prime minister but has important residual powers . In
4745-420: The scope and contents of individual's rights were commended, others that tend to restrict the rights of women, are severely criticised and deplored. In every province, there is one High Court. Currently all four provinces Punjab , Sindh , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan have High courts, respectively called Lahore High Court , Sindh High Court , Peshawar High Court , and Balochistan High Court . After
4818-555: The strategic use of non-state militants, and the formation of alliances with other Muslim-majority nations . The Establishment is notable for its covert interventions and organisation of military coups against the civilian government , and was reportedly behind the 1953–54 Constitutional Coup in the Dominion of Pakistan . It also organised the coups of 1958 , 1977 , and 1999 . The Pakistan Army has been involved in enforcing martial law against civilian governments under
4891-557: The tenure of General Ayub Khan , the Establishment's code and tenants included the following (as outlined in Cohen's book): India was the main, existential threat to Pakistan , and accordingly the Pakistani military was a priority in all affairs of the state. Since Pakistan could not take on India alone, military alliances were important and essential to the state's survival. Likewise, natural allies included other moderate Islamic states , which were seen as role models. Domestically,
4964-467: The tribunals go to the Supreme Court. A further feature of the judicial system is the office of Mohtasib (Ombudsman), which is provided for in the constitution. The office of Mohtasib was established in many early Muslim states to ensure that no wrongs were done to citizens. Appointed by the president, the Mohtasib holds office for four years; the term cannot be extended or renewed. The Mohtasib's purpose
5037-532: The very successful West Bengal revival in the 1970s, which eventually inspired the 1990s Constitutional Amendment making it national policy. Government of Azad Kashmir Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Local government Constitution of Pakistan Territorial election commission Elections Provincial elections Territorial elections Political parties Provinces Autonomous region Customs Regional topics The Government of Azad Kashmir ( Urdu : حکومتِ آزاد کشمیر )
5110-489: Was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. She was the youngest woman ever to be elected the Head of Government and the first woman to be elected as the Head of Government of a Muslim country. Her government was followed by that of Nawaz Sharif, and the two leaders alternated until the military coup by General Pervez Musharraf in 1999. From the resignation of President Rafiq Tarar in 2001, to his own resignation in 2008, Musharraf
5183-433: Was introduced by Britain during the colonial era. In the 1890s Britain had become the first nation to adapt the two-tier administrative framework of revolutionary Paris (1790) onto pre-existing parish councils in the urban context (London) and into three tiers in the rural context (county, district, parish councils). In India it was implemented in some regions and not others; and then allowed to lie fallow. It got new life after
5256-409: Was the President of Pakistan. In 2008, Asif Ali Zardari was elected president. Officially a federal Islamic republic , Pakistan has had a long history of alternating periods of electoral democracy and authoritarian military government. Military presidents include General Ayub Khan in the 1960s, General Yahya Khan, General Zia ul Haq in the 1980s, and General Pervez Musharraf from 1999. However,
5329-413: Was the president from 1958 to 1969, and General Yahya Khan from 1969 to 1971, Chief Justice Habib Khan Marvath elected first Chairman Senate of Pakistan. Civilian, yet socialist-oriented autocratic, rule continued from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , but he was deposed by General Zia-Ul-Haq. General Zia was killed in a plane crash in 1988, after which Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto,
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