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29-768: The first enterprise of this kind is the famous Hexapla of Origen of Alexandria , in which the Old Testament Scriptures were written in six parallel columns, the first containing the Hebrew text, the second a transliteration of this in Greek letters, the third and fourth the Greek translations by Aquila of Sinope and by Symmachus the Ebionite , the fifth the Septuagint version as revised by Origen, and

58-593: A century after the Complutensian came the Antwerp Polyglot , printed by Christopher Plantin (1569-1572, in eight volumes folio). The principal editor was Arias Montanus , aided by Guido Fabricius Boderianus , Raphelengius , Masius , Lucas of Bruges , and others. This work was under the patronage of Philip II of Spain ; it added a new language to those of the Complutensian by including

87-536: A monument of industry and erudition even when allowance is made for the fact that for the Arabic he had the great manuscript lexicon compiled and left to the University of Cambridge by William Bedwell . The liberality of Cardinal Ximenes , who is said to have spent half a million ducats on it, removed the Complutensian polyglot from the risks of commerce. The other three editions all brought their promoters to

116-757: Is a critical edition of the Hebrew Bible in six versions, four of them translated into Greek , preserved only in fragments. It was an immense and complex word-for-word comparison of the original Hebrew Scriptures with the Greek Septuagint translation and with other Greek translations. The term especially and generally applies to the edition of the Old Testament compiled by the theologian and scholar Origen sometime before 240. The subsisting fragments of partial copies have been collected in several editions, that of Frederick Field (1875) being

145-489: Is in Hebrew , Latin , Greek , Aramaic , and Arabic , and is interesting from the character of the Chaldee text, being the first specimen of Western printing in the Arabic writing system, and from a curious note on Christopher Columbus and the discovery of America on the margin of Psalm xix. Hexapla Hexapla ( Koinē Greek : Ἑξαπλᾶ , lit.   'sixfold'), also called Origenis Hexaplorum ,

174-672: Is wanting in the Paris Bible, Persian versions of the Pentateuch and Gospels , and the Psalms and New Testament in Ethiopic . Walton was aided by able scholars and used much new manuscript material. His prolegomena and collections of various readings mark an important advance in biblical criticism. It was in connection with this polyglot that Edmund Castell produced his famous Heptaglott Lexicon (two volumes folio, London, 1669),

203-607: The Book of Ruth by Abraham Ecchellensis , also a Maronite) and of the Samaritan Pentateuch and version by Jean Morin (Morinus). It has also an Arabic version, or rather a series of various Arabic versions. The last great polyglot is Brian Walton 's (London, 1657), which is more complete in various ways than Le Jay's, including, among other things, the Syriac of Esther and of several apocryphal books for which it

232-607: The Octapla . Brian Walton (bishop) Brian Walton (1600 – 29 November 1661) was an English Anglican priest, divine and scholar. He is mostly remembered for his polyglot Bible . Walton was born at Seymour, in the district of Cleveland, Yorkshire . His early education was at the Newcastle Royal Free Grammar School . He went up to Cambridge as a sizar of Magdalene College in 1616, migrated to Peterhouse in 1618,

261-893: The Syriac New Testament ; and, while the earlier polyglot had only the Targum of Onkelos on the Pentateuch , the Antwerp Bible had also the Targum on the Prophets , and on Esther , Job , Psalms , and the Salomonic writings. Next came Guy Michel Lejay 's Paris Polyglot (1645), which embraces the first printed texts of the Syriac Old Testament (edited by Gabriel Sionita , a Maronite , but

290-670: The 240s, he commented on virtually all the Old and New Testament books. His method of working with the biblical text was described in a message to Sextus Julius Africanus (c. 240) and a commentary on the Gospel of Matthew: Origen, in his Commentary of the Gospel of Matthew , explained the purpose for creating the Hexapla : [D]ue to discrepancies between the manuscripts of the Old Testament, with God's help, we were able to overcome using

319-615: The Hexapla contained three more translations of the Greek Psalms (Quinta, Sexta and Septima), which, however, have not been preserved (for a total of 9 columns, a so-called Enneapla ). [Origen] was looking for translations that exist in addition to the Seventy and in addition to the generally used translations of Aquila, Simmachus and Theodotion. I do not know from which unknown places, where they lay long ago, he extracted them into

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348-536: The Septuagint; we have added the other, consistent with the text of the Hebrew editions. The text of the Hexapla was organized in the form of six columns representing synchronized versions of the same Old Testament text, which placed side by side were the following: At the end of his life Origen prepared a separate work called Tetrapla (a synoptic set of four Greek translations), placing the Septuagint alongside

377-723: The autumn of 1661 he paid a short visit to his diocese, and returning to London he died. According to an assessment in Chisholm (1911): However much Walton was indebted to his helpers, the Polyglot Bible is a great monument of industry and of capacity for directing a vast undertaking, and the Prolegomena (separately reprinted by Dathe, 1777, and by Francis Wrangham , 1825) show judgment as well as learning. The same qualities appear in Walton's Considerator Considered (1659),

406-549: The editorial board are: Peter J. Gentry ( Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and the Göttinger Septuaginta-Unternehmen ), Dr Alison G. Salvesen ( Oxford University ), and Bas ter Haar Romeny ( Leiden University ). Origen began to study Biblical Hebrew in his youth; forced to relocate to Palestine during the persecution of Christianity in Alexandria , he went into biblical textology. By

435-616: The light of God. The owner of them remained unknown to him, and he only said that he had found a copy in Likopol, near Actium , and another - in some other place. In the Hexapla, he, along with four famous translations of the psalms, places not only the fifth, but also the sixth and seventh with notes to one: he found it under Caracalla, the son of the North, in Jericho , in an enormous clay jar ( Ancient Greek - πίθος) According to Epiphanius ,

464-745: The members of parliament for the city. His arms were: Three geese passant close . He was buried in Old St Paul's Cathedral in London , but the grave and monument were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. His name appears on a modern monument in the crypt, listing important graves lost in the fire. The proposals for the Polyglot appeared in 1652. The book itself came out in six great folios. The first volume appeared in September 1654;

493-502: The most fundamental on the basis of Greek and Syrian testimonies. The surviving fragments are now being re-published (with additional materials discovered since Field's edition) by an international group of Septuagint scholars. This work is being carried out as The Hexapla Project under the auspices of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies , and directed by Dr Neil McLynn. The members of

522-477: The original Hexapla compiled by Origen had a total of eight columns and included two other anonymous Greek translations, one of which was discovered in wine jars in Jericho during the reign of Caracalla . The so-called "fifth" and "sixth editions" were two other Greek translations supposedly discovered by students outside the towns of Jericho and Nicopolis : these were later added by Origen to his Hexapla to make

551-451: The second in July 1655; the third in July 1656; and the last three in 1657. Nine languages are used: Hebrew , Aramaic , Samaritan , Syriac , Arabic , Persian , Ethiopic , Greek and Latin . Among his collaborators were James Ussher , John Lightfoot and Edward Pococke , Edmund Castell , Abraham Wheelocke and Patrick Young , Thomas Hyde and Thomas Greaves . The great undertaking

580-423: The sixth the translation by Theodotion . However, as only two languages, Hebrew and Greek, were employed, the work should perhaps be called a diglot rather than a polyglot in the usual sense. After the invention of printing and the revival of philological studies, polyglots became a favourite means of advancing the knowledge of Middle Eastern languages, for which no good references were available, as well as for

609-469: The study of Scripture . The series began with the Complutensian printed by Axnaldus Guilielmus de Brocario at the expense of Cardinal Ximenes at the university at Alcalá de Henares (Complutum). The first volume of this, containing the New Testament in Greek and Latin , was completed on 10 January 1514. In vols. ii.−v. (finished on 10 July 1517), the Hebrew text of the Old Testament

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638-472: The subject, which is printed in Brewster 's Collectanea (1752). His conduct in this matter displayed his ability, but his zeal for the exaction of ecclesiastical dues was remembered in 1641 in the articles brought against him in parliament, which appear to have led to the sequestration of his very considerable preferments. He was also charged with Popish practices, but on frivolous grounds, and with aspersing

667-411: The testimony of other editions. This is because these points in the Septuagint, which because of discrepancies found in [other] manuscripts had given occasion for doubt, we have evaluated on the basis of these other editions, and marked with an obelus those places that were missing in the Hebrew text [...] while others have added the asterisk sign where it was apparent that the lessons were not found in

696-669: The translations of Symmachus, Aquila and Theodotion. Both Hexapla and Tetrapla are found in Greek manuscripts of the Septuagint, as well as manuscripts of the Syro-hexaplar version . However, in a number of cases, the names of "Hexapla" and "Octapla" (in the Book of Job from the manuscripts of the Syro-Hexapla and the hexaplar Psalms) are also applied to the work of Origen. This caused a discussion in its time about whether these were separate works. According to Eusebius of Caesarea ,

725-514: The verge of ruin. Subsequent polyglots are of little scholarly importance, the best recent texts having been confined to a single language; but at least into the early 20th century many biblical students still used Walton and, if it was available, Le Jay. The numerous polyglot editions of parts of the Bible include the Genoa psalter of 1516, edited by Agostino Giustiniani , bishop of Nebbio . This

754-538: The work, one dedicated to Cromwell, and the other known as the "Loyal" one. To Walton himself, however, the Restoration brought no disappointment: he was elected Bishop of Chester on 19 October 1660, confirmed to that See 22 November, and consecrated a bishop on 2 December 1660. In the following spring he was one of the commissioners at the Savoy Conference , but took little part in the business. In

783-510: Was bachelor in 1619 and Master of Arts in 1623. After holding a school mastership at Suffolk and two curacies (the second as curate of All-hallows, Bread Street), he was made rector of St Martin's Ongar in London, and of Sandon, in Essex, in 1626. At St Martin's Ongar he took a leading part in the contest between the London clergy and the citizens about the city tithes, and compiled a treatise on

812-672: Was printed in the first column of each page, followed by the Latin Vulgate and then by the Septuagint version with an interlinear Latin translation. Below these stood the Chaldee , again with a Latin translation. The sixth volume containing an appendix is dated 1515, but the work did not receive the papal sanction until March 1520, and was apparently not issued until 1522. The chief editors were Juan de Vergara , López de Zúñiga (Stunica), Hernán Núñez (Pincianus), Antonio de Nebrija (Nebrissensis), and Demetrius Ducas . About half

841-576: Was the first in England supported by subscription - £50 each. Walton's political opinions did not deprive him of the help of the Commonwealth; the paper used was freed from duty, and the interest of Cromwell in the work was acknowledged in the original preface, part of which was afterwards cancelled to make way for more loyal expressions towards that restored monarchy under which Oriental studies in England immediately began to languish. Two versions of

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