Misplaced Pages

#754245

109-471: Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport ( IATA : SHA , ICAO : ZSSS ) is one of two international airports of Shanghai , the largest city by population in China , and a significant airline hub of the country. Hongqiao Airport mainly serves domestic and regional flights, although the airport also serves selected international flights (mainly to Seoul–Gimpo , Taipei–Songshan and Tokyo–Haneda ). The airport

218-718: A NATO design competition to replace the Lockheed P-2 Neptune , and Air Staff Requirement 381 , which sought a replacement for the Royal Air Force 's piston-engined Avro Shackleton . Amongst the various submissions that had been produced in response was a bid by Avro, part of the Hawker Siddeley Group, which was designated as the Avro 776. The proposed Avro 776 mated the Trident's fuselage with

327-473: A God-send". At one point, the Avro 776 looked set to win the competition to be selected as the RAF's new maritime patrol aircraft. Due to a desire to cut costs, though, the RAF decided to issue an entirely new operational requirement, under which the demands for speed, endurance, and capacity had all been diminished. As a result of the changes, the design team was recalled and the Avro 776 was entirely sidelined for

436-405: A different fleet from rival airlines such as Ansett Australia , which had already selected the 727. In 1972, its unit cost was US$ 7.8M. By 1975, only 117 Tridents had been sold against over 1,000 727s. According to Woods, a significant opportunity that may have enabled the Trident to catch up with the 727 was lost during the 1960s in the form of two competitions for a maritime patrol aircraft ;

545-493: A fourth engine in the tail, the tiny Rolls-Royce RB162 turbojet, fed from its own intake behind a pair of movable doors. The engine added 15% more thrust for takeoff, while adding only 5% more weight, and it would only be used when needed. BEA accepted this design as the Trident 3B , and ordered 26. The first flight was on 11 December 1969 and the aircraft entered service on 1 April 1971. Addition of extra fuel capacity resulted in

654-451: A greater preference for the seating dimensions of what would become economy class was emerging amongst airlines, design alterations were made to adopt a slightly larger diameter fuselage to accommodate six-abreast seating, providing for a maximum configuration of 111 seats. According to Woods, this enlarged version of the DH.121 was "on the verge of building the right aeroplane for the market and

763-574: A gross weight of 142,400 lb (64,600 kg) and a 2,000 miles (3,200 kilometres) range. BEA bought 15, while two were bought by Cyprus Airways . CAAC, the Chinese national airline, bought 33. The first flight of this version was made on 27 July 1967 and it entered service with BEA in April 1968. Subsequently, the Trident was becoming the backbone of BEA's fleet and BEA wanted an even larger aircraft. Hawker Siddeley offered two new designs in 1965:

872-462: A high-density, single-class layout as typical from the 1960s onwards on inclusive-tour charter flights). The design initially included a cruciform tail layout similar to that of the Caravelle. The engines were clustered at the rear, with the centre engine situated in the extreme rear of the fuselage fed by air ducted through a large oval intake at the front of the fin, a configuration similar to

981-482: A hotel. The first international charter flight to Hongqiao was Pakistan International Airlines Boeing 720 from Dhaka with a stopover from Guangzhou , making it one of the very few non-communist airlines to fly into China before the Cultural Revolution . In the mid-1960s, Air France and Lufthansa both began service directly from Phnom Penh ; however they were both suspended not long after. In 1972,

1090-639: A larger 158-seat two-engine aircraft otherwise similar to the Trident known as the HS132; and the 185-seat HS134, which moved the engines under the wings, a design very similar to the Boeing 737 . Both were to be powered by a new high-bypass engine under development at the time, the Rolls-Royce RB178 . BEA instead opted for Boeing 727s and 737s to fill the roles of both the BAC 1–11 and Trident, but this plan

1199-799: A major train hub served by the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway , the Shanghai–Hangzhou High-Speed Railway and the Shanghai–Nanjing Intercity High-Speed Railway . The airport's other terminal, Terminal 1, is across the airfield from Terminal 2. The airport and the railway station are served by three stations of the metro network : The proposed extension of the Shanghai Maglev Train from Longyang Road through Shanghai South railway station to Hongqiao would connect

SECTION 10

#1732786631755

1308-968: A maximum speed of 370 knots. As a result of the BEA specification, Vickers developed an enlarged derivative of the Viscount for BEA, the Vickers Vanguard , which was ordered by the airline on 20 July 1956. By this point, however, the French-built Sud Aviation Caravelle had conducted its maiden flight during the previous year, and BEA was beginning to recognise that jet aircraft could soon be providing stiff competition. In April 1956, Anthony Milward, chief executive of BEA, stated that he "would rather do without [jet airliners]". Nevertheless, in December of that same year Lord Douglas of Kirtleside , BEA's chairman, stated that

1417-448: A much wider scope": a sentiment which would be echoed throughout the Trident's subsequent history. The de Havilland board elected to submit to BEA's demand, over-riding input from its own sales and market research departments, which indicated that other airlines sought the larger model, instead. Notably, de Havilland had not yet secured a formal and final BEA order and its competitor Bristol was actively promoting their 200 project, which

1526-567: A new airport is built, replacing the old one, leaving the city's new "major" airport (or the only remaining airport) code to no longer correspond with the city's name. The original airport in Nashville, Tennessee, was built in 1936 as part of the Works Progress Administration and called Berry Field with the designation, BNA. A new facility known as Nashville International Airport was built in 1987 but still uses BNA. This

1635-506: A new proposal. This new proposal, based upon the de Havilland Comet's fuselage, had little to do with the Trident save for the use of its existing Spey engines; this would go on to be selected and procured as the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod . As a result of this loss, prospects for an enlarged, higher-power Trident effectively evaporated. Hawker Siddeley Aviation, which had absorbed de Havilland, needed additional customers for

1744-556: A number of jet-powered short haul aircraft might need to be introduced while retaining turboprop aircraft as the mainstay of the company's inventory for the foreseeable future. In July 1956, BEA had announced what it called "outline requirements" for a short-haul "second-generation jet airliner", to work alongside its turboprop fleet. It would carry a payload of some 20,000 lb (9,100 kg) or some 70 passengers up to 1,000 mi (1,600 km), weigh about 100,000 lb (45,000 kg), use 6,000-foot (1,800 m) runways, cruise at

1853-505: A redesigned and enlarged wing along with more powerful Rolls-Royce RB178 engines capable of 16,300 lb of thrust. In addition to the maritime patrol requirement, Avro envisioned that the aircraft could be used in various military roles, including as a 103-seat troop transport and as being armed with up to four GAM-87 Skybolt air-launched ballistic missiles as a nuclear-armed bomber. In addition to Avro's proposals, Armstrong Whitworth had also proposed their own military variants of

1962-526: A six-abreast configuration. This specification took the 1C closer to the larger concept of the original DH121, but with 7,000 lbf (31 kN) less thrust. Only a few sales of the new design were made, three each for Kuwait Airways and Iraqi Airways , four for Pakistan International Airlines (later sold to CAAC), two each for Channel Airways and Northeast Airlines , and one for Air Ceylon . Channel Airways' aircraft were equipped with cramped, 21 in (53 cm) seat pitch , seven-abreast seating in

2071-402: A trijet configuration. Boeing had begun its studies into this sector of the market in 1956, and elected to launch its own trijet programme in 1959. Airco executives, who were at the time intensely exploring various alternatives and further partnerships with other aircraft companies, considered the possibility that Boeing might choose to drop the 727 project and instead co-manufacture the DH.121 in

2180-446: A very high speed of 610 to 620 mph (980 to 1,000 km/h), and have "more than two engines". According to aviation author Derek Woods, BEA "wanted something that was faster than the Caravelle which was threatening to be highly competitive". While they were not intended as an express requirement, commentators ever since have taken these figures to constitute a definite call to industry. Four companies prepared projects to match

2289-509: Is GSN and its IATA code is SPN, and some coincide with IATA codes of non-U.S. airports. Canada's unusual codes—which bear little to no similarity with any conventional abbreviation to the city's name—such as YUL in Montréal , and YYZ in Toronto , originated from the two-letter codes used to identify weather reporting stations in the 1930s. The letters preceding the two-letter code follow

SECTION 20

#1732786631755

2398-617: Is available. However, many railway administrations have their own list of codes for their stations, such as the list of Amtrak station codes . Airport codes arose out of the convenience that the practice brought pilots for location identification in the 1930s. Initially, pilots in the United States used the two-letter code from the National Weather Service (NWS) for identifying cities. This system became unmanageable for cities and towns without an NWS identifier, and

2507-523: Is different from the name in English, yet the airport code represents only the English name. Examples include: Due to scarcity of codes, some airports are given codes with letters not found in their names: The use of 'X' as a filler letter is a practice to create three-letter identifiers when more straightforward options were unavailable: Some airports in the United States retained their NWS ( National Weather Service ) codes and simply appended an X at

2616-671: Is governed by IATA Resolution 763, and it is administered by the IATA's headquarters in Montreal , Canada. The codes are published semi-annually in the IATA Airline Coding Directory. IATA provides codes for airport handling entities, and for certain railway stations. Alphabetical lists of airports sorted by IATA code are available. A list of railway station codes , shared in agreements between airlines and rail lines such as Amtrak , SNCF , and Deutsche Bahn ,

2725-513: Is in conjunction to rules aimed to avoid confusion that seem to apply in the United States, which state that "the first and second letters or second and third letters of an identifier may not be duplicated with less than 200 nautical miles separation." Thus, Washington, D.C. area's three airports all have radically different codes: IAD for Washington–Dulles , DCA for Washington–Reagan (District of Columbia Airport), and BWI for Baltimore (Baltimore–Washington International, formerly BAL). Since HOU

2834-486: Is located near the town of Hongqiao in the outskirts of Changning and Minhang districts, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) west of downtown, and is closer to the city center than the area's primary international airport, Shanghai–Pudong . Hongqiao Airport is the corporate headquarters and a major hub for China Eastern Airlines , Shanghai Airlines , and Juneyao Air , as well as a major hub for Spring Airlines . In 2016, Hongqiao Airport handled 40,460,135 passengers, making it

2943-543: Is not followed outside the United States: In addition, since three letter codes starting with Q are widely used in radio communication, cities whose name begins with "Q" also had to find alternate codes, as in the case of: IATA codes should not be confused with the FAA identifiers of U.S. airports. Most FAA identifiers agree with the corresponding IATA codes, but some do not, such as Saipan , whose FAA identifier

3052-416: Is used for William P. Hobby Airport , the new Houston–Intercontinental became IAH. The code BKK was originally assigned to Bangkok–Don Mueang and was later transferred to Suvarnabhumi Airport , while the former adopted DMK. The code ISK was originally assigned to Gandhinagar Airport (Nashik's old airport) and later on transferred to Ozar Airport (Nashik's current airport). Shanghai–Hongqiao retained

3161-535: The 7th busiest airport in China and the 43rd busiest in the world . By the end of 2011, Hongqiao Airport hosted 22 airlines serving 82 scheduled passenger destinations. Shanghai Hongqiao Airport was also certified with the Skytrax 5-Star Airport Rating for facilities, terminal comfort and cleanliness, shopping, food & beverages, and staff service in 2019. Hongqiao Airport served as Shanghai's primary airport until

3270-487: The Boeing 727 . By the end of the programme in 1978, 117 Tridents had been produced. The Trident was withdrawn from service in 1995. The jetliner is powered by three rear-mounted Rolls-Royce Spey low-bypass turbofans, it has a low swept wing and a T-tail . Advanced avionics allowed it to be the first airliner to make a blind landing in revenue service in 1965. The initial Trident 1/2 could seat 101–115 passengers over up to 2,350 nmi (4,350 km). The Trident 3

3379-571: The Canadian transcontinental railroads were built, each station was assigned its own two-letter Morse code : When the Canadian government established airports, it used the existing railway codes for them as well. If the airport had a weather station, authorities added a "Y" to the front of the code, meaning "Yes" to indicate it had a weather station or some other letter to indicate it did not. When international codes were created in cooperation with

Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport - Misplaced Pages Continue

3488-487: The Dunlop Maxaret anti-skid system. The Trident had a complex, sophisticated and comprehensive avionics fit which was successful in service. This comprised a completely automatic blind landing system developed by Hawker Siddeley and Smiths Aircraft Instruments . It was capable of guiding the aircraft automatically during airfield approach, flare, touchdown and even roll-out from the landing runway. The system

3597-698: The First World War . The Minister of Supply stated of the Airco consortium that "this is not quite what [he] had in mind". Nevertheless, both Airco and the rival Bristol-Hawker Siddeley team proceeded to conduct their own approaches to various overseas airlines; sufficiently interested, American Pan American World Airways invited both teams to present their proposed airliners in January 1958. Sir Matthew Slattery , chairman of Bristol and Short Brothers , appealed for BEA to delay any decision until after one of

3706-526: The Hong Kong -Shanghai route sometime in the early 1990s), Canadian Pacific Air Lines (which then became Canadian Airlines International ) began operating in Hongqiao around that time. During its international era, Hongqiao Airport was much different compared to today. It only had one 3,400 m (11,154 ft 10 in) runway at the time, Terminal 1 was its main terminal, and its former control tower

3815-526: The Rolls-Royce Spey , while the boost engine was a Rolls-Royce RB162 , originally intended as a lift engine for VTOL applications. The Trident was one of the fastest subsonic commercial airliners, cruising at over 610 mph (980 km/h). At introduction into service its cruise Mach Number was 0.88/ 380 kn IAS . Designed for high speed, with a critical Mach number of 0.93, the wing produced relatively limited lift at lower speeds. This, and

3924-580: The Super Trident 3B . The Trident experienced some key export sales, particularly to China. Following a thawing of relations between Britain and the People's Republic of China , China completed several purchase deals and more than 35 Tridents were eventually sold. In 1977, fatigue cracks were discovered in the wings of British Airways Tridents. The aircraft were ferried back to the manufacturer and repaired, then returned to service. The beginning of

4033-412: The Trident 1E . This would be powered by 11,400 lbf (50.7 kN) Spey 511s, have a gross weight of 135,600 lb (61,500 kg), an increased wing area by extending the chord , leading-edge slats for improved field performance, different takeoff flap settings (a 23 degree setting shortened the runway length required but imposed a 59,900kg MTOW), and the same fuselage, but with up to 140 seats in

4142-469: The de Havilland DH.121 and briefly the Airco DH.121 ) is a British airliner produced by Hawker Siddeley . In 1957, de Havilland proposed its DH.121 trijet design to a British European Airways (BEA) request. By 1960, de Havilland had been acquired by Hawker Siddeley. The Trident's maiden flight happened on 9 January 1962, and it was introduced on 1 April 1964, two months after its main competitor,

4251-480: The BEA outline. Bristol proposed the initially four-engined Bristol Type 200 . Avro proposed the futuristic Avro 740 trijet before shelving it and joining forces with Bristol and Hawker Siddeley. Vickers proposed the VC11 four-engined airliner, derived from its in-development VC10 . The de Havilland company considered three possible contenders for the specification; two of these were four-engined developments of

4360-530: The BEA-mandated redesign as: "At one blow the 121 was emasculated in terms of size, power and range". Six months following BEA's request, de Havilland and the airline came to an agreement on the downsized DH.121. Details of the emerging aircraft, including its pioneering avionics, were announced to the public in early 1960. It was this revised aircraft that BEA ultimately ordered on 24 August 1959, initially in 24 examples with 12 options. In September 1960,

4469-465: The British government and indecision within BEA itself. During the time that the DH.121 had emerged in the late 1950s, the British government came to view the airframe and aeroengine industries as too fragmented into small companies; accordingly, a policy favouring mergers into a few large groups was adopted. De Havilland was keen to retain their independence and leadership of the DH.121, so approached

Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport - Misplaced Pages Continue

4578-666: The COVID-19 pandemic. From 25 March 2020, all flights from the airport were domestic to other cities in mainland China. International flights resumed from the airport on 26 March 2023. The airport has the head office of China Eastern Airlines , which is housed in the China Eastern Airlines Building, and was the head office of China Cargo Airlines . Terminal 2 of the Hongqiao Airport is immediately adjacent to Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station ,

4687-519: The DH.121 had come closest to its requirements and that it would proceed to order 24 with options on 12 more. A further six months were needed for the government to approve a formal BEA order for the DH.121; the government had favoured the Bristol 200 for industrial policy reasons. Reportedly, BEA had a considerable interest in the Caravelle itself, but this would have been a politically unacceptable choice. BEA also favoured de Havilland , and therefore

4796-533: The DH.121 proposal had been revised; differences included the adoption of the in-development turbofan , the Rolls-Royce Medway , and an expansion to accommodate a maximum of 98 passengers. The DH.121 was to be the world's first trijet airliner. Its designers felt this configuration offered a trade-off between cruising economy and take-off safety in case of an engine failure; moreover, the BEA specification had called for "more than two engines". Each of

4905-597: The Hunting 107 (later the BAC One-Eleven ) being marketed alongside the DH.121 as a complementary, smaller member of the same airliner family. Fairey Aviation, partially incorporated into Westland Aircraft , also left the DH.121 project. With the move to Hawker Siddeley Aviation, the designation was eventually revised to the HS 121. The reorganisation of the industry had compounded upon the delays caused by BEA's changes to

5014-569: The People's Republic of China government. From late 1963, it was rebuilt for civilian use, and was re-opened in April 1964. A major expansion took place from March to September 1984, and another from December 1988 to December 1991. In 1964, the original Terminal 1 and the control tower opened to public. The terminal was entirely built by China itself and was advanced for its time, equipped with many modern facilities such as barbershops, bookstores, banks, cafes, telecommunication offices, canteens, and even

5123-458: The Trident involved substantial changes to the design being made, including a powerplant change from the Medway to a scaled-down derivative, the 40% less powerful 9,850 lb f (43.8 kN) Rolls-Royce Spey 505 . The gross weight was cut by about a third to 105,000 pounds (48,000 kilograms), while the range was cut by more than half to 930 mi (1,500 km), and mixed-class seating

5232-526: The Trident submission, due to the firm's established experience with jet airliners with its prior development of the Comet. In April 1958, de Havilland firmed the general configuration of the DH.121 and established a development timetable, including a projected date for the type's maiden flight to be conducted during mid-1961. The company's market research department was forecasting that as many as 550 airliners in its category would be sold by 1965. Noting that

5341-660: The Trident's end came in the early 1980s, since ICAO began drafting noise regulations that would require first- and second-generation jet airliners to fit hush kits to the engines. These regulations would go into effect on 1 January 1986. British Airways , the type's main operator, saw the required refits as not viable and instead chose to phase the Trident out of their fleet in 1985, the final flights were made on 31st December 1985. The Trident's services in China ended in 1995, marking its permanent retirement from service. Only 117 Tridents were produced and all are no longer in service. In contrast, 1832 Boeing 727 aircraft (designed to

5450-549: The Trident, so entered into discussions with American Airlines (AA) in 1960. AA requested greater range than what the aircraft initially had, which meant that the original DH121 design would have fulfilled its requirements almost perfectly. In response, design began on a new Trident 1A , powered with up-rated Rolls-Royce Spey 510 engines of 10,700 lbf (47.6 kN) thrust, and a larger wing with more fuel, raising gross weight to 120,000 lb (54,000 kg) and range to 1,800 mi (2,900 km), but AA eventually declined

5559-631: The Trident. Later revisions of the Avro 776 substituted the RB.178 engine for the newer turbofan , the Rolls-Royce RB211 , the development of the latter being supported by the 776's procurement if selected. Rolls-Royce Limited , having shelved development of the Medway following the Trident's redesign, was keen to develop an engine to slot between the 10,000 lb Spey engine and the 20,000 lb Rolls-Royce Conway engine; if such an engine had been produced, it could have equipped new versions of

SECTION 50

#1732786631755

5668-488: The U.S. For example, several airports in Alaska have scheduled commercial service, such as Stebbins and Nanwalek , which use FAA codes instead of ICAO codes. Thus, neither system completely includes all airports with scheduled service. Some airports are identified in colloquial speech by their IATA code. Examples include LAX and JFK . Hawker Siddeley Trident The Hawker Siddeley HS-121 Trident (originally

5777-544: The USA; Lord Douglas was one of the proponents of this initiative. As a result, Airco invited a team of Boeing engineers and executives to Hatfield ; (Boeing later permitted a return visit by de Havilland representatives to Seattle); however, Boeing revealed few details of their plans for the 727, while virtually all information on the DH.121 had been shared with Boeing, an openness that had allegedly "amazed" them. British commentators have tended to interpret this episode as involving

5886-481: The United States, because "Y" was seldom used in the United States, Canada simply used the weather station codes for its airports, changing the "Y" to a "Z" if it conflicted with an airport code already in use. The result is that most major Canadian airport codes start with "Y" followed by two letters in the city's name (for example, YOW for O tta w a , YWG for W innipe g , YYC for C algar y , or YVR for V ancouve r ), whereas other Canadian airports append

5995-426: The acquisition of sensitive proprietary data on the DH.121 by a direct competitor. Woods remarked that "de Havilland solemnly handed all its research over to its rivals ... the crowning piece of stupidity". On 12 February 1958, the British government authorised BEA to commence contractual negotiations along with the issuing of a letter of intent for 24 aircraft. Accordingly, that same month, BEA announced that

6104-484: The aircraft in favour of the Boeing 727. Some of these changes were added into the original prototype, and it was renamed the Trident 1C . The main difference was a larger fuel tank in the centre section of the wing, raising weights to 115,000 lb (52,000 kg), and range to 1,400 mi (2,300 km). The first Trident 1, G-ARPA , made its maiden flight on 9 January 1962 from Hatfield Aerodrome . The Trident

6213-402: The aircraft's current position relative to the ground on a moving map display on the centre instrument panel. This electro-mechanical device also recorded the aircraft's track using a stylus plotting on a motor-driven paper map. Positional information was given by a Doppler navigation system which read groundspeed and drift data which, alongside heading data, drove the stylus. The Trident was

6322-399: The aircraft's low thrust-to-weight ratio, called for prolonged takeoff runs. Nevertheless, the Trident fulfilled BEA's 6,000 ft (1,800 m) field length criterion and its relatively staid airfield performance was deemed adequate before the arrival into service of the Boeing 727 and later jet airliners built to 4,500 ft (1,400 m) field length criteria. The aerodynamics and wing

6431-440: The airport itself instead of the city it serves, while another code is reserved which refers to the city itself which can be used to search for flights to any of its airports. For instance: Or using a code for the city in one of the major airports and then assigning another code to another airport: When different cities with the same name each have an airport, they need to be assigned different codes. Examples include: Sometimes,

6540-540: The airport until all flights to Huai'an were moved to Pudong Airport in May 2018. Since 1 January 2013, holders of valid passports issued by 45 countries have not needed a visa if transiting through Hongqiao Airport. In preparation for the Shanghai Expo , on 16 March 2010, Hongqiao Airport completed a five-year 15.3-billion-yuan expansion project, which included a 3,300-meter (10,826 ft 9 in) second runway and

6649-434: The airport was visited by U.S. President Richard Nixon using an Air Force One before flying to Peking during his visit to China. In 1974, Japan Airlines began services from Haneda to Hongqiao. In 1979, CAAC Airlines began services from Hongqiao to Nagasaki using a Boeing 707 aircraft; by 1985, a Trident was used for just two flights a week. After China's reform and opening up in 1978 , it then evolved into one of

SECTION 60

#1732786631755

6758-418: The airport's former name, such as Orlando International Airport 's MCO (for Mc C o y Air Force Base), or Chicago's O'Hare International Airport , which is coded ORD for its original name: Or char d Field. In rare cases, the code comes from the airport's unofficial name, such as Kahului Airport 's OGG (for local aviation pioneer Jimmy H ogg ). In large metropolitan areas, airport codes are often named after

6867-695: The busiest airports in China, alongside Beijing-Capital , particularly due to increasing passenger demand. Since 1981, Hongqiao Airport became a popular stopover for many airlines flying from Beijing to many other countries such as Canada , Japan and United States in particular. In 1985, Airbus -built aircraft started having hubs in this airport, due to it being delivered to the CAAC's Shanghai division (which would then become China Eastern Airlines ). Additionally, at that same decade, many foreign airlines like Pan Am , United Airlines , Singapore Airlines , Northwest Airlines , Cathay Pacific ( Dragonair replaced

6976-469: The civil Trident, as well. Furnished with a more capable engine that could provide more thrust than the Spey could, an extended fuselage could also have been adopted and existing landing restrictions could have been discarded; overall, the Trident would have been a far closer match to the 727. Wood summarised the importance of this prospective development as: "For the Trident programme, the RB.177 would have been

7085-502: The code SHA, while the newer Shanghai–Pudong adopted PVG. The opposite was true for Berlin : the airport Berlin–Tegel used the code TXL, while its smaller counterpart Berlin–Schönefeld used SXF; the Berlin Brandenburg Airport has the airport code BER, which is also part of its branding. The airports of Hamburg (HAM) and Hannover (HAJ) are less than 100 nautical miles (190 km) apart and therefore share

7194-406: The competing firms had already secured an export order for their airliner. In response, Lord Douglas stated that BEA wished to order the DH.121 and was awaiting approval from the government; Douglas's reply has been viewed as the death knell for the rival Type 200 proposal. Meanwhile, a rival airliner emerged, this time from Boeing in the United States, in the form of the 727 , which also had

7303-487: The completion of Pudong International Airport on 1 October 1999, when most international flights were gradually moved to Pudong. The construction of Hongqiao airport started in 1921. In May 1923, the airport opened for mixed civilian use. The Chinese Air Force deployed fighter-attack planes to Hongqiao in an operational response to the Shanghai Incident of 1932 , and engaging Japanese carrier-based planes for

7412-428: The design as being unable to perform adequately in " hot and high " conditions, in light of such issues experienced with the Trident 2E. Since the Spey 512 was the last of the Spey line, extra thrust would be difficult to obtain. Instead of attempting to replace the three engines with a completely different type, which would have been difficult with one engine buried in the tail, Hawker Siddeley 's engineers decided to add

7521-413: The early Comet , the world's first jet-powered airliner: the D.H.119 and the D.H.120, the latter being also intended to be offered to British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC). In July 1957, de Havilland made another submission in the form of the DH.121; this proposal was furnished with three turbojets , Rolls-Royce Avon engines, and greatly resembled the eventual production aircraft. By August 1957,

7630-421: The end of 2014, Hongqiao Airport Terminal 1 underwent its biggest renovation since 1921. The entire project was scheduled for completion in 2017. On 26 March 2017, Building A of Terminal 1 was fully renovated and reopened to the public. The old Building B was closed for reconstruction, and it was expected to be revamped and open to the public in mid-2018. International flights were suspended on 25 March 2020 due to

7739-934: The end. Examples include: A lot of minor airfields without scheduled passenger traffic have ICAO codes but not IATA codes, since the four letter codes allow more number of codes, and IATA codes are mainly used for passenger services such as tickets, and ICAO codes by pilots. In the US, such airfields use FAA codes instead of ICAO. There are airports with scheduled service for which there are ICAO codes but not IATA codes, such as Nkhotakota Airport/Tangole Airport in Malawi or Chōfu Airport in Tokyo, Japan. There are also several minor airports in Russia (e.g., Omsukchan Airport ) which lack IATA codes and instead use internal Russian codes for booking. Flights to these airports cannot be booked through

7848-461: The entry into service of jet airliners in 1952, many airline managers and economists remained sceptical, and advocated turboprop airliners as replacements of piston-engined airliners. In 1953, while several manufacturers across the world were investing in pure jet-powered aircraft, BEA chose to favour turboprops on the basis of their superior economics and produced a specification that called for an aircraft capable of seating 100 passengers and attaining

7957-602: The exception of the cities in Northeast China (except Shenyang (MU and FM fly once daily) and Harbin (MU flies once daily), Baotou , Tongren , Zhanjiang , Zhangjiajie and some smaller cities (which all are operating at Pudong Airport only), as well as five international routes to central Tokyo's Haneda Airport , central Seoul 's Gimpo International Airport , central Taipei Songshan Airport , Hong Kong International Airport , and Macau 's Macau International Airport . Previously, there were flights to Huaian from

8066-427: The first airliner fitted with a quick access flight data recorder. This sampled 64 variables, converted them into a digital format, and stored them on magnetic tape for ground analysis. Later the system included a voice recorder. The first Trident entered service on 1 April 1964. By 1965, 15 Tridents were in BEA's fleet, and by March 1966, the fleet had increased to 21. Hawker Siddeley then proposed an improved 1C,

8175-557: The first three letters of the city in which it is located, for instance: The code may also be a combination of the letters in its name, such as: Sometimes the airport code reflects pronunciation, rather than spelling, namely: For many reasons, some airport codes do not fit the normal scheme described above. Some airports, for example, cross several municipalities or regions, and therefore, use codes derived from some of their letters, resulting in: Other airports—particularly those serving cities with multiple airports—have codes derived from

8284-674: The first time that day. In 1937, Hongqiao was the site of the so-called 'Oyama Incident' in which a Japanese lieutenant was shot dead by Chinese Peace Preservation Corps soldiers in the lead-up to the Battle of Shanghai . During the Second Sino-Japanese War , the airport was occupied by the Japanese and used as an air force base. Its military use continued after being handed over to the Republic of China government and, later,

8393-478: The following format: Most large airports in Canada have codes that begin with the letter "Y", although not all "Y" codes are Canadian (for example, YUM for Yuma, Arizona , and YNT for Yantai , China), and not all Canadian airports start with the letter "Y" (for example, ZBF for Bathurst, New Brunswick ). Many Canadian airports have a code that starts with W, X or Z, but none of these are major airports. When

8502-597: The form of " YYZ ", a song by the rock band Rush , which utilizes the Morse code signal as a musical motif. Some airports have started using their IATA codes as brand names , such as Calgary International Airport (YYC) and Vancouver International Airport (YVR). Numerous New Zealand airports use codes that contain the letter Z, to distinguish them from similar airport names in other countries. Examples include HLZ for Hamilton , ZQN for Queenstown , and WSZ for Westport . Predominantly, airport codes are named after

8611-408: The forward section, seating 149 passengers. At this point, BEA decided that the Trident was too short-legged for its ever-expanding routes, and that an even longer-ranged version was needed. Hawker Siddeley responded with another upgrade designated Trident 1F . It would have the Spey 511 engines, a 2.8 m fuselage stretch, a gross weight of 132,000 lb (60,000 kg) and up to 128 seats in

8720-594: The future airliner's name, Trident, was announced at the Farnborough Airshow ; this name had been chosen as a reflection of its then-unique three-jet, triple- hydraulic configuration. By 1960, de Havilland had been acquired by the Hawker Siddeley group. After the de Havilland takeover, Airco was disbanded. Hunting was marshalled into the competing newly formed British Aircraft Corporation (BAC); their departure removed any putative possibility of

8829-452: The government with a proposal to form a consortium under which de Havilland would produce the fuselage, Bristol would manufacture the wings, and various other companies, including Hunting Aircraft and Fairey Aviation , would be responsible for other elements; however, Bristol strongly opposed this arrangement and chose to work with Hawker Siddeley in competition against de Havilland. Companies vigorously competed to be selected by BEA due to

8938-428: The growing trend to higher-density seating. Although de Havilland stated that they generally concurred with BEA, its management also stated that they had worked "under terms more onerous than anything D.H. had previously undertaken". Industry observers at the time felt that the British aircraft industry had again stumbled "into the pitfall of having designed exclusively for one customer an aeroplane that has potentially

9047-487: The international air booking systems or have international luggage transferred there, and thus, they are booked instead through the airline or a domestic booking system. Several heliports in Greenland have 3-letter codes used internally which might be IATA codes for airports in faraway countries. There are several airports with scheduled service that have not been assigned ICAO codes that do have IATA codes, especially in

9156-509: The later Boeing 727; the design eventually settled on a variable-incidence T-tail. From the outset, the DH.121 was planned to employ avionics that were very advanced for the period. Among other capabilities, they would offer automatic approach and landing within a few years of service entry. The avionics were also to have triplicated components for reliability and to allow "majority 2:1 voting" for aircraft guidance during automatic approach and landing. The physical dimensions of most avionics of

9265-450: The lure of its £30 million contract (equivalent to £885,295,000 in 2023 ), as well as the likelihood of lucrative overseas export sales. On 4 February 1958, de Havilland, along with Hunting and Fairey, announced that they had agreed to form a partnership for the purpose of manufacturing and marketing the DH.121; the consortium adopted the corporate name of the defunct Airco company, which had been Geoffrey de Havilland 's employer during

9374-544: The main landing gear for use as an airbrake. The Trident's first version, Trident 1C, had the unusual capability of using reverse thrust prior to touchdown. The throttles could be closed in the flare and reverse idle set to open the reverser buckets. At pilot discretion, up to full reverse thrust could then be used prior to touchdown. This was helpful to reduce hydroplaning and give very short landing runs on wet or slippery runways while preserving wheel brake efficiency and keeping wheel brake temperatures low. Brakes were fitted with

9483-612: The name of the airport itself, for instance: This is also true with some cities with a single airport (even if there is more than one airport in the metropolitan area of said city), such as BDL for Hartford, Connecticut 's B ra dl ey International Airport or Baltimore's BWI, for B altimore/ W ashington I nternational Airport ; however, the latter also serves Washington, D.C. , alongside Dulles International Airport (IAD, for I nternational A irport D ulles) and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA, for D istrict of C olumbia A irport). The code also sometimes comes from

9592-456: The new Terminal 2, boosting Hongqiao's capacity to 40 million passengers a year. Terminal 2 is four times the size of Terminal 1 and houses almost 80% of domestic airlines at the airport (Terminal 1 is now used only for international flights, Spring Airlines , Hebei Airlines and XiamenAir ). With the new runway, Shanghai became the first city in China to have five (now seven) runways for civilian use (Pudong and Hongqiao combined). Starting from

9701-416: The one they are located in: Other airport codes are of obscure origin, and each has its own peculiarities: In Asia, codes that do not correspond with their city's names include Niigata 's KIJ , Nanchang 's KHN and Pyongyang 's FNJ . EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg , which serves three countries, has three airport codes: BSL, MLH, EAP. Some cities have a name in their respective language which

9810-429: The original five-abreast configuration. BEA planned to buy 10 1Fs, plus an option for 14 further aircraft. As work continued on the 1F the changes became so widespread that it was renamed the Trident 2E , E for Extended Range . Now powered by newer Spey 512s with 11,930 lbf (53.1 kN) thrust, it also replaced wing leading-edge droop flaps with slats, and extended the span with Küchemann -style tips. It had

9919-505: The period required them to be housed in a large compartment beneath the Trident's flight deck; the compartment's size was among the factors dictating a distinctive nose undercarriage design, with the nose landing gear offset by 2 ft (61 cm) to the port side and retracting sideways to stow across the DH.121's longitudinal axis. BEA soon selected the DH.121 as the basis for detailed negotiations, but these talks were protracted due to multiple factors, including wider policy decisions of

10028-424: The programme for its redesigning for their immediate situation. In 1959, BEA had a large fleet in operation and on order, and the issue of overcapacity was a critical concern. The airline's concerns reflected three factors - a short-lived airline recession in the late 1950s; the imminent arrival into service of a large fleet of turboprop Vickers Vanguards , which duplicated the DH.121's general payload-range area; and

10137-506: The same first and middle letters, indicating that this rule might be followed only in Germany. Many cities retain historical names in their airport codes, even after having undergone an official name/spelling/transliteration change: Some airport codes are based on previous names associated with a present airport, often with a military heritage. These include: Some airports are named for an administrative division or nearby city, rather than

10246-453: The specification, which had in turn harmed the Trident's competitiveness against the Boeing 727. The rival Boeing 727 had quickly established a lead over the Trident. The 727's early lead only strengthened it in subsequent competitions; one such example is Trans Australia Airlines , which had determined the Trident to be superior to the Boeing 727 from an operational standpoint, but it was also viewed as having been commercially risky to choose

10355-500: The station code of Malton, Mississauga , where it is located). YUL is used for Montréal–Trudeau (UL was the ID code for the beacon in the city of Kirkland , now the location of Montréal–Trudeau). While these codes make it difficult for the public to associate them with a particular Canadian city, some codes have become popular in usage despite their cryptic nature, particularly at the largest airports. Toronto's code has entered pop culture in

10464-440: The success of the Viscount looked like being repeated". In March 1959, BEA, which had become concerned by a recent decline in passenger growth, concluded that the DH.121's payload-range capacity could be too great for their needs and petitioned de Havilland to reduce the scale of the design to suit their revised projections. Fearing that the proposed scale of the Trident was too large, the airline had elected to effectively tear up

10573-432: The three engines would drive its own hydraulic system, offering triple redundancy in case of any of the other systems failing. The engines were to be 13,790 lbf (61.34 kN) Medway engines. The DH.121 was to have a gross weight of 123,000 lb (56,000 kg) or optionally, up to 150,000 pounds (68,000 kg), a range of 2,070 mi (3,330 km), and seating for 111 in a two-class layout (or for over 140 in

10682-493: The two airports. At top speed, the maglev would take only 15 minutes to travel the 55 km (34 mi) route. Original plans called for completing the extension by 2010, in time for the Expo 2010 ; however, the Hongqiao extension has been indefinitely postponed due to protests. [REDACTED] Media related to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport at Wikimedia Commons IATA airport code The assignment of these codes

10791-515: The two-letter code of the radio beacons that were the closest to the actual airport, such as YQX in Gander or YXS in Prince George . Four of the ten provincial capital airports in Canada have ended up with codes beginning with YY, including: Canada's largest airport is YYZ for Toronto Pearson (as YTZ was already allocated to Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport , the airport was given

10900-529: The use of two letters allowed only a few hundred combinations; a three-letter system of airport codes was implemented. This system allowed for 17,576 permutations, assuming all letters can be used in conjunction with each other. Since the U.S. Navy reserved "N" codes, and to prevent confusion with Federal Communications Commission broadcast call signs , which begin with "W" or "K", the airports of certain U.S. cities whose name begins with one of these letters had to adopt "irregular" airport codes: This practice

11009-461: Was a jet airliner of all-metal construction with a T-tail and a low-mounted wing with a quarter-chord sweepback of 35 degrees. It had three rear-mounted engines: two in side-fuselage pods, and the third in the fuselage tailcone, with an S-shaped intake duct . One version, the 3B, had a fourth "boost" engine with a separate intake duct above the main S-duct. All versions were powered by versions of

11118-428: Was cut by about a quarter to 75 or 80 (97 in a single-class layout). Wing span was reduced by roughly 17 ft (5.2 m), wing area by 30%, and overall length by 13 ft (4.0 m). The revised design retained some features of the original one, notably its fuselage diameter. It had a smaller flight deck and single-axis, two-wheel, four-tyre main undercarriage legs in place of four-wheel bogies. Woods summarised

11227-538: Was developed by a team led by Richard Clarkson , who would later use the Trident wing design as the basis for the wing of the Airbus A300 ; for the Trident he won the Mullard Award in 1969. The Trident normal descent rate was up to 4500 ft/min (23 m/s). In emergency descents of up to 10,000 ft/min, it was permissible to use reverse thrust. Below 280 kn IAS, it was also possible to extend

11336-444: Was in use. The Trident's autoland system pioneered the use of lower landing minima, initially with Category 2 (100 ft decision height and 400 metres RVR) and soon after "zero-zero" (Category 3C) conditions. Since Tridents could operate safely to airfields equipped with suitable ILS installations, they could operate schedules regardless of weather, while other aircraft were forced to divert. The Trident's advanced avionics displayed

11445-540: Was intended to offer autoland by 1970. In the event, it enabled the Trident to perform the first automatic landing by a civil airliner in scheduled passenger service on 10 June 1965 and the first genuinely "blind" landing in scheduled passenger service on 4 November 1966. The ability to land in fog solved a major problem at London Heathrow and other British airports. Delays were commonplace when Category 1 (Cat 1 = 200 ft (61 m) decision height and 600 metre runway visual range RVR) instrument landing system (ILS)

11554-461: Was renovated sometime after Pudong Airport opened. In the 1990s, many more foreign airlines began serving the airport compared to the previous decade. Examples are All Nippon Airways , KLM , Lufthansa , Thai Airways International , Swissair , Air France , Malaysia Airlines , Korean Air , Garuda Indonesia , Air Macau , Royal Nepal Airlines , Asiana Airlines , Aeroflot , and Qantas . The airport presently offers mainly domestic flights with

11663-458: Was significantly smaller than the DH.121. At the time Boeing and Douglas were also downsizing their 727 and DC-9 projects. It was felt the original large DH.121 would have to compete against the Convair 880 and Boeing 720 some four years after their service entries, whereas a cut-back design would be more competitive against the then-projected 75–100 seat, twin-engined DC-9. Downsizing

11772-486: Was stretched by 5 m (16 ft) to seat 180 over 1,940 nmi (3,590 km; 2,230 mi), and had an additional RB.162 booster engine in the tail. In 1953, as British European Airways (BEA) introduced the world's first turboprop -powered civil airliner – the Vickers Viscount – into passenger service, the operator was already considering what would be required of a potential successor. Following

11881-412: Was vetoed by the British government. BEA returned to Hawker Siddeley and chose a stretched version of the basic Trident, the Trident 3 . A fuselage stretch of 5 m (16 ft 5 in) made room for up to 180 passengers; Hawker Siddeley raised the gross weight to 143,000 lb (65,000 kg) and made modifications to the wing to increase its chord ; the engines remained the same. BEA rejected

#754245