The words Popery (adjective Popish ) and Papism (adjective Papist , also used to refer to an individual) are mainly historical pejorative words in the English language for Roman Catholicism , once frequently used by Protestants and Eastern Orthodox Christians to label their Roman Catholic opponents, who differed from them in accepting the authority of the Pope over the Christian Church . The words were popularised during the English Reformation (1532–1559), when the Church of England broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and divisions emerged between those who rejected papal authority and those who continued to follow Rome. The words are recognised as pejorative; they have been in widespread use in Protestant writings until the mid-nineteenth century, including use in some laws that remain in force in the United Kingdom .
60-415: Popery and Papism are sometimes used in modern writing as dog whistles for anti-Catholicism or they are used as pejorative ways of distinguishing Roman Catholicism from other forms of Christianity that refer to themselves as Catholic , such as Eastern Orthodoxy , Lutherans of Evangelical Catholic churchmanship or Anglicans of Anglo-Catholic churchmanship. Papist was used in the latter way in 2008 by
120-526: A dog whistle is the use of coded or suggestive language in political messaging to garner support from a particular group without provoking opposition. The concept is named after ultrasonic dog whistles , which are audible to dogs but not humans. Dog whistles use language that appears normal to the majority but communicates specific things to intended audiences. They are generally used to convey messages on issues likely to provoke controversy without attracting negative attention. According to William Safire ,
180-486: A 2012 speech by Mitch McConnell , in which McConnell criticized Obama for playing too much golf, a racist dog-whistle because O'Donnell felt it was meant to remind listeners of black golfer Tiger Woods , who at the time was going through an infidelity scandal. In 2012, Obama's campaign ran an ad in Ohio that said Mitt Romney was "not one of us". The Washington Post journalist Karen Tumulty wrote: "ironically, it echoes
240-802: A Protestant monarch could rule over England and Ireland. Under the Act of Settlement of 1701, no one who professes "the popish religion" may succeed to the throne of the Kingdom of England and the Act continues to apply to the United Kingdom and all of the Commonwealth Realms ; until the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 amended it with effect from 2015, the Act of Settlement also banned from
300-631: A Russian lay theologian of the nineteenth century, claimed that "All Protestants are Crypto-Papists". Although the term has been used as a means of attacking Protestants with high church sympathies, such as William Laud and John Spottiswoode , at other times there have been individuals who have secretly converted to Catholicism, for example, James II of England , Bartholomew Remov and Yelizaveta Fyodorovich . Some people may later on openly convert, such as George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore , or secretly convert with reservations, such as John III of Sweden . Dog-whistle politics In politics ,
360-416: A byproduct of them is [that] blacks get hurt worse than whites. And subconsciously maybe that is part of it. I'm not saying that. But I'm saying that if it is getting that abstract, and that coded, that we are doing away with the racial problem one way or the other. You follow me – because obviously sitting around saying, "We want to cut this" is much more abstract than even the busing thing, and
420-601: A codeword historically used against non-white immigrants. Midway through the election campaign, the Conservative Party had hired Australian political strategist Lynton Crosby as a political adviser when they fell to third place in the polls - behind the Liberal Party and the New Democratic Party . On 17 September 2015, during a televised election debate, Stephen Harper, while discussing
480-541: A dog whistle in the context of Indonesian politics . Lynton Crosby, who had previously managed John Howard 's four election campaigns in Australia, worked as a Conservative Party adviser during the 2005 UK general election , and the term was introduced to British political discussion at this time. In what Goodin calls "the classic case" of dog-whistling, Crosby created a campaign for the Conservatives with
540-470: A dog-whistle to some whiter and more Anglo-Saxon past". Former Fox News anchor Tucker Carlson has been reported to use dog-whistling tactics on his former commentary show Tucker Carlson Tonight . During the 2018 gubernatorial race in Florida, Ron DeSantis came under criticism for comments that were allegedly racist, saying: "The last thing we need to do is to monkey this up by trying to embrace
600-491: A drug user, possibly a drug seller, and married to an angry, ungrateful black woman. A light-hearted 2008 article by Amy Chozick in The Wall Street Journal questioned whether Obama was too thin to be elected president, given the average weight of Americans; commentator Timothy Noah wrote that this was a racist dog-whistle, because "When white people are invited to think about Obama's physical appearance,
660-501: A functioning plural society, and muddle our ability to reliably hold political figures responsible for their actions. Given our interest in addressing these harms, it makes sense to limit our definition of dog whistles to the types of bi-level meaning which engender them." For another instance of criticism, albeit from another direction, the psychologist Steven Pinker has remarked that the concept of dog whistling allows people to "claim that anyone says anything because you can easily hear
SECTION 10
#1732765920759720-509: A hell of a lot more abstract than "Nigger, nigger." Atwater was contrasting this with then-President Ronald Reagan 's campaign, which he felt "was devoid of any kind of racism, any kind of reference". However, Ian Haney López , an American law professor and author of the 2014 book Dog Whistle Politics , described Reagan as "blowing a dog whistle" when the candidate told stories about " Cadillac -driving ' welfare queens ' and 'strapping young bucks' buying T-bone steaks with food stamps " while he
780-454: A living organism, a unity of love, ineffable freedom, the truth of the faith not subject to rationalization. From the outside the Church is not knowable or definable; she is known only by those who are within her, by those who are her living members. The sin of scholastic theology was that it attempted to formulate rationalistically the essence of the Church; that is, it attempted to transform
840-574: A man of the Church, the Church expresses the Truth -- for that is "the Holy Spirit's desire," and her task is to discover the truth abiding in God that is independent of her -- Khomyakov's theory of the Church leaves the impression that the decrees of the whole Church are true because they are the decrees of the whole Church. This word whole suggests that the decrees of the Church are not a discovery of
900-462: A massive transfer of wealth to the top 1 percent of the population since the 1980s. In the U.S., the phrase "international bankers" is a well-known dog whistle code for Jews. Its use as such is derived from the anti-Semitic fabrication The Protocols of the Elders of Zion . It was frequently used by the fascist-supporting radio personality Charles Coughlin on his national show. His repeated use of
960-497: A slogan that has been used as a racial code over at least the past half-century". During the 2016 presidential election campaign and on a number of occasions throughout his presidency, Donald Trump was accused of using racial and antisemitic "dog whistling" techniques by politicians and major news outlets. New York Times columnist Ross Douthat remarked that the Trump campaign "slogan 'Make America Great Again' can be read as
1020-441: A socialist agenda with huge tax increases and bankrupting the state. That is not going to work. That's not going to be good for Florida." DeSantis was accused of using the verb "monkey" as a racist dog whistle; his opponent, Andrew Gillum , was an African American. DeSantis denied that his comment was meant to be racially charged. Roberto Saviano of The Guardian claimed that Italian right-wing politician Giorgia Meloni used
1080-457: A targeted evangelical Christian political base. William Safire , in Safire's Political Dictionary , offered the example of Bush's criticism during the 2004 presidential campaign of the U.S. Supreme Court 's 1857 Dred Scott decision denying the U.S. citizenship of any African American . To most listeners the criticism seemed innocuous, Safire wrote, but "sharp-eared observers" understood
1140-417: A turn-off for non-Christian voters. Australian political theorist Robert E. Goodin argues that the problem with dog-whistling is that it undermines democracy, because if voters have different understandings of what they were supporting during a campaign, the fact that they were seeming to support the same thing is "democratically meaningless" and does not give the dog-whistler a policy mandate . The term
1200-487: A waterfall of ideas and themes, provoke many acute and troubling doubts? The chief of this, of course, is the attribution of Protestantism to Khomyakov. For Khomyakov, the essence of Protestantism consists only in protest against Romanism , but with the fundamental premises and characteristic modes of thought of the latter preserved. But is that really the case? The development of Protestantism and its derivatives after Khomyakov has undeniably shown that Protestantism, as
1260-540: Is a key characteristic of dog whistles. Aleksey Khomyakov Defunct Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov ( Russian : Алексе́й Степа́нович Хомяко́в ; 13 May [ O.S. 1 May] 1804 – 5 October [ O.S. 23 September] 1860) was a Russian theologian, philosopher, poet and amateur artist. He co-founded the Slavophile movement along with Ivan Kireyevsky , and he became one of its most distinguished theoreticians. His son Nikolay Khomyakov
SECTION 20
#17327659207591320-470: Is problematic in the way prototypical dog whistles like welfare queen and family values are. Some, like backhanded compliments to political rivals, aren't a major source of social ills. Some, like aspirational hypocrisy (Quill 2010) and deliberate doublespeak meant to bring diverse constituencies together (Maloyed 2011), might even be socially beneficial. Keep in mind what makes dog whistles problematic: they harm disadvantaged groups, undermine our ability to have
1380-461: The 2008 Democratic primaries , writer Enid Lynette Logan criticized Hillary Clinton 's campaign's reliance on code words and innuendo seemingly designed to frame Barack Obama's race as problematic, saying Obama was characterized by the Clinton campaign and its prominent supporters as anti-white due to his association with Rev. Jeremiah Wright , as able to attract only black votes, as anti-patriotic,
1440-702: The Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki at a conference opposing ecumenism , and the word sees some wider use in the Eastern Orthodox Church . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word Papist was first used in 1528. The word was in common use by Protestant writers until the mid-nineteenth century, as shown by its frequent appearance in Thomas Macaulay 's History of England from
1500-498: The Mussolini -era slogan "God, homeland, family" as a dog-whistle to signal her anti-immigration stance, and in 2019, she used her identity as a dog whistle, proclaiming at a rally: "I am Giorgia, I am a woman, I am a mother, I am Italian, I am a Christian." Washington Post columnist Philip Bump contended that Meloni has used the term "financial speculators" as a dog-whistle to conceal antisemitism . Academics disagree on whether
1560-716: The Accession of James II and in other works of that period, including those with no sectarian bias. The word is found in certain surviving statutes of the United Kingdom , for example in the English Bill of Rights of 1689 and the Scottish Claim of Right of 1689. Catholics have been excluded from the British throne for centuries. In 1701, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement , which requires that only
1620-425: The Church from a mystery known only to believers into something subject to the knowledge of objective reason. For Khomyakov, freedom must be "actualized in sobornost , not in individualism". However, sobornost is also a site of freedom: It is difficult to find a freer sense of the Church. Nothing coerces Khomyakov. In his relation to the Church there is nothing from outside; all is from within. For him, life in
1680-561: The Church is life in freedom. Indeed, the Church is unity in love and freedom. The Church is not an institution and not an authority. The Church has nothing juridical, no rationalization. For Khomyakov, wherever one finds genuine love in Christ, freedom in Christ, unity in Christ, there one finds the Church. No formal characteristics define the essence of the Church. Even the universal councils are genuinely universal and therefore authoritative only because they are freely and lovingly sanctioned by
1740-761: The Russian peasants for their humility. Khomyakov died from cholera , infected by a peasant he had attempted to treat. He was buried next to his brother-in-law, Nikolai Yazykov , and another disciple, Nikolai Gogol , in the Danilov Monastery . The Soviets arranged for their disinterment and had them reburied at the new Novodevichy Cemetery . The Russian religious philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev located Khomyakov's significance in his attempt to free Christianity from rationalism. As he wrote in his 1912 book, Aleksei Stepanovich Khomiakov : Khomiakov will be eternally remembered, first and foremost, for his statement of
1800-677: The Truth but an invention of the Truth, as if the Truth were immanent to human reason, even if the latter is taken in its sobornost , and not transcendent to human reason and revealed to the latter from its transcendence. I have used the word impression . Yes, impression, for this sort of aim could not have distinctly arisen in Khomyakov's consciousness, and even less could he have expressed it. Khomyakov's thought tends to evade ontological determinacy, glistening before us in its play of mother-of-pearl. But this play of surface tones, brilliant but not substantial, and therefore changing their contours at
1860-619: The United States government would follow the dictates of the Vatican. As of 2022, John F. Kennedy and Joe Biden are the only Roman Catholics to have been elected President of the United States. The term is still sometimes used today, although much less often than in earlier centuries. In early use the term appeared in the compound form "Crypto-Papist", referring to members of Reformed, Protestant, or nonconformist churches who at heart were allegedly Roman Catholics. Alexis Khomiakhov ,
Popery - Misplaced Pages Continue
1920-1014: The United States, was described in 2007 by journalist David Greenberg in Slate as "code words" for institutionalized segregation and racism. States' rights was the banner under which groups like the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties argued in 1955 against school desegregation. In 1981, former Republican Party strategist Lee Atwater , when giving an anonymous interview discussing former president Richard Nixon 's Southern strategy , speculated that terms like "states' rights" were used for dog-whistling: You start out in 1954 by saying, " Nigger , nigger, nigger." By 1968, you can't say "nigger" – that hurts you. Backfires. So you say stuff like forced busing , states' rights, and all that stuff. You're getting so abstract now, you're talking about cutting taxes. And all these things you're talking about are totally economic things and
1980-475: The alleged dogwhistles that aren't in the actual literal contents of what the person says". Mark Liberman has argued that it is common for speech and writing to convey messages that will only be picked up on by part of the audience, but that this does not usually mean that the speaker is deliberately conveying a double message. Finally, Robert Henderson and Elin McCready argue that plausible deniability
2040-430: The chief expression of the culture of recent times, is based on humanism , the elevation of humanity, the divinization of humanity. To use a term borrowed from philosophy, Protestantism is based on immanentism , meaning humanity's intention to create all reality out of itself, outside of and apart from God, that is, out of nothing, and, first and foremost, sacred reality; to create this reality in all senses, beginning with
2100-474: The dog-whistle notion has conceptual validity and furthermore on the mechanisms by which discourses identified as dog-whistles function. For instance, the sociologist Barry Hindess criticized Josh Fear's and Robert E. Goodin's respective attempts to theorize dog-whistles on the grounds that they did not pass the Weberian test of value neutrality: "In the case of the concept of ‘dog-whistle politics,' we find that
2160-475: The essence of Protestantism, although in an immeasurably improved form -- chiefly through the introduction of the idea of sobornost (although the idea of the sobornost of consciousness is not completely foreign to Western philosophy, for instance, to Kant, not to mention Schelling of the final period, Feuerbach, Comte, and so on.) ...do not the very foundations of his opinion seem suspicious to an Orthodox believer when they are examined attentively? Whereas, for
2220-546: The expense of co-operation . In his own words, "Rome kept unity at the expense of freedom, while Protestants had freedom but lost unity". Khomyakov's own ideals revolved around the term sobornost , the Slavonic equivalent of catholicity found in the Nicene Creed ; it can be loosely translated as "togetherness" or "symphony". Khomyakov viewed the Russian obshchina as a perfect example of sobornost and extolled
2280-438: The extremely rich, such as slashing taxes for top income brackets, giving corporations more regulatory control over industry and financial markets, union busting , cutting pensions for future public employees, reducing funding for public schools, and retrenching the social welfare state. He argues that these same voters cannot link rising inequality which has affected their lives to the policy agendas they support, which resulted in
2340-421: The formation of concepts and ending with spiritual reality. Meanwhile, the essence of Orthodoxy is ontologism -- "the reception of reality from God" as given, not as created by humanity. The essence of Orthodoxy is humility and gratitude. But what do we see in Khomyakov? ... Inquiring more attentively into Khomyakov's theories, we, to our sorrowful surprise, see the same spirit of immanentism that constitutes
2400-632: The general phenomena of coded messaging […] and dog whistling in particular, leaving us to suspect that dog whistling should be seen not so much as a novel form of rhetoric, but rather, to borrow an image from Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan, as a familiar form misliked." In effect, the philosopher Carlos Santana corroborates Hindess's criticism of the dog-whistle notion as being dependent on the investigator's social and moral values during his own attempted definition, writing: "We don't want every instance of bi-level meaning in political discourse to count as dog whistles, because not every instance of political doublespeak
2460-406: The government's controversial decision to remove certain immigrants and refugee claimants from accessing Canada's health care system, made reference to " Old Stock Canadians " as being in support of the government's position. Marlene Jennings called his words racist and divisive, as they are used to exclude Canadians of colour. Darmawan Prasodjo notes the use of the concept of "strong leadership" as
Popery - Misplaced Pages Continue
2520-400: The investigator's—in this case, Fear's—disapproval enters into the definition of the object of study. Goodin avoids this problem, clearly signalling his disapproval—for example, with his ‘particularly pernicious' (2008, p. 224)—but not letting it interfere with his own conceptualisation of the phenomenon. The difficulty here is that this abstinence leaves him with no real distinction between
2580-473: The people of the Church. Free sobornost in love -- this is where one finds the true organism of the Church. This is a very bold conception of the Church, which must frighten official theologians. This conception may be alien to theological scholasticism, but it is close to the spirit of sacred tradition and the Holy Scripture . Khomyakov ascribes special significance to sacred tradition, since he sees
2640-480: The phrase from political pollsters. In her 2006 book Voting for Jesus: Christianity and Politics in Australia , academic Amanda Lohrey writes that the goal of the dog-whistle is to appeal to the greatest possible number of electors while alienating the smallest possible number. She uses as an example politicians choosing broadly appealing words such as " family values ", which have extra resonance for Christians, while avoiding overt Christian moralizing that might be
2700-529: The popular Robinson Crusoe (1719), near the end of the novel: "[...] I began to regret having professed myself a Papist, and thought it might not be the best religion to die with." Similar terms, such as the traditional popery and the more recent papalism , are sometimes used, as in the Popery Act 1698 and the Irish Popery Act . The Seventh-day Adventist prophetess Ellen G. White used
2760-409: The principal attribute they're likely to dwell on is his dark skin." In a 2010 speech, Sarah Palin criticized Obama, saying "we need a commander in chief, not a professor of law standing at the lectern". Harvard professor (and Obama ally) Charles Ogletree called this attack racist, because the true idea being communicated was "that he's not one of us". MSNBC commentator Lawrence O'Donnell called
2820-430: The problem of the Church and his attempt to reveal the essence of the Church. Khomiakov approached the essence of the Church from within, not from outside. First of all he did not believe that it is possible to formulate a concept of the Church. The essence of the Church is inexpressible; like all living organisms, she cannot be encompassed by any formula, is not subject to any formal definitions. The Church is, first of all,
2880-504: The remark to be a pointed reminder that Supreme Court decisions can be reversed, and a signal that, if re-elected, Bush might nominate to the Supreme Court a justice who would overturn Roe v. Wade . This view is echoed in a 2004 Los Angeles Times article by Peter Wallsten. During Barack Obama 's campaign and presidency, a number of left-wing commentators described various statements about Obama as racist dog-whistles. During
2940-413: The slightest turn of the head, does not yield a stable content of thought and leaves alarm and doubt in one's heart. Immanentism -- that is the flavor of Khomyakov's theories. Nevertheless, Florensky is by no means dismissive of Khomyakov. He insists that "there is hardly any need to doubt the significance of Khomiakov the thinker and the nobility of his person. No one doubts his talents and intellect, nor
3000-488: The slogan "Are you thinking what we're thinking?": a series of posters, billboards, TV commercials and direct mail pieces with messages like "It's not racist to impose limits on immigration" and "how would you feel if a bloke on early release attacked your daughter?" focused on controversial issues like insanitary hospitals, land grabs by squatters and restraints on police behaviour. The phrase " states' rights ", literally referring to powers of individual state governments in
3060-607: The spirit of sobornost in it. For him the Holy Scripture is only an inner fact of the life of the Church, that is, it is grasped through sacred tradition. Berdyaev's contemporary Pavel Florensky , also a renowned religious philosopher, was not so sanguine. In his 1916 pamphlet, Around Khomyakov , he accused Khomyakov of taking away the transcendent truth of Christianity by placing so much emphasis on human agreement. Florensky considers that to be immanentism , which ultimately veers into Protestantism : Does not Khomyakov,
SECTION 50
#17327659207593120-471: The term dog whistle in reference to politics may have been derived from its use in the field of opinion polling . Safire quotes Richard Morin, director of polling for The Washington Post , as writing in 1988: subtle changes in question-wording sometimes produce remarkably different results ... researchers call this the "Dog Whistle Effect": Respondents hear something in the question that researchers do not. He speculates that campaign workers adapted
3180-418: The term was a factor in the distributor CBS opting not to renew his contract. The word "globalists" is similarly widely considered an anti-Semitic dog whistle. Journalist Craig Unger wrote that President George W. Bush and Karl Rove used coded "dog-whistle" language in political campaigning, delivering one message to the overall electorate while at the same time delivering quite a different message to
3240-528: The terms papist and popery throughout her book The Great Controversy , a volume harshly criticized for its anti-Catholic tone. During the American presidential election of 1928 , the Democratic nominee Al Smith was labeled a papist by his political opponents. He was the first Roman Catholic ever to gain the presidential nomination of a major party, and this led to fears that, if he were elected,
3300-712: The test may appear reasonable at face value, but is really intended to appeal to those opposing immigration from particular geographic regions. During the 2015 Canadian federal election , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) reported on a controversy involving the Conservative party leader, incumbent Prime Minister Stephen Harper , using the phrase "old-stock Canadians" in a debate, apparently to appeal to his party's base supporters. Commentators, including pollster Frank Graves and former Quebec Liberal MP Marlene Jennings , saw this as
3360-611: The throne anyone who married "a papist". Fears that Roman Catholic secular leaders would be anti-Protestant and would be unduly influenced from Rome arose after all allegiance to the Pope was banned in England in the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I . Jonathan Swift (1667–1745), the author of Gulliver's Travels , employed the term in his satirical essay A Modest Proposal , in which he proposed selling Irish babies to be eaten by wealthy English landlords. Daniel Defoe wrote in
3420-874: Was a speaker of the State Duma . Khomyakov's whole life was centred on Moscow. He viewed this "thousand-domed city" as the epitome of the Russian way of life. Equally successful as a landlord and conversationalist, he published very little during his lifetime. His writings, printed posthumously by his friends and disciples, exerted a profound influence on the Russian Orthodox Church and Russian philosophers, such as Fyodor Dostoyevsky , Konstantin Pobedonostsev , and Vladimir Solovyov . For Khomyakov, socialism and capitalism were equally repugnant offspring of Western decadence. The West failed to solve human spiritual problems, as it stressed competition at
3480-536: Was campaigning for the presidency. He argues that such rhetoric pushes middle-class white Americans to vote against their economic self-interest in order to punish "undeserving minorities" who, they believe, are receiving too much public assistance at their expense. According to López, conservative middle-class whites, convinced by powerful economic interests that minorities are the enemy, supported politicians who promised to curb illegal immigration and crack down on crime but inadvertently also voted for policies that favor
3540-471: Was first picked up in Australian politics in the mid-1990s, and was frequently applied to the political campaigning of John Howard . Throughout his 11 years as Australian prime minister and particularly in his fourth term, Howard was accused of communicating messages appealing to anxious Australian voters using code words such as "un-Australian", "mainstream", and "illegals". One notable example
3600-484: Was the Howard government's message on refugee arrivals. His government's tough stance on immigration was popular with voters, but was accused of using the issue to additionally send veiled messages of support to voters with racist leanings, while maintaining plausible deniability by avoiding overtly racist language. Another example was the publicity of the Australian citizenship test in 2007. It has been argued that
#758241