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87-702: The Panamera debuted at the 13th Auto Shanghai International Automobile Show in April 2009, later launching hybrid and diesel versions in 2011. In April 2013, the company introduced a facelifted model, again at the Shanghai Auto Show, followed by the US introduction of a plug-in hybrid version, the Panamera S E-Hybrid, in November 2013. Porsche launched the second-generation Panamera in 2016, and in November 2023,

174-535: A 3D printed drive system and lightweight housing, altogether weighing less than 4.5 kg. Active cooling keeps plastic parts from softening. The prototype uses a regular electric bicycle charge port. Hybrid power trains use diesel–electric or turbo-electric to power railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile hydraulic machinery , and ships. A diesel / turbine engine drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump, which powers electric/hydraulic motors—strictly an electric/hydraulic transmission (not

261-533: A Leitra tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). Until 2005 they built several prototype SH tricycles and quadricycles . In 1999 Harald Kutzke described an "active bicycle": the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by electronic compensation. A SHEPB prototype made by David Kitson in Australia in 2014 used a lightweight brushless DC electric motor from an aerial drone and small hand-tool sized internal combustion engine , and

348-494: A series-hybrid using two motor-in-wheel-hub arrangements with an internal combustion generator set providing the electric power; Porsche's hybrid set two-speed records. While liquid fuel/electric hybrids date back to the late 19th century, the braking regenerative hybrid was invented by David Arthurs, an electrical engineer from Springdale, Arkansas, in 1978–79. His home-converted Opel GT was reported to return as much as 75 mpg with plans still sold to this original design, and

435-715: A "typical" older switching/yard engine. The advantages hybrid cars have for frequent starts and stops and idle periods apply to typical switching yard use. "Green Goat" locomotives have been purchased by Canadian Pacific , BNSF , Kansas City Southern Railway and Union Pacific among others. Railpower Technologies engineers working with TSI Terminal Systems are testing a hybrid diesel–electric power unit with battery storage for use in Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) cranes . RTG cranes are typically used for loading and unloading shipping containers onto trains or trucks in ports and container storage yards. The energy used to lift

522-420: A 71 kW (97 PS; 95 bhp) electric motor, with a total system power of 310 kW (421 PS; 416 bhp). Top speed amounted to 84 mph (135 km/h) in all-electric mode , and acceleration from 0–62 mph (100 km/h) took 5.8 seconds. The plug-in electric hybrid had a 9.4 kWh lithium-ion battery pack capable of delivering a range of more than 32 km (20 mi) under

609-499: A Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/lithium-ion battery hybrid system to power an electric motor, which is coupled to a conventional propeller. The fuel cell provides all power for the cruise phase of flight. During takeoff and climb, the flight segment that requires the most power, the system draws on lightweight lithium-ion batteries. The demonstrator aircraft is a Dimona motor glider, built by Diamond Aircraft Industries of Austria, which also carried out structural modifications to

696-597: A comfortable ride for public roads. Auto Shanghai Auto Shanghai ( Chinese : 上海国际汽车展 ), officially known as the Shanghai International Automobile Industry Exhibition ( Chinese : 上海国际汽车工业展览会 ), is a biennial international automobile show that alternates with the Beijing Auto Show (Auto China) as China's yearly international automotive exhibition. First held in 1985, Auto Shanghai

783-526: A constant RPM for peak efficiency. In 1978 students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a Volkswagen Beetle to a petro-hydraulic hybrid with off-the shelf components. A car rated at 32 mpg was returning 75 mpg with the 60 hp engine replaced by a 16 hp engine, and reached 70 mph. In the 1990s, engineers at EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory developed

870-403: A gasoline-electric hybrid rail-car propulsion system in early 1889, and for a similar hybrid boat propulsion system in mid 1889. There is no evidence that his hybrid boat met with any success, but he built a prototype hybrid tram and sold a small hybrid locomotive . In 1899, Henri Pieper developed the world's first petro-electric hybrid automobile. In 1900, Ferdinand Porsche developed

957-526: A generally compact electric motor (usually <20 kW) to provide auto-stop/start features and to provide extra power assist during the acceleration, and to generate on the deceleration phase (also known as regenerative braking ). On-road examples include Honda Civic Hybrid , Honda Insight 2nd generation, Honda CR-Z , Honda Accord Hybrid , Mercedes Benz S400 BlueHYBRID , BMW 7 Series hybrids, General Motors BAS Hybrids , Suzuki S-Cross , Suzuki Wagon R and Smart fortwo with micro hybrid drive. In

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1044-764: A hybrid engine. The engine uses a mixture of compressed air and gasoline injected into the cylinders. A key aspect of the hybrid engine is the "active chamber", which is a compartment heating air via fuel doubling the energy output. Tata Motors of India assessed the design phase towards full production for the Indian market and moved into "completing detailed development of the compressed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications". Petro-hydraulic configurations have been common in trains and heavy vehicles for decades. The auto industry recently focused on this hybrid configuration as it now shows promise for introduction into smaller vehicles. In petro-hydraulic hybrids,

1131-448: A hybrid), unless it can accept power from outside. With large vehicles, conversion losses decrease and the advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes rather than mechanical elements become more prominent, especially when powering multiple drives—e.g. driven wheels or propellers. Until recently most heavy vehicles had little secondary energy storage, e.g. batteries/ hydraulic accumulators —excepting non-nuclear submarines , one of

1218-490: A partnership can be arranged. Another form of a hybrid vehicle are the human-powered electric vehicles. These include such vehicles as the Sinclair C5 , Twike , electric bicycles , electric skateboards , and Electric motorcycles and scooters In a parallel hybrid vehicle, an electric motor and an internal combustion engine are coupled such that they can power the vehicle either individually or together. Most commonly

1305-601: A petro-hydraulic powertrain for a typical American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on combined EPA city/highway driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9-liter diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $ 700 to the cost. Under EPA testing, a hydraulic hybrid Ford Expedition returned 32 mpg (7.4 L/100 km) City, and 22 mpg (11 L/100 km) highway. UPS currently has two trucks in service using this technology. Since 1985,

1392-408: A power-split hybrid electric drive train, there are two motors: a traction electric motor and an internal combustion engine. The power from these two motors can be shared to drive the wheels via a power split device, which is a simple planetary gear set. The ratio can be from 100% for the combustion engine to 100% for the traction electric motor, or anything in between. The combustion engine can act as

1479-745: A sports-oriented GT car. In Europe a 5-door, shooting-brake estate variant, called the Sport Turismo, was offered alongside the liftback / fastback saloon . It was also available in the United States . The Panamera Sport Turismo debuted in March 2017 at the Geneva Motor Show, and was available with the same engine range as the 4-door car. In September 2017 Porsche announced the Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid Sport Turismo,

1566-399: A test bed to prove viability. The BMW 530i gave double the mpg in city driving compared to the standard car. This test was using the standard 3,000 cc engine, with a smaller engine the figures would have been more impressive. The design of petro-hydraulic hybrids using well sized accumulators allows downsizing an engine to average power usage, not peak power usage. Peak power is provided by

1653-480: A typical American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on combined EPA city/highway driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9 L diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $ 700 to the base cost of the vehicle. The petro-hydraulic hybrid system has a faster and more efficient charge/discharge cycling than petro-electric hybrids and

1740-405: A variety of fuels, generally gasoline or Diesel engines ) and electric motors to power the vehicle. The energy is stored in the fuel of the internal combustion engine and an electric battery set . There are many types of petroleum-electric hybrid drivetrains , from Full hybrid to Mild hybrid , which offer varying advantages and disadvantages. William H. Patton filed a patent application for

1827-424: A vehicle establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate, or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel or other similar mechanisms (see conduit current collection ). The vehicle's batteries are recharged by this process—on the highway—and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged. For example, some of the battery-electric locomotives used for maintenance trains on

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1914-423: Is a very rare mass-produced diesel hybrid vehicle powered by a Mercedes-Benz OM651 engine developing 152 kW (204 hp) paired with a 20 kW (27 hp) electric motor, positioned between the engine and the gearbox, for a combined output of 170 kW (228 hp). The vehicle has a fuel consumption rate of 24–26 km/L (56–62 mpg ‑US ; 67–74 mpg ‑imp ). These types use

2001-570: Is also cheaper to build. The accumulator vessel size dictates total energy storage capacity and may require more space than an electric battery set. Any vehicle space consumed by a larger size of accumulator vessel may be offset by the need for a smaller sized charging engine, in HP and physical size. Research is underway in large corporations and small companies. The focus has now switched to smaller vehicles. The system components were expensive which precluded installation in smaller trucks and cars. A drawback

2088-720: Is charged when in low energy demanding vehicle operation. The charging engine runs at optimum speed and load for efficiency and longevity. Under tests undertaken by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a hydraulic hybrid Ford Expedition returned 32 miles per US gallon (7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg ‑imp ) City, and 22 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg ‑imp ) highway. UPS currently has two trucks in service using this technology. Although petro-hydraulic hybrid technology has been known for decades and used in trains as well as very large construction vehicles,

2175-515: Is the nation's oldest auto exhibition, and is considered as an important major international auto show. Due to the greatly expanding presence of foreign brands in the Chinese markets, Auto Shanghai has become one of the premier international auto shows alongside Detroit, Frankfurt, Paris and Tokyo, and was also the first Chinese auto show to join the Union des Foires Internationales (UFI). Since 2015,

2262-416: Is to create a blank paper design new car, to maximize the packaging of petro-hydraulic hybrid components in the vehicle. All bulky hydraulic components are integrated into the chassis of the car. One design has claimed to return 130 mpg in tests by using a large hydraulic accumulator which is also the structural chassis of the car. The small hydraulic driving motors are incorporated within the wheel hubs driving

2349-538: Is wasted for idling: ≈60–85% of the time for these types of locomotives. It is unclear if regenerative braking is used; but in principle, it is easily utilized. Since these engines typically need extra weight for traction purposes anyway the battery pack's weight is a negligible penalty. The diesel generator and batteries are normally built on an existing "retired" "yard" locomotive's frame. The existing motors and running gear are all rebuilt and reused. Fuel savings of 40–60% and up to 80% pollution reductions are claimed over

2436-683: The KiHa E200 , with roof-mounted lithium-ion batteries . India Indian railway launched one of its kind CNG -Diesel hybrid trains in January 2015. The train has a 1400 hp engine which uses fumigation technology. The first of these trains is set to run on the 81 km long Rewari-Rohtak route. CNG is less-polluting alternative for diesel and petrol and is popular as an alternative fuel in India. Already many transport vehicles such as auto-rickshaws and buses run on CNG fuel. North America In

2523-561: The New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) standard. The battery could be fully charged in approximately 2 1 ⁄ 2 hours from a 240 V power source. The Panamera plug-in hybrid reduce fuel consumption to 3.1 L/100 km (91 mpg ‑imp ; 76 mpg ‑US ), down from 7.11 L/100 km (39.7 mpg ‑imp ; 33.1 mpg ‑US ) for the current Panamera hybrid, which translates to CO 2 emissions of 71 g/km, down from 167 g/km for

2610-504: The Saturn Vue , Toyota Prius , Toyota Yaris , Toyota Camry Hybrid , Ford Escape Hybrid , Ford Fusion Hybrid , Toyota Highlander Hybrid , Honda Insight , Honda Civic Hybrid , Lexus RX 400h , and 450h , Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid , Hyundai Sonata Hybrid , Hyundai Elantra Hybrid , Kia Sportage Hybrid , Kia Niro Hybrid , Kia Sorento Hybrid and others. A petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses internal combustion engines (using

2697-589: The Shanghai Motor Show in China. The V8-powered Panamera S, 4S, and Turbo models were the first versions that debuted in 2009. In addition to the 4.8L Twin Turbo 500 PS (368 kW; 493 hp) V8 powered models, Porsche launched two further models in 2010: the Panamera and Panamera 4 which are both powered by 3.6-litre V6 engines producing 300 PS (221 kW; 296 hp). Being derived from

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2784-425: The bonnet is a new engine range, with only the Panamera 4S, 4S Diesel and flagship Turbo available from launch. In March 2017, Porsche unveiled the Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid, a plug-in hybrid for the 2018 model year. The Turbo S E-Hybrid received the 4.0 L V8 engine from the Panamera Turbo, but is also be paired with an electric motor. Total system power is be 680 PS (500 kW; 671 bhp), which makes it

2871-511: The energy recovery rate is high and therefore the system is more efficient than electric battery charged hybrids using the current electric battery technology, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in energy economy in US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing. The charging engine needs only to be sized for average usage with acceleration bursts using the stored energy in the hydraulic accumulator, which

2958-416: The "Mother Earth News" modified version on their website. The plug-in-electric-vehicle (PEV) is becoming more and more common. It has the range needed in locations where there are wide gaps with no services. The batteries can be plugged into house (mains) electricity for charging, as well being charged while the engine is running. Some battery electric vehicles can be recharged while the user drives. Such

3045-821: The 5-door estate version of the flagship Turbo S E-Hybrid, which had previously only been available as a 4-door configuration. As of September 2017, the 680 PS (500 kW; 671 bhp) Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid Sport Turismo is currently the world's most powerful stock estate car, besting the 612 PS (450 kW; 604 bhp) Mercedes-AMG E 63 S and the 605 PS (445 kW; 597 bhp) Audi RS6 Performance. 2021–, 268 km/h (167 mph) 2021–, 268 km/h (167 mph) 199-202 g/km 2021–, 4.4 s 2021–, 280 km/h (174 mph) 47-49 g/km 2021–, 4.3 s 2021–, 295 km/h (183 mph) 201–205, g/km 2021–, 3.9 s 2021–, 300 km/h (186 mph) 244-249 g/km 2021–, 3.2 s 2021–, 315 km/h (196 mph) 62 g/km The third generation of

3132-587: The 911, and it "seems to occupy the no-man's-land between really good sports sedans and proper sports cars", and so far the Panamera has won some comparison tests against other four-door performance cars on the market such as the Maserati Quattroporte and Aston Martin Rapide . Function was also praised, with the 15.7 cubic feet (440 L) hatchback trunk, and the four-corner adaptive air suspension that retained superior handling while also providing

3219-770: The 911, where the 911 has a tight, performance-focused interior, the Panamera features commodious dimensions with technological, luxury-oriented amenities. Engines are first assembled in Stuttgart , and the car's body is built, painted and assembled in Leipzig , Germany , alongside the Cayenne (until 2017) and Macan . From 2009 to 2016, the bodies were built at the Volkswagen Group facility in Hannover . Production began in April 2009, one month after its debut in

3306-499: The Cayenne's 8-speed Tiptronic S transmission—the 380 PS (279 kW; 375 hp) Panamera S Hybrid could accelerate from 0–62 mph (100 km/h) in 6.0 seconds. The Panamera S Hybrid produced only 193 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre, rendering it the most environment friendly car in the then entire Porsche model range, while still maintaining a top speed of 167.8 mph (270 km/h). Deliveries began in

3393-484: The Kenworth T270 Class 6 that for city usage seems to be competitive. FedEx and others are investing in hybrid delivery vehicles—particularly for city use where hybrid technology may pay off first. As of December 2013 FedEx is trialling two delivery trucks with Wrightspeed electric motors and diesel generators; the retrofit kits are claimed to pay for themselves in a few years. The diesel engines run at

3480-494: The London Underground are capable of this mode of operation. Developing an infrastructure for battery electric vehicles would provide the advantage of virtually unrestricted highway range. Since many destinations are within 100 km of a major highway, this technology could reduce the need for expensive battery systems. However, private use of the existing electrical system is almost universally prohibited. Besides,

3567-661: The PDK (Porsche Doppelkupplung) gearbox allow for faster gearshifts, and the alleged 27.7mpg fuel economy is no worse than the less powerful Panamera Turbo. In 2008, Porsche AG announced the development of a parallel hybrid system for the Panamera, and in February 2011, Porsche unveiled the Panamera S Hybrid. Using the same drivetrain seen in the Cayenne S Hybrid —an Audi-sourced supercharged 3.0-litre V6 engine producing 333 PS (245 kW; 328 hp) along with an electric motor rated at 47 PS (35 kW; 46 hp), as well as

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3654-486: The PDK transmission). Turbo version uses active aerodynamics with a multi-stage, adjustable rear spoiler . Optional Sports Chrono Packages include a Sport Plus button, which has tighter damping and air springs, and lowers the car's body by 25 mm (1.0 in). In 2011, the Panamera S Hybrid, Diesel, Turbo S, and GTS variants were added to the range. The GTS achieves a lateral acceleration of 0.96g. The Panamera, S, Hybrid and Diesel models are rear-wheel drive , while

3741-622: The Panamera 4, 4S, and GTS have the same four-wheel drive system as the Turbo and Turbo S, called Porsche Traction Management (PTM). The Panamera featured Adaptive air suspension , the Porsche Dynamic Chassis Control ( PDCC ), active anti-roll bars and the Porsche Active Suspension Management (PASM). The newly introduced 7-speed PDK dual clutch transmission was standard on the Panamera 4, 4S and Turbo models. The addition of

3828-431: The Panamera Turbo S features larger turbochargers than the standard Panamera Turbo's 4.8-litre V8, as well as high-pressure fuel injection, and aluminium-alloy pistons. The piston rings are coated in a low-friction surface to help eke out even more performance. The Panamera Turbo S accelerates to 62 mph (100 km/h) in 3.3 seconds with launch control engaged. Roll-on acceleration should be more impressive, changes to

3915-547: The Panamera was officially presented on 24 November 2023, with Porsche providing details for the mid-range Panamera 4 and Turbo E-Hybrid models; details on the Turbo S E-Hybrid and GTS models are expected to be available later. Eventually, Porsche will offer four different E-Hybrid powertrain options. Compared to the second generation, the third generation has a small frontal air inlet above the license plate bracket; other styling changes were characterized as "incremental". The Sport Turismo shooting brake body has been dropped. For

4002-403: The US military has been testing serial hybrid Humvees and have found them to deliver faster acceleration, a stealth mode with low thermal signature , near silent operation, and greater fuel economy. Ships with both mast-mounted sails and steam engines were an early form of a hybrid vehicle. Another example is the diesel–electric submarine . This runs on batteries when submerged and

4089-494: The US, General Electric made a locomotive with sodium–nickel chloride (Na-NiCl 2 ) battery storage. They expect ≥10% fuel economy. Variant diesel electric locomotive include the Green Goat (GG) and Green Kid (GK) switching/yard engines built by Canada's Railpower Technologies , with lead acid (Pba) batteries and 1000 to 2000 hp electric motors, and a new clean-burning ≈160 hp diesel generator. No fuel

4176-569: The United States in 2011, and cumulative sales reached 684 units through March 2013. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rated the fuel economy for the 2013/2012 model year Panamera Hybrid at 22 mpg ‑US (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg ‑imp ) for city driving, 30 mpg ‑US (7.8 L/100 km; 36 mpg ‑imp ) for highway, and 25 mpg ‑US (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg ‑imp ) combined. The Panamera Diesel

4263-500: The United States through August 2014. Global sales between January and August 2014 totaled over 1,500 units, presenting 9% of all Panamera models sold worldwide and 1.3% of all Porsche vehicles sold during this period. The second generation Panamera was revealed on 28 June 2016 at a special event in Berlin , Germany. Codenamed 971 , it is 35 mm (1.4 in) longer, 5 mm (0.2 in) wider and 5 mm (0.2 in) taller than

4350-514: The V8 engine of the Panamera S and Panamera 4S, the V6 retains the V8's technologies like Direct Fuel Injection , infinitely variable intake camshaft adjustment with variable valve lift ( VarioCam Plus ), an on-demand oil pump, water cooling with thermal management, a variable intake manifold, as well as integrated dry sump lubrication with two-stage extraction of oil, and an Auto Start-Stop function (only with

4437-592: The accumulator. A small fossil-fuelled piston engine sized for average power use charges the accumulator. The accumulator is sized at running the car for 15 minutes when fully charged. The aim is a fully charged accumulator that will produce a 0-60 mph acceleration speed of under 5 seconds using four wheel drive. In January 2011 industry giant Chrysler announced a partnership with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to design and develop an experimental petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain suitable for use in large passenger cars. In 2012 an existing production minivan

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4524-426: The aircraft. With a wingspan of 16.3 meters (53 feet), the airplane will be able to cruise at about 100 km/h (62 mph) on power from the fuel cell. Hybrid FanWings have been designed. A FanWing is created by two engines with the capability to autorotate and landing like a helicopter. When the term hybrid vehicle is used, it most often refers to a Hybrid electric vehicle . These encompass such vehicles as

4611-491: The batteries can be recharged by the diesel engine when the craft is on the surface. As of 2022 , there are 550 ships with an average of 1.6 MWh of batteries. The average was 500 kWh in 2016. Newer hybrid ship-propulsion schemes include large towing kites manufactured by companies such as SkySails . Towing kites can fly at heights several times higher than the tallest ship masts, capturing stronger and steadier winds. The Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airplane has

4698-418: The battery fully. Base models are equipped with an air suspension that has two air chambers and twin-valve dampers, independently adjustable for rebound and compression. The E-Hybrid can be equipped with an active suspension as an option, called Porsche Active Ride, which uses a single air chamber and electrohydraulic actuators to control each wheel independently. The active suspension is designed to stabilize

4785-429: The body under dynamic conditions, such as resisting lean in corners and weight transfer during acceleration and deceleration. In addition, it lifts the car by 55 mm (2.2 in) during entry and exit to ease access. Centerlock wheels and rear-wheel steering also are available as options. Despite the differences in dimensions and design, a reviewer noted that the Panamera's driving dynamics were close to that of

4872-465: The company had decided to no longer offer diesel propulsion in future. The second-gen Panamera no longer has its predecessor's oft-criticized hatchback wagon styling, with the tail of the new vehicle developing a clear link to the Porsche 911 through the full width rear LED light bar, and the sharply creased tail and upper bumper. This improvement in design has helped clarify the model's identity as

4959-547: The containers can be partially regained when they are lowered. Diesel fuel and emission reductions of 50–70% are predicted by Railpower engineers. First systems are expected to be operational in 2007. Hybrid systems are regularly in use for trucks, buses and other heavy highway vehicles. Small fleet sizes and installation costs are compensated by fuel savings, with advances such as higher capacity, lowered battery cost, etc. Toyota, Ford, GM and others are introducing hybrid pickups and SUVs. Kenworth Truck Company recently introduced

5046-562: The current hybrid. In November 2013, the UK Office for Low Emission Vehicles (OLEV) approved the eligibility of the Panamera S E-Hybrid for the Plug-in Car Grant which entitles customers to a maximum purchase subsidy of £5,000 (~ US$ 8,000 ). The plug-in hybrid was rated with a fuel economy of 91 mpg ‑imp (3.1 L/100 km; 76 mpg ‑US ) and CO 2 emissions of 71 g/km. The Panamera S E-Hybrid

5133-497: The customer chose the Porsche Entry & Drive option. The Panamera Edition cost US$ 80,000. Porsche announced its updated Panamera on 3 April 2013, with a scheduled formal launch at Auto Shanghai . The revised model can be identified by new front and rear bumpers. Technical changes included the addition of a new 3.0L twin-turbocharged Panamera S and a new E-Hybrid model. A long wheelbase version with an additional 150 mm

5220-448: The electric motor is more efficient at producing torque, or turning power, while the combustion engine is better for maintaining high speed. Improved efficiency, lower emissions, and reduced running costs relative to non-hybrid vehicles are three primary benefits of hybridization. Mopeds , electric bicycles , and even electric kick scooters are a simple form of a hybrid, powered by an internal combustion engine or electric motor and

5307-407: The energy stored in the accumulator. A smaller more efficient constant speed engine reduces weight and liberates space for a larger accumulator. Current vehicle bodies are designed around the mechanicals of existing engine/transmission setups. It is restrictive and far from ideal to install petro-hydraulic mechanicals into existing bodies not designed for hydraulic setups. One research project's goal

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5394-406: The engine is detached from the drivetrain, serving solely to charge the energy accumulator. The transmission is seamless. Regenerative braking can be used to recover some of the supplied drive energy back into the accumulator. A French company, MDI , has designed and has running models of a petro-air hybrid engine car. The system does not use air motors to drive the vehicle, being directly driven by

5481-501: The first generation Panamera, with a 30 mm (1.2 in) longer wheelbase. The interior features a redesigned dashboard layout, with touch-sensitive surfaces replacing the previous generation's array of buttons. A centrally mounted tachometer also harks back to the 1955 Porsche 356 A. The second generation includes two seven-inch displays in place of the dials, as well as a 12.3-inch touchscreen featuring online sat-nav, Apple CarPlay integration and an updated voice control system. Under

5568-475: The high costs of the equipment precluded the systems from lighter trucks and cars. In the modern sense, an experiment proved the viability of small petro-hydraulic hybrid road vehicles in 1978. A group of students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a Volkswagen Beetle car to run as a petro-hydraulic hybrid using off-the-shelf components. A car rated at 32 mpg ‑US (7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg ‑imp )

5655-549: The internal combustion engine, the electric motor and gearbox are coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For electric driving, the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gearbox is engaged. While in combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same speed. The first mass-production parallel hybrid sold outside Japan was the 1st generation Honda Insight . The Mercedes-Benz E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID released in 2012 only in European markets

5742-575: The oldest production hybrids, running on diesel while surfaced and batteries when submerged. Both series and parallel setups were used in World War II-era submarines. Europe The new Autorail à grande capacité (AGC or high-capacity railcar) built by the Canadian company Bombardier for service in France is diesel/electric motors, using 1500 or 25,000 V on different rail systems. It

5829-540: The optional sport chrono package provided faster acceleration times. The Diesel and Hybrid models had a ZF 8-speed automatic transmission called the Tiptronic S which was shared with the Cayenne. In some markets between 2009 and 2013 Porsche offered a 6-speed manual transmission for the V6 N/A and V8 N/A, all with rear wheel drive. Global production with the 6-speed manual was only 50 with V6 and 96 with V8. The engine of

5916-552: The plug-in Turbo E-Hybrid model, the 370 V traction battery has a storage capacity of 25.9 kW-hr (gross; 21.8 kW-hr net), giving the vehicle a maximum all-electric range of 90 km (56 mi) under the WLTP cycle . The electric motor is integrated into the transmission. It is equipped with an onboard charger that accepts AC power at a maximum rate of 11 kW; at that rate, it takes 138 minutes to recharge

6003-435: The red, black, and gold Porsche crest. In March 2015, Porsche announced that they were releasing a new special edition Panamera called the "Panamera Edition". The car is based on the base Panamera and includes high-gloss black trim strips outline the windows, 19-inch Panamera Turbo wheels with coloured centre caps, the sills were inscribed with the word "Edition," and body-coloured door handles were an additional add on when

6090-628: The rider's muscles. Early prototype motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principle. The first published prototype of an SHB is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the Electrilite SHB with power electronics allowing regenerative braking and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Muller designed and built a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" for his 1995 diploma thesis. In 1996 Jürg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SHB and in 1998 modified

6177-428: The same engine to be hybrids, although to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and to use correctly the terms, these are perhaps more correctly described as dual mode vehicles: Hydraulic hybrid and pneumatic hybrid vehicles use an engine or regenerative braking (or both) to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic (liquid) or pneumatic (compressed gas) drive units. In most cases

6264-587: The show is hosted at the National Center for Exhibition and Convention, located next to the Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport . The 2023 show ran from 18 April to 27 April. As many as 1,200 models and 1,413 vehicles were displayed at the show, with 93 global debuts, 64 concept cars and 271 new energy vehicles , 186 of which were from indigenous Chinese brands. The 2021 show ran from 19 April to 28 April. It

6351-519: The technology for such electrical infrastructure is largely outdated and, outside some cities, not widely distributed (see Conduit current collection , trams , electric rail , trolleys , third rail ). Updating the required electrical and infrastructure costs could perhaps be funded by toll revenue or by dedicated transportation taxes. In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion , some also consider vehicles that use distinct energy sources or input types (" fuels ") using

6438-547: The then entire Porsche vehicle lineage, consuming just 6.3 litres per 100 kilometres (37 US MPG/45 UK MPG). In October 2012, Porsche introduced the Panamera Platinum Edition. The exterior of the Panamera Platinum Edition was enveloped in one of five basic colours – black, white, basalt black, carbon grey metallic, and mahogany metallic. It included more standard equipment, larger wheels, and an exclusive interior leather combination of luxor beige and black. It

6525-485: The third most powerful Porsche ever, after the 918 Spyder and 991 GT2RS . In August 2017, Panamera 4S Diesel and Panamera Sport Turismo 4S Diesel were deleted from Porsche's German website and configurator. The automotive magazine Auto Motor und Sport discovered the higher than permittable amount, which is one-and-half times more than legal limit, during the exhaust testing. The issue was with SCR catalysator and urea injection. In September 2018 Porsche announced that

6612-555: The third-generation was introduced. The Panamera name, as with the Carrera name, is derived from the Carrera Panamericana race. As a front-engine, full-size, four-passenger, four-door luxury hatchback weighing nearly 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg), the Panamera runs contrary to the company's historically lightweight two-door, rear-engine sports cars, notably the 911 . Though the Panamera's shape and profile resemble

6699-441: The wheels and reversing to claw-back kinetic braking energy. The hub motors eliminate the need for friction brakes, mechanical transmissions, driveshafts, and U-joints, reducing costs and weight. Hydrostatic drive with no friction brakes is used in industrial vehicles. The aim is 170 mpg in average driving conditions. The energy created by shock absorbers and kinetic braking energy that normally would be wasted assists in charging

6786-434: Was adapted to the new hydraulic powertrain for assessment. PSA Peugeot Citroën exhibited an experimental "Hybrid Air" engine at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show . The vehicle uses nitrogen gas compressed by energy harvested from braking or deceleration to power a hydraulic drive which supplements power from its conventional gasoline engine. The hydraulic and electronic components were supplied by Robert Bosch GmbH . Mileage

6873-406: Was available for selected left-hand drive markets. The Turbo S version followed up in 2014. The long wheelbase versions were only available on 4S, Turbo, and Turbo S models. As part of the 2013 Panamera facelift, Porsche announced the introduction of a plug-in hybrid model, the Panamera S E-Hybrid. The plug-in version was unveiled at the April 2013 Shanghai Auto Show . The S E-Hybrid is powered by

6960-460: Was estimated to be about 118 mpg ‑US (2 L/100 km; 142 mpg ‑imp ) on the Euro test cycle if installed in a Citroën C3 type of body. PSA Although the car was ready for production and was proven and feasible delivering the claimed results, Peugeot Citroën were unable to attract a major manufacturer to share the high development costs and are shelving the project until

7047-532: Was launched in May 2011. The vehicle utilized the same Audi 3.0L V6 engine used in the Cayenne Diesel , which was itself a tuned carryover of an existing engine. The engine had a power output of 250 PS (184 kW; 247 hp). The car was capable of accelerating from 0–62 mph (100 km/h) in 6.8 seconds and had a top speed of 150.4 mph (242 km/h). It was also the most economical Porsche in

7134-436: Was offered with rear and all wheel drive layouts, and had a 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) acceleration time of under 5.8 seconds or faster on all variants. Exclusive equipment included the special interior combination, platinum rear overhang and front lower grille, platinum door sills, and platinum mirrors. The finalizing touch to this special edition included an exclusive set of 19-inch Panamera Turbo alloy wheels with

7221-760: Was released in the European market during the fourth quarter of 2013. Retail deliveries began in the U.S. in October 2013. As of December 2013, a total of 90 units were delivered in France, 86 units in the United States, 59 units in the Netherlands, 14 in Spain, and about 12 in Germany. In the American market the 2014 model year price starts at US$ 99,000 before any applicable government incentives . Since its introduction, 698 Panamera S E-Hybrids have been sold in

7308-409: Was returning 75 mpg ‑US (3.1 L/100 km; 90 mpg ‑imp ) with the 60 hp engine replaced by a 16 hp engine. The experimental car reached 70 mph (110 km/h). In the 1990s, a team of engineers working at EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory succeeded in developing a revolutionary type of petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain that would propel

7395-456: Was tested in Rotterdam, the Netherlands with Railfeeding, a Genesee & Wyoming company. China The First Hybrid Evaluating locomotive was designed by rail research center Matrai in 1999 and built in 2000. It was an EMD G12 locomotive upgraded with batteries, a 200 kW diesel generator, and four AC motors. Japan Japan's first hybrid train with significant energy storage is

7482-479: Was that the power driving motors were not efficient enough at part load. A British company ( Artemis Intelligent Power ) made a breakthrough introducing an electronically controlled hydraulic motor/pump, the Digital Displacement® motor/pump. The pump is highly efficient at all speed ranges and loads, giving feasibility to small applications of petro-hydraulic hybrids. The company converted a BMW car as

7569-672: Was the first major auto show to be held since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic . The 2019 show ran from 16 April to 25 April. The 2017 show ran from 19 April to 28 April. Hybrid vehicle A hybrid vehicle is one that uses two or more distinct types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids . Hybrid powertrains are designed to switch from one power source to another to maximize both fuel efficiency and energy efficiency . In hybrid electric vehicles , for instance,

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