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124-518: The exposition was held to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Storming of the Bastille , which marked the beginning of French Revolution , and was also seen as a way to stimulate the economy and pull France out of an economic recession. The exposition attracted 61,722 official exhibitors, of whom twenty-five thousand were from outside of France. Admission to the exposition cost forty centimes, at

248-706: A Chapelle des Bourbons  [ fr ] to be built behind the chancel of the Basilica of Saint-Denis , the French monarch's necropolis since ancient times. Several projects were submitted in the mid-1660s by both Mansart and Gian Lorenzo Bernini , who was residing in Paris at the time. Mansart's second project is very close to Hardouin-Mansart's concept of the Royal Chapel or Dome Church at Les Invalides , both in terms of its architecture and of its relationship with

372-408: A Paris suburb. Speaking of the tower construction workers, the son-in-law of Eiffel, declared, "no soldier on the battle field deserved better mention than these humble toilers, who, will never go down in history." During the exposition, no one other than construction personnel were allowed higher than the second viewing platform. In the first week of the exposition, 29,922 persons climbed the tower to

496-466: A building by the Paris architect Pierre-Henri Picq . This was an elaborate iron and glass structure decorated with ceramic tiles in a Byzantine-Egyptian-Romanesque style. After the exposition the building was shipped to Fort de France and reassembled there, the work being completed by 1893. Known as the Schœlcher Library, initially it contained the 10,000 books that Victor Schœlcher had donated to

620-472: A detailed report on the defense of the Bastille, which was incorporated in the logbook of the Salis-Samade Regiment and has survived. It is (perhaps unfairly) critical of the dead Marquis de Launay, whom Flue accuses of weak and indecisive leadership. The blame for the fall of the Bastille would rather appear to lie with the inertia of the commanders of the 5,000 Royal Army troops encamped on

744-511: A free country, the King a very limited monarch, and the nobility as reduced to a level with the rest of the nation." On 22 July 1789 the populace lynched Controller-General of Finances Joseph Foullon de Doué and his son-in-law Louis Bénigne François Bertier de Sauvigny . Both had held official positions under the monarchy. About 900 people who claimed to have stormed the Bastille received certificates ( Brevet de vainqueur de la Bastille ) from

868-457: A huge property of the clergy, which functioned as a convent, hospital, school, and even a jail. An angry mob broke in and plundered the property, seizing 52 wagons of wheat, which were taken to the public market. The same day, multitudes of people plundered many other places including weapon arsenals. Royal troops did nothing to stop the spreading of social chaos in Paris during those days. The regiment of Gardes Françaises (French Guards) formed

992-466: A mainly conscript army after 1872 meant a substantial reduction in the number of veterans having the twenty or more years of military service formerly required to enter the Hôpital des Invalides. The building accordingly became too large for its original purpose. The modern complex does, however, still include the facilities detailed below for about a hundred elderly or incapacitated former soldiers. When

1116-498: A minaret, two mosques, a school and two ornamental gateways. The doors, windows, and architectural fittings and decoration were real, imported from demolished buildings in Cairo. The street was populated by real Egyptians in costumes, including musicians, belly dancers, artists, craftsmen, and vendors of various Egyptian foods and delicacies. The exposition featured several other examples of picturesque habitations and villages from around

1240-498: A pastry cook named Dulait in the groin. Launay was then stabbed repeatedly and died. An English traveller, Doctor Edward Rigby, reported what he saw, "[We] perceived two bloody heads raised on pikes, which were said to be the heads of the Marquis de Launay, Governor of the Bastille, and of Monsieur Flesselles, Prévôt des Marchands. It was a chilling and a horrid sight! ... Shocked and disgusted at this scene, [we] retired immediately from

1364-439: A shrine to some of France's leading military figures, most notably the tomb of Napoleon . Louis XIV initiated the project by an order dated 24 November 1670 to create a home and hospital for aged and disabled ( invalide ) soldiers, the veterans of his many military campaigns. The initial architect of Les Invalides was Libéral Bruant . The selected site was in the then suburban plain of Grenelle ( plaine de Grenelle ). By

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1488-555: A special function, as the residence of the President of France when he visited the exposition. Many smaller but picturesque buildings were included within or adjacent to the exposition. The architect Hector Guimard , then just twenty-two years old, built his first two buildings for the exposition; The cafe-restaurant Au Grand Neptune at 148 Quai Louis-Bleriot (Paris 16th arrondissement), and a small Pavillon of Electricity for an electrician named Ferdinand de Boyéres, located just outside

1612-533: A striking contrast to the very modern Palace of Machines, next to it. It was the idea of Baron Delort Gléon, an art collector and specialist in Egyptian art, with financial support from Charles De Lesseps, the head of the Egyptian committee for the exposition, and son of Ferdinand De Lesseps, the builder of the Suez Canal . It was a winding street, with buildings at odd angles, and featured, among other buildings,

1736-477: A system of hinged arches (like a series of bridge spans placed not end-to-end but parallel) made of steel or iron. Although often described as being constructed of steel, it was actually made of iron. One important goal of the exposition was to present the latest in science and technology. Thomas Edison visited the exposition to visit a pavilion devoted to his recent inventions, including an improved phonograph with clearer sound quality. Another new technology that

1860-469: A time when the price of an "economy" plate of meat and vegetables in a Paris cafe was ten centimes. Visitors paid an additional price for several of the exposition's most popular attractions. Climbing the Eiffel Tower cost five Francs; admission to the popular panoramas, theatres and concerts was one franc. Visitors from the French provinces could buy a ticket which included the train fare and entry into

1984-459: A tower exactly to those dimensions. The structural design was created by two Eiffel engineers, Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, who along with Eiffel himself, received the patent for the plan. An Eiffel architect, Stephen Sauvestre, designed the curving form and decoration which gave the tower its distinctive appearance. Eiffel was granted exclusive rights for twenty years to operate the tower and its restaurants and viewing platforms. A site next to

2108-414: A trap and the fighting became more violent and intense, while attempts by deputies to organise a cease-fire were ignored by the attackers. The firing continued, and after 3:00 pm, the attackers were reinforced by mutinous gardes françaises , along with two cannons each of which was reportedly fired about six times. Several farm wagons were filled with damp straw, which was set alight to provide cover for

2232-426: Is largely open at the base, allowed the visitors below to see the art painted on the dome above by Charles de La Fosse . The windows are masked by the lower dome, which permits natural lighting and gives the impression that viewers are actually seeing the sky, a popular Baroque affect. The interior of the dome is divided into two separate churches; beneath the dome is the chapel that was used, on rare occasions, by

2356-583: Is next, downstream the Seine river. The buildings still comprise the Institution Nationale des Invalides, a national institution for disabled war veterans . The institution comprises: [[See Also Napoleon's Tomb Napoleon's tomb , located within the Dome des Invalides,is one of the most-visited landmarks in Paris. Napoleon's body was returned to France from [Saint Helena]] in 1840, but the tomb

2480-570: The Bastille later the same day. Napoleon was entombed under the Dome of the Invalides with a grand ceremony in 1840. The separation between the two churches was reinforced in the 19th century with the erection of Napoleon's tomb , the creation of the two separate altars, and the construction of a glass wall between the two chapels. The building retained its primary function as a retirement home and hospital for military veterans ( invalides ) until

2604-628: The Musée de l'Armée , the museum of the Army of France, the Musée des Plans-Reliefs , and the Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine . The complex also includes the Cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides , the national cathedral of the French military. It is adjacent to the Royal Chapel known as the Dôme des Invalides , the tallest church building in Paris at a height of 107 meters. The latter has been converted into

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2728-671: The National Assembly in 1790, and a number of these still exist. Although there were arguments that the Bastille should be preserved as a monument to liberation or as a depot for the new National Guard, the Permanent Committee of Municipal Electors at the Paris Town Hall gave the construction entrepreneur Pierre-François Palloy the commission of disassembling the building. Palloy commenced work immediately, employing about 1,000 workers. The demolition of

2852-775: The National Guard at Paris; Jean-Sylvain Bailly —leader of the Third Estate and instigator of the Tennis Court Oath —became the city's mayor under a new governmental structure known as the Commune de Paris . The king announced that he would recall Necker and return from Versailles to Paris; on 17 July, in Paris, he accepted a blue-and-red cockade from Bailly and entered the Hôtel de Ville to cries of "Long live

2976-525: The Netherlands , Portugal , Russia and Sweden . Nonetheless, many citizens and companies from those countries participated, and a number of countries had their participation entirely funded by private sponsors. They included Germany and Alsace-Lorraine , Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil , China , Denmark , Egypt , Spain, the United Kingdom and its colonies, Haiti , Italy, Luxembourg ,

3100-543: The Polignac family, and (slightly later) Charles Alexandre de Calonne , the former finance minister. They settled at Turin , where Calonne, as agent for the count d'Artois and the prince de Condé, began plotting civil war within the kingdom and agitating for a European coalition against France. The news of the successful insurrection at Paris spread throughout France. In accord with principles of popular sovereignty and with complete disregard for claims of royal authority,

3224-808: The Royal German Cavalry Regiment ("Royal-Allemand") between the Place Vendôme and the Tuileries Palace . From atop the Champs-Élysées , Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (Marshal of the Camp, Proprietor of the Royal Allemand-Dragoons) unleashed a cavalry charge that dispersed the remaining protesters at Place Louis XV—now Place de la Concorde . The Royal commander, Baron de Besenval , fearing

3348-562: The South African Republic , Switzerland , Uruguay and Venezuela . The British dominions of New Zealand and Tasmania also took part. Because of the theme of the exposition, celebrating the overthrow of the French monarchy, nearly all European countries with monarchies officially boycotted the exposition. The boycotting nations were Germany , Austria-Hungary , Belgium , Spain , the United Kingdom , Italy ,

3472-588: The Swiss Salis-Samade Regiment from the regular troops on the Champ de Mars . The walls mounted 18 eight-pound guns and 12 smaller pieces. The governor was Bernard-René de Launay , son of a previous governor and actually born within the Bastille. The official list of vainqueurs de la Bastille (conquerors of the Bastille) subsequently compiled has 954 names, and the total of the crowd

3596-785: The nobility , which made up less than 2% of France's population. On 17 June 1789, the Third Estate , with its representatives drawn from the commoners, reconstituted itself as the National Assembly , a body whose purpose was the creation of a French constitution. The King initially opposed that development but was forced to acknowledge the authority of the assembly, which renamed itself the National Constituent Assembly on 9 July. Paris, close to insurrection and in François Mignet 's words, "intoxicated with liberty and enthusiasm", showed wide support for

3720-739: The Army Museum at Les Invalides was founded in 1905, the veterans' chapel was placed under its administrative control. It is now the cathedral of the Diocese of the French Armed Forces , officially known as Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides. The Esplanade des Invalides, the expansive green space in front of the historic Hôtel des Invalides, was a key venue for multiple sports during the Paris 2024 Summer Olympics . It hosted archery, para-archery, road cycling, and marathon events, with

3844-729: The Assembly. The press published the debates, and political debate spread beyond the Assembly itself into the public squares and halls of the capital. The Palais-Royal and its grounds became the site of an ongoing meeting. The crowd, on the authority of the meeting at the Palais-Royal, broke open the Prisons of the Abbaye to release some grenadiers of the French Guards , who had been reportedly imprisoned for refusing to fire on

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3968-421: The Bastille ( French : Prise de la Bastille [pʁiz də la bastij] ) occurred in Paris , France , on 14 July 1789, when revolutionary insurgents attempted to storm and seize control of the medieval armoury , fortress and political prison known as the Bastille . After four hours of fighting and 94 deaths, the insurgents were able to enter the Bastille. The governor de Launay and several members of

4092-506: The Bastille and had them carved into replicas of the fortress, which he sold, along with medals allegedly made from the chains of prisoners. Pieces of stone from the structure were sent to every district in France, and some have been located. Various other pieces of the Bastille also survive, including stones used to build the Pont de la Concorde bridge over the Seine, and one of the towers, which

4216-495: The Bastille for safer storage. At this point, the Bastille was nearly empty, housing only seven prisoners: four forgers arrested under warrants issued by the Grand Châtelet court; James F.X. Whyte, an Irish born "lunatic" suspected of spying and imprisoned at the request of his family; Auguste-Claude Tavernier, who had tried to assassinate Louis XV thirty years before; and one "deviant" aristocrat suspected of murder,

4340-462: The Bastille storming in "Book The Second - the Golden Thread, " Chapter 21, “Echoing Footsteps” (“Seven prisoners released, seven gory heads on pikes, the keys of the accursed fortress of the eight strong towers, some discovered letters and other memorials of prisoners of old time, long dead of broken hearts, - such, and such - like, the loudly echoing footsteps of Saint Antione escort through

4464-560: The Champ de Mars, who did not act when either the nearby Hôtel des Invalides or the Bastille were attacked. A brief order sent from the Baron de Besenval to the Governor read only "M. de Launay is to hold firm to the end; I have sent him sufficient forces". Returning to the Hôtel de Ville, the mob accused the prévôt dès marchands (roughly, mayor) Jacques de Flesselles of treachery, and he

4588-567: The Comte de Solages, imprisoned by his father using a lettre de cachet . A previous prisoner the Marquis de Sade had been transferred out ten days earlier, after shouting to passers-by that the prisoners were being massacred. The high cost of maintaining a garrisoned medieval fortress, for what was seen as having a limited purpose, had led to a decision being made shortly before the disturbances began to replace it with an open public space. Amid

4712-733: The Dome church by year of burial there: 82 additional military figures, including 28 Governors of Les Invalides , are buried in the Caveau des Gouverneurs , an underground gallery beneath the Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides: Two of these, Gabriel Malleterre and Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque , are also honored with a plaque inside the Saint-Louis-des-Invalides cathedral. Another plaque honors Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1889–1952), posthumous Marshal of France , commander of

4836-755: The Eiffel Tower later in his visit (Sept 10), where he was hosted for a lunch in Eiffel's private apartment on the Tower, along with the composer Charles Gounod . Other prominent visitors included the Shah of Persia Nasereddin Shah , Prince of Wales (the future Edward VII ) and his wife, Princess Alexandra ; artists Antoni Gaudi , James McNeill Whistler , Edvard Munch , Rosa Bonheur and Paul Gauguin ; U.S. journalist and diplomat Whitelaw Reid ; author Henry James ; Filipino patriots José Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar ; and inventor Nikola Tesla . A central attraction in

4960-793: The Eiffel Tower on a narrow strip of land along Quai D'Orsay and the banks of the Seine. The houses were arranged by century and by continent, beginning with Garnier's idea of prehistoric dwellings and huts, through the Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and other early civilizations, through the Middle Ages and Renaissance to the modern then houses from Japan, and China and the homes of Eskimos, and dwellings from Africa, Japan, China and Lapland, and dwellings of Native Americans, Aztecs and Incas. The dwellings were designed by Garnier with more imagination than strict historical accuracy, but they were picturesque and very popular. The Roman House had

5084-403: The Eiffel Tower. In addition to the architectural displays of France's colonies, the exposition showcased a construction of villages inhabited by natives of the colonies, to be observed by viewers. The colonized people had their daily lives displayed for the exposition visitors, which made some of them uncomfortable. Samba Lawbé Thiam, a jeweler from Senegal who was part of the 1889 Exposition, said

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5208-631: The Forest of Dampierre . Other major buildings included the Palaces of Liberal and Fine Arts, each with a richly decorated dome, facing each other across a garden and reflecting pool between the Eiffel Tower and the Palace of Machines. Both were designed by Jean-Camille Formigé with a similar plan. Both buildings had modern iron frames abundance of glass, but were completely covered with colorful ceramic tiles and sculpted decoration. The exposition included

5332-465: The French Guards made ineffectual attempts to rally their men. The rebellious citizenry had now acquired a trained military contingent. As word of that spread, the commanders of the royal forces encamped on the Champ de Mars became doubtful of the dependability of even the foreign regiments. The future "Citizen King", Louis-Philippe, duc d'Orléans , witnessed those events as a young officer and

5456-666: The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, all forming one of the grand open spaces in the heart of Paris. At its far end, the Pont Alexandre III links this grand urbanistic axis with the Petit Palais and the Grand Palais . The Pont des Invalides is next, downstream the Seine river. The Dome is the tallest and most famous of the buildings of Les Invalides. Designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart , it takes

5580-515: The French section was the Imperial Diamond , at the time the largest diamond in the world. The Mexican pavilion featured a model of an exotic (for Europeans) Aztec temple, a "combination of archeology, history, architecture, and technology." The presentation of Joseph Farcot 's steam engine, that had already won a prize in 1878. Most of the buildings were on military land or city-owned park land, and they were demolished shortly after

5704-424: The Invalides buildings providing a unique backdrop for athletes to compete. Hardouin-Mansart 's Dome chapel is large enough to dominate the long façade yet harmonizes with Bruant's door under an arched pediment on the north front of Les Invalides. To the north, the courtyard (cour d'honneur) is extended by a wide public esplanade ( Esplanade des Invalides ) where the embassies of Austria and Finland are neighbors of

5828-480: The Invalids ' ), commonly called Les Invalides ( French pronunciation: [lez ɛ̃valid] ; lit.   ' The Invalids ' ), is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris , France, containing museums and monuments , all relating to the military history of France , as well as a hospital and an Old Soldiers' retirement home , the building's original purpose. The buildings house

5952-452: The King" and "Long live the Nation". Immediately after the violence of 14 July members of the nobility—little assured by the apparent and, as it was to prove, temporary reconciliation of king and people—started to flee the country as émigrés . Among the first to leave were the comte d'Artois (the future Charles X of France ) and his two sons, the prince de Condé , the prince de Conti ,

6076-641: The Netherlands, Peru , Portugal, Romania , Russia, Finland and Sweden. The exposition occupied two large sites. The main site was on Champs de Mars on the Left Bank, which had been the parade ground of the Ecole Militaire , and had been occupied by the 1878 Universal Exposition . This was the site of the major part of the exposition, including the Eiffel Tower , Palace of Machines, and

6200-538: The Palaces of Fine Arts and Liberal Arts. The exposition extended across the Seine to the right bank, to the Trocadero Palace , which had been built on the heights for the 1878 Exposition. The slope from the Trocadero Palace down to the Seine was filled with terrace, fountains, gardens and horticultural exhibits. A separate, smaller site was located on the esplanade of Les Invalides , which hosted

6324-481: The Palais-Royal. Camille Desmoulins successfully rallied the crowd by "mounting a table, pistol in hand, exclaiming: 'Citizens, there is no time to lose; the dismissal of Necker is the knell of Saint Bartholomew for patriots! This very night all the Swiss and German battalions will leave the Champ de Mars to massacre us all; one resource is left; to take arms!'" The Swiss and German battalions referred to were among

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6448-508: The Paris streets in mid-July, one thousand seven hunderd and eighty-nine.”) La Révolution française , a 1989 French film dramatizes the storming in Part I. One Nation, One King , a 2018 French film dramatizes the storming. [REDACTED] Media related to Storming of the Bastille at Wikimedia Commons Les Invalides The Hôtel des Invalides ( French pronunciation: [o.tɛl dez ɛ̃valid] ; lit.   ' House of

6572-545: The Revolution's affairs. For this stage of the Revolution, the sans-culotte were allies to the "bourgeois Revolutionaries". At Versailles, the Assembly were for a few hours ignorant of most of the Paris events. The representatives remained however concerned that the Marshal de Broglie might still unleash a pro-Royalist coup to force them to adopt the order of 23 June, and then dissolve the Assembly. Noailles apparently

6696-595: The River was chosen, despite the infiltration of river water, since that land was owned by the City of Paris, and the tower could be kept in place after the exposition was completed. The construction lasted two years, two months and five days, and involved five hundred workers, who assembled eighteen thousand iron pieces, each of five meters and carefully numbered, which had been made at a factory in Levallois-Perret ,

6820-415: The Third Estate at Versailles has a better claim to being the founding event, noting that the "bourgeois Revolutionaries" of Versailles had a major role in steering the future of the revolution, using parliamentary and political mechanisms, for the next three years. Nonetheless, the fall of the Bastille marks the first time the regular citizens of Paris , the sans-culottes , made a major intervention into

6944-460: The Third Estate) and completely reconstituted the ministry. The marshals Victor-François, duc de Broglie , La Galissonnière , the duc de la Vauguyon , the Baron Louis de Breteuil , and the intendant Joseph Foullon de Doué , took over the posts of Puységur , Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin , La Luzerne , Saint-Priest , and Necker. News of Necker's dismissal reached Paris on the afternoon of Sunday, 12 July. The Parisians generally presumed that

7068-565: The adjacent church. Architectural historian Allan Braham has hypothesized that the domed chapel was initially intended to be a new burial place for the Bourbon Dynasty, but that project was not implemented. Instead, the massive building was designated as the private chapel of the monarch, which was attached to the Cathedral attended by the veterans. The Dôme des Invalides remains as one of the prime exemplars of French Baroque architecture , at 107 metres (351 ft) high, and also as an iconic symbol of France's absolute monarchy . The interior of

7192-408: The anniversary of the storming of the Bastille and the Fête de la Fédération which occurred on its first anniversary in 1790. In English this holiday is commonly referred to as Bastille Day. During the reign of Louis XVI , France faced a major economic crisis , caused in part by the cost of intervening in the American Revolution and exacerbated by regressive taxes , as well as poor harvests in

7316-493: The appreciation of the Frenchmen that they are masters of lands beyond the sea; thirdly, it will be remembered for its great collection of war material, the most absorbing subject now-a-days, unfortunately, to governments if not to individuals; and fourthly, it will be remembered, and with good cause by many, for the extraordinary manner in which South American countries are represented. The exposition itself included several large theatres for concerts and spectacles, including one for

7440-408: The besiegers. The clouds of smoke however proved a distraction for both sides and the wagons were hauled away. A substantial force of Royal Army troops encamped on the Champ de Mars did not intervene. With the possibility of mutual carnage becoming apparent, Governor de Launay ordered the garrison to cease firing at 5:00 pm. A letter written by de Launay offering surrender but threatening to explode

7564-437: The building's designation to become Napoleon's tomb by a law of 10 June 1840, as part of the political project of the retour des cendres orchestrated by king Louis-Philippe I and his minister Adolphe Thiers (the reference to Napoleon's cendres or "ashes" is actually to his mortal remains, as he had not been cremated). The creation of the crypt and of Napoleon's massive sarcophagus took twenty years to complete and

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7688-428: The control of the Bourgeois Militia of Paris (soon to become Revolutionary France's National Guard), had earlier stormed the Hôtel des Invalides without meeting significant opposition. Their intention had been to gather the weapons held there (29,000 to 32,000 muskets, but without powder or shot). The commandant at the Invalides had in the previous few days taken the precaution of transferring 250 barrels of gunpowder to

7812-412: The dancers of Les Follies Parisiens. A separate theatre presented the music and dance of the French colonies in Indochina. Operas and concerts were also given in the grand hall of the Trocadero Palace. Outside the exposition, other theatres and venues presented a range of spectacles including Buffalo Bill Cody and his Wild West Show, with the sharpshooter Annie Oakley . Transport around the exposition

7936-401: The decoration of the dome, asked La Fosse to decorate the cupola and the pendentives with paintings of the four Evangelists. In the same period, he decorated the salons of Diane and Apollo at the Palace of Versailles . (See also: Napoleon's tomb ) The Tomb of Napoleon is found within the Church of the Dome. It was created after his remains we returned to France from Saint Helena in 1840. It

8060-424: The dismissal marked the start of a coup by conservative elements. Liberal Parisians were further enraged by the fear that a concentration of Royal troops, brought in from frontier garrisons to Versailles , Sèvres , the Champ de Mars and Saint-Denis , would attempt to shut down the National Constituent Assembly , which was meeting in Versailles. Crowds gathered throughout Paris, including more than ten thousand at

8184-418: The dome was painted by Le Brun 's disciple Charles de La Fosse with a Baroque illusionistic ceiling painting . The painting was completed in 1705. Meanwhile, Hardouin-Mansart assisted the aged Bruant with the Cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, Paris , which was finished to Bruant's design after the latter died in 1697. Daily attendance of the veterans in the church services was required. Shortly after

8308-403: The early twentieth century. In 1872, the musée d'artillerie (Artillery Museum) was located within the building to be joined by the musée historique des armées (Historical Museum of the Armies) in 1896. The two institutions were merged to form the present musée de l'armée in 1905. At the same time, the veterans in residence were dispersed to smaller centres outside Paris. The reason was that adopting

8432-476: The entire width of the exposition site, the land between the avenue de la Bourdonnais and the present avenue de Suffren, and covered 77,000 square meters, with 34,700 square meters of glass windows. At 111 meters, the Gallery covered the longest interior space in the world at the time, It cost 7,430,000 Francs, or seven times the cost of the Eiffel Tower. It was later used again at the 1900 Universal Exposition and then destroyed in 1910. The Gallery of Machines used

8556-456: The exposition closed. The most notable survivor was the Eiffel Tower , which had been deliberately built on Paris city-owned land, to avoid demolition. The Exhibition included a building by the Paris architect Pierre-Henri Picq. This was an elaborate iron and glass structure decorated with ceramic tiles in a Byzantine-Egyptian-Romanesque style. After the exposition, the building was shipped to Fort-de-France in Martinique and reassembled there,

8680-401: The exposition site at avenue de Suffren. The Pavilion of electricity was demolished immediately after the exposition, and the cafe was torn down in 1910. the exhibition will be famous for four distinctive features. In the first place, for its buildings, especially the Eiffel tower and the Machinery Hall; in the second place, for its Colonial Exhibition, which for the first time brings vividly to

8804-451: The exposition was intended to be an educational element, but has also historically been framed as an exploitative and patronizing display of colonized people without their consent. This colonial section of the exposition was linked to the Champs de Mars site by a corridor of pavilions along the left Bank. This corridor, at the foot of the Eiffel Tower, also featured a display called "The History of Human Habitation", with model houses depicting

8928-482: The exposition, was the tallest structure in the world at the time. A competition to build what was simply called "A tower of three hundred meters" with a base one hundred meters wide, was announced in 1886. It was won by the construction firm of Gustave Eiffel , which had recently built the iron frame of the Statue of Liberty . The Eiffel firm had advance knowledge of the project and, beginning in 1884, had already designed

9052-673: The exposition. The total cost of exposition was 41,500,000 francs, while income was 49,500,000 francs. It was the last of the Paris world's fairs to make a profit. The countries that officially participated in the exposition were Andorra , Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Costa Rica , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , the United States , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Hawaii , Honduras , India , Japan , Morocco , Mexico , Monaco , Nicaragua , Norway , Paraguay , Persia , Saint-Martin, El Salvador , Serbia , Siam ,

9176-460: The famous French tricolour . White was the historic colour of the Bourbon monarchy and Lafayette's decision to retain it in the new symbol of national identity illustrates his intention to achieve a constitutional monarchy rather than moving to a revolutionary republic. On the morning of 14 July 1789, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm. The partisans of the Third Estate in France, now under

9300-452: The following: "We are very humiliated to be exhibited this way, in huts like savages; these straw and mud huts do not give an idea of Senegal. In Senegal ... we have large buildings, railroad stations, railroads; we light them with electricity. The Bureau of Hygiene does not tolerate the construction of this type of hovel. Those [existing ones] that fall into disrepair are not replaced." The incorporation of indigenous colonized individuals in

9424-435: The foreign mercenary troops who made up a significant portion of the pre-revolutionary Royal Army and were seen as being less likely to be sympathetic to the popular cause than ordinary French soldiers. By early July, approximately half of the 25,000 regular troops in Paris and Versailles were drawn from those foreign regiments. The French regiments included in the concentration appear to have been selected either because of

9548-419: The form of a Greek cross, on a square plan. Each of the facades is composed of two orders superimposed. The porch is topped by triangular fronton. It is crowned by a dome 90 meters, high, surmounted by lantern bringing the height to 107 meters (351 feet), making it taller than Notre Dame de Paris and the tallest of all Paris church domes. The dome is actually composed of two domes superimposed. The lower dome

9672-475: The fortress at 5:30 pm. Ninety-eight attackers and one defender had died in the actual fighting or subsequently from wounds, a disparity accounted for by the protection provided to the garrison by the fortress walls. Launay was seized and dragged towards the Hôtel de Ville in a storm of abuse. Outside the Hôtel, a discussion as to his fate began. The badly beaten Launay shouted "Enough! Let me die!" and kicked

9796-660: The fortress itself, the melting down of its clock portraying chained prisoners, and the breaking up of four statues were all carried out within five months. In 1790, Lafayette gave the wrought-iron, one-pound and three-ounce key to the Bastille to U.S. President George Washington . Washington displayed it prominently at government facilities and events in New York and in Philadelphia until shortly before his retirement in 1797. The key remains on display at Washington's residence of Mount Vernon . Palloy also took bricks from

9920-531: The garrison were killed after surrender. The Bastille then represented royal authority in the centre of Paris. The prison contained only seven inmates at the time of its storming and was already scheduled for demolition, but was seen by the revolutionaries as a symbol of the monarchy's abuse of power. Its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution . In France, 14 July is a national holiday called Fête nationale française which commemorates both

10044-600: The history of domestic architecture, designed with much imagination by Charles Garnier , architect of the Paris Opera . There were twenty-two different entrances to the exposition, around its perimeter. They were open from 8 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. for the major exhibits and palaces, and until 11:00 in the evening for the illuminated greens and restaurants. The major ceremonial entrance was located at Les Invalides consisting of two tall pylons with colorful ornament, like giant candelabras. The Eiffel Tower , built especially for

10168-485: The island. Today, it houses over 250,000 books and an ethnographic museum, and stands as a tribute to the man it is named after who led the movement to abolish slavery in Martinique . The exposition featured numerous fountains and reflecting pools, particularly in the mall that ran between the Eiffel Tower and the Palace of Machines. The largest fountain, near the Eiffel Tower, was entitled "The City of Paris enlightens

10292-525: The late 1780s. Furthermore, Finance Minister Calonne , Louis XVI's replacement for Jacques Necker , thought that lavish spending would secure loans by presenting the monarchy as wealthy. That only added to Louis' financial woes. On 5 May 1789, the Estates General convened to deal with the issue but were held back by archaic protocols and the conservatism of the Second Estate , representing

10416-490: The morning of 13 July, the electors of Paris met and agreed to the recruitment of a "bourgeois militia" of 48,000 men from the sixty voting districts of Paris, to restore order. Their identifying cockades were of blue and red, the colours of Paris. Lafayette was elected commander of that group on 14 July and subsequently changed its name to the National Guard. He added the colour white to the cockade on 27 July, to make

10540-661: The nations, there were pavilions of specialized industries, such as the Suez Canal company, the pavilion of the Transatlantic steamship company, the telephone and electricity pavilions, and the Pavilions of gas and oil. The Palace of Food Products was a very large and ornate structure, presenting French food and wine products. One of its highlights was an enormous sculpted wooden barrel from Champagne Mercier that could hold 200,000 bottles of champagne. An unusual display

10664-418: The north, the courtyard (cour d'honneur) is extended by a wide public esplanade ( Esplanade des Invalides ) where the embassies of Austria and Finland are neighbors of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, all forming one of the grand open spaces in the heart of Paris. At its far end, the Pont Alexandre III links this grand urbanistic axis with the Petit Palais and the Grand Palais . The Pont des Invalides

10788-466: The pavilions of the French colonies. This section featured a large assortment of outdoor restaurants and cafes with foods from Indochina, North Africa, and other cuisines from around the world. The colonial pavilions conveyed the multiculturalism of France's colonies, the largest of them being the Palais Central des Colonies, designed by Stephen Sauvestre , who notably contributed to the design of

10912-407: The people established parallel structures of municipalities for civic government and militias for civic protection. In rural areas, many went beyond this: some burned title-deeds and no small number of châteaux, as the " Great Fear " spread across the countryside during the weeks of 20 July to 5 August, with attacks on wealthy landlords impelled by the belief that the aristocracy was trying to put down

11036-472: The people. The Assembly recommended the imprisoned guardsmen receive the clemency of the king, return to prison for a token one-day period, and receive a pardon. The rank and file of the regiment, which had been considered reliable, now leaned toward the popular cause. On 11 July 1789, Louis XVI, acting under the influence of the conservative nobles of his privy council , dismissed and banished his finance minister, Jacques Necker (who had been sympathetic to

11160-490: The permanent garrison of Paris and, with many local ties, was favourably disposed towards the popular cause. The regiment had remained confined to its barracks during the initial stages of the mid-July disturbances. With Paris becoming the scene of a general riot, Charles Eugene , not trusting the regiment to obey his order, posted sixty dragoons to station themselves before its depot in the Chaussée d'Antin . The officers of

11284-405: The powder stocks held if the garrison were not permitted to evacuate the fortress unharmed, was handed out to the besiegers through a gap in the inner gate. His demands were not met, but Launay nonetheless capitulated, as he realised that with limited food stocks and no water supply his troops could not hold out much longer. He accordingly opened the gates, and the vainqueurs swept in to take over

11408-478: The proximity of their garrisons to Paris or because their colonels were supporters of the reactionary "court party" opposed to reform. During the public demonstrations that started on 12 July, the multitude displayed busts of Necker and of Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans and marched from the Palais Royal through the theatre district before it continued westward along the boulevards. The crowd clashed with

11532-540: The release of the arms and gunpowder stored inside. Two representatives from the Hotel de Ville (municipal authorities from the Town Hall) were invited into the fortress and negotiations began, while another was admitted around noon with definite demands. The negotiations dragged on while the crowd grew and became impatient. Around 1:30 pm, the crowd surged into the undefended outer courtyard. A small party climbed onto

11656-499: The results of a blood bath amongst the poorly-armed crowds or defections among his own men, then withdrew the cavalry towards Sèvres. Meanwhile, unrest was growing among the people of Paris who expressed their hostility against state authorities by attacking customs posts blamed for causing increased food and wine prices. The people of Paris started to plunder any place where food, guns, and supplies might be hoarded. That night, rumours spread that supplies were hoarded at Saint-Lazare,

11780-513: The revolution. On 16 July 1789, two days after the Storming of the Bastille, John Frederick Sackville , British ambassador to France, reported to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds , "Thus, my Lord, the greatest revolution that we know anything of has been effected with, comparatively speaking—if the magnitude of the event is considered—the loss of very few lives. From this moment we may consider France as

11904-454: The roof of a building next to the gate to the inner courtyard of the fortress and broke the chains on the drawbridge , crushing one vainqueur as it fell. Soldiers of the garrison called to the people to withdraw, but amid the noise and confusion these shouts were misinterpreted as encouragement to enter. Gunfire began, apparently spontaneously, turning the crowd into a mob. The crowd seems to have felt that they had been intentionally drawn into

12028-515: The royal family. Attached to there dome is a separate church, the Cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, Paris , which was used by the veterans who lived at Les Invalides. They were required to attend daily services in the church. The painting inside the dome by Charles de la Fosse depicts Saint Louis presenting his sword to Christ and the angels. In the center of the composition, God and the Virgin are surrounded by angel musicians. Saint Louis carries

12152-473: The streets." The three officers of the permanent Bastille garrison were also killed by the crowd; Surviving police reports detail their wounds and clothing. Three of the invalides of the garrison were lynched plus possibly two of the Swiss regulars of the Salis-Samade Regiment who were reported missing. The remaining Swiss were protected by the French Guards and eventually released to return to their regiment. Their officer, Lieutenant Louis de Flue wrote

12276-605: The symbols of royalty; a crown, a garden with flour-des-lys emblems, and a royal mantle. To the right of Christ are placed the symbols of the passion and the suffering of Christ; the cross, nails, a lance, and the crown of thorns. Charles de la Fosse (1636-1716), a student of Le Brun , was one of the leading painters of the Academy, whose work is also found in the Palace of Versailles . Jules Hardouin Mansard, in charge of all

12400-465: The tensions of July 1789, the building remained as a symbol of royal tyranny . An analysis in 2013 of the Bastille's dimensions showed that it did not tower over the neighbourhood as depicted in some paintings, but was a comparable height to other buildings in the neighbourhood. The regular garrison consisted of 82 invalides (veteran soldiers no longer suitable for service in the field). It had however been reinforced on 7 July by 32 grenadiers of

12524-474: The third level. In 1909, when Eiffel's concession formally ended, it was decided to preserve the Tower permanently. A second monumental building on the site was the Galerie des machines , by the architect Ferdinand Dutert and engineer Victor Contamin , which had originally been built for the 1878 Universal Exposition . It was a huge iron and glass structure which contained the industrial displays. It occupied

12648-460: The time the enlarged project was completed in 1676, the façade fronting the Seine measured 196 metres (643 ft) in width, and the complex had fifteen courtyards, the largest being the cour d'honneur designed for military parades. [ The church-and-chapel complex of the Invalides was designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart in 1676, taking inspiration from his great-uncle François Mansart 's design for

12772-429: The veterans' chapel was started, Louis XIV commissioned Mansart to construct a separate private royal chapel, now named its most striking feature. The Dome chapel was finished in 1706. Because of its location and significance, the Invalides served as the scene for several key events in French history. On 14 July 1789, it was stormed by Parisian rioters who seized the cannons and muskets stored in its cellars to use against

12896-439: The viewing platform, though the elevators were not yet in service, and they had to climb by a narrow winding stairway. By the time the exposition finished, after 173 days, 1,968,287 persons had ascended the tower. When the exposition ended, the tower was used for a time as a weather station. In 1904, Eiffel proposed to the French military that a radio transmitter, designed by the pioneer radio engineer Edouard Branly , be placed on

13020-476: The work being completed by 1893. Known as the Schœlcher Library, initially it contained the 10,000 books that Victor Schœlcher had donated to the island. Today, it houses over 250,000 books and an ethnographic museum, and stands as a tribute to the man it is named after who led the movement to abolish slavery in Martinique . Storming of the Bastille Insurgent victory The Storming of

13144-480: The world visited the exposition. Thomas Edison , with his wife and daughter, visited the exposition on August 14, 1889, his third day in France, to visit the exhibit where his improved phonograph was being demonstrated. He also ascended to the viewing platform of the Eiffel Tower, where he was met by a group of Sioux Indians who were at the exposition to perform in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. He returned to

13268-503: The world watching, cut the cable with an axe. The elevator's fall was halted ten feet above the ground by the Otis safety brakes. There were pavilions especially devoted to the telephone and to electricity, and others devoted to maritime navigation, and another, the Palais de Guerre or Palace of War, to developments in military technology, such as naval artillery. Prefabricated metal housing

13392-483: The world with its torch." The fountain was designed by Jean-Camille Formigé , who designed the nearby Palaces of Fine Arts and Liberal Arts. The other major fountain, not far away, was "The Five Parts of the World", illustrating the continents. It was designed by Francis de Saint-Vidal. The Rue de Caire ("Street of Cairo") was a popular attraction designed to recreate the architecture and street life of Cairo . It provided

13516-468: The world, including a Javanese village and recreated houses of villages from Senegal, Benin, and other colonies, with costumed residents. The Pavilions of the participating nations were located along the edge of the Champ de Mars. The Latin American nations had particularly colorful and lavish structures. The Pavilion of Argentina was one of the largest and most decorative pavilions in the exposition. It

13640-401: Was another technology that appeared at the exposition. Gustave Eiffel developed a series of houses with roof and walls of galvanised steel, and wooden interiors, which could be rapidly put together or taken apart, largely for use in French colony of Indochina. Some of them served as ticket booths at the 1889 exposition; one of these old booths, now used as a shelter for hikers, can now be found in

13764-595: Was assassinated on the way to an ostensible trial at the Palais-Royal. The King first learned of the storming only the next morning through the Duke of La Rochefoucauld . "Is it a revolt?" asked Louis XVI. The duke replied: "No sire, it's not a revolt; it's a revolution." Indeed, the storming of the Bastille is occasionally suggested to be the founding point of the Revolution in national discourse. In his book The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny , however, historian Ian Davidson argued that Louis XVI capitulating to

13888-525: Was created in 1905 with the merger of the Musée d'Artillerie and the Musée Historique de l'Armée.[1] The museum's seven main spaces and departments contain collections that span the period from antiquity through the 20th century. Hardouin-Mansart's Dome chapel is large enough to dominate the long façade yet harmonizes with Bruant's door under an arched pediment on the north front of Les Invalides. To

14012-408: Was designed by the French architect Albert Ballu , who won the 1887 design competition. It covered 1,600 square meters, and was fifty meters high, topped by five iron and glass cupolas and surrounded by a frieze of mosaics, ceramics and coloured glass ornaments. After the exposition closed, it was taken apart and shipped to Buenos Aires , where it stood until it was dismantled in 1952. In addition to

14136-423: Was finished in 1861. By then, it was emperor Napoleon III who was in power and oversaw the ceremony of the transfer of the remains of his uncle from a chapel of the church to the crypt beneath the dome. The most notable tomb at Les Invalides is that of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821), designed by Louis Visconti with sculptures by James Pradier , Pierre-Charles Simart and Francisque Joseph Duret . Napoleon

14260-456: Was first to bring reasonably accurate news of the Paris events to Versailles. M. Ganilh and Bancal-des-Issarts, dispatched to the Hôtel de Ville, confirmed his report. By the morning of 15 July, the outcome appeared clear to the king as well, and he and his military commanders backed down. The twenty-three regiments of Royal troops concentrated around Paris were dispersed to their frontier garrisons. The Marquis de la Fayette took up command of

14384-473: Was found buried in 1899 and is now at Square Henri-Galli in Paris, as well as the clock bells and pulley system, which are now in the Musée d’Art Campanaire. The building itself is outlined in brick on the location where it once stood, as is the moat in the Paris Metro stop below it, where a piece of the foundation is also on display. A Tale of Two Cities, the 1859 novel by Charles Dickens , dramatizes

14508-548: Was initially interred on Saint Helena , but King Louis Philippe arranged for his remains to be brought to France in 1840, an event known as le retour des cendres . Napoleon's remains were kept in the Saint Jerome (southwestern) chapel of the Dome church for more than two decades until his final resting place, a tomb made of red quartzite and resting on a green granite base, was finished in 1861. Other military figures and members of Napoleon's family were also buried at

14632-592: Was nog ready to keep his remains until 1861. The Dome chapel became a military necropolis when Napoleon in September 1800 designated it for the relocation of the tomb of Louis XIV's celebrated general Turenne , followed in 1807–1808 by Vauban . In 1835, the underground gallery below the church received the remains of 14 victims of the Giuseppe Marco Fieschi 's failed assassination attempt on Louis-Philippe I . The significant development came with

14756-424: Was of the opinion that the soldiers would have obeyed orders if put to the test. He also commented in retrospect that the officers of the French Guards had neglected their responsibilities in the period before the uprising and left the regiment too much to the control of its non-commissioned officers . However, the uncertain leadership of Besenval led to a virtual abdication of royal authority in central Paris. On

14880-584: Was partly provided by the 3 kilometre (1.9 mi) 600 mm ( 1 ft  11 + 5 ⁄ 8  in ) gauge Decauville railway at Exposition Universelle . The exposition railroad was reported to have carried 6,342,446 visitors in just six months of operation. Some of the locomotives used on this line later saw service on the Chemins de fer du Calvados and the Diégo Suarez Decauville railway . Celebrities and dignitaries from around

15004-601: Was prepared by King Louis Philippe I and his Prime Minister, Adolphe Thiers , but it was not completed and inaugurated until 1861. The chief architect was Louis Visconti , who died before the tomb was completed. The sarcophagus made of purple quartzite , on a base of green granite, is placed in an open crypt, The crypt is surrounded by a circular gallery supported by twelve pillars, with relief panel and sculpture celebrating Napoleon's accomplishments, represented by figures of Atlantes. (See also Napoleon's tomb ) (See also: Army Museum (Paris) The Army Museum (Musée de l'Armée)

15128-416: Was probably fewer than one thousand. A breakdown of occupations included in the list indicates that the majority were local artisans, together with some regular army deserters and a few distinctive categories, such as 21 wine merchants. The crowd gathered outside the fortress around mid-morning, calling for the pulling back of the seemingly threatening cannon from the embrasures of the towers and walls and

15252-414: Was promoted at the exposition was the safety elevator, developed by a new American company, Otis Elevator . Otis built the elevators carrying passengers up the legs of the Eiffel Tower to the first level. When journalists expressed concern about the safety of the elevators, Otis technicians filled one elevator with three thousand kilograms of lead, simulating passengers, and then, with journalists from around

15376-527: Was the "History of Habitation", designed by Charles Garnier , the architect of the Paris opera house named for him. He was then 61 and had designed very few other major projects since the Opera. Although he had also signed a petition, along with other prominent writers and artists, that denounced the Eiffel Tower as an atrocity, he agreed to design a series of houses to illustrate the history of human habitation. The houses, separated by gardens, were placed close to

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