116-683: Pemex (a portmanteau of Petróleos Mexicanos , which translates to Mexican Petroleum in English; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpemeks] ) is the Mexican state-owned petroleum corporation managed and operated by the Mexican government . It was formed in 1938 by nationalization and expropriation of all private oil companies in Mexico at the time of its formation. Pemex had total assets worth $ 101.8 billion in December 2019 and as of 2009
232-426: A compound , which fully preserves the stems of the original words. The British lecturer Valerie Adams's 1973 Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation explains that "In words such as motel ..., hotel is represented by various shorter substitutes – ‑otel ... – which I shall call splinters. Words containing splinters I shall call blends". Thus, at least one of the parts of a blend, strictly speaking,
348-612: A "giant" oil find of as much as 3 billion barrels (480 × 10 ^ m) in the Gulf of Mexico, southeast of Houston. According to Mexican Energy Minister Georgina Kessel , Mexico may seek to emulate Brazilian Oil rules that strengthened Petroleo Brasileiro SA as it considers regulation changes to revive the oil industry. In January 2014, Pemex signed a cooperation agreement with the Russian oil company Lukoil focusing on oil production and field exploration as well as exchange of knowledge in
464-566: A binational investigation into smuggled oil that authorities expect to lead to more arrests and seizures. In 2010 the former president of Houston -based Trammo Petroleum was sentenced to three years of probation and fined $ 10,000 after pleading guilty to conspiracy to receive stolen goods. Pemex has a long history of alleged violation of human and labour rights regarding engineers, unrightfully considered to be "trusted workers" who have tried to unionize since 1995 and succeeded, after several repression episodes, in doing so in 2008 and 2009, although at
580-459: A bribe during times close to the 2012 elections. Soon after EPN won the elections in 2012, Lozoya became a director of Pemex and Odebrecht "won" huge contracts from Pemex and the Mexican government. The news of the controversy surfaced in 2017, revealing Lozoya bought a $ 38 million house with a single payment even before he was named a director of Pemex. Such a house did not fit with his salary at
696-410: A cadet, who handed it to Calderón. Afterwards, Fox read a short speech indicating that he had concluded his mandate by receiving the flag "that had accompanied him during the last six years which he had devoted himself completely to the service of Mexico and had the utmost honor of being the president of the republic". Calderón then made a speech to the Mexican public indicating that he would still attend
812-532: A campaign promise to incorporate the agenda of election rival Andrés Manuel López Obrador into his government." Calderón created the largest number of universities (96) in the history of Mexico. He was also the only president who granted full coverage and a secure spot in elementary schools to children from 6 to 11 years old. The Office of Social Aid for Victims of Violence (in Spanish: Procuraduría Social para Víctimas de la Violencia )
928-601: A cap on salaries of high-ranking public servants, Calderón ordered a raise on the salaries of the Federal Police and the Mexican Armed Forces on his first day as president. Calderón's government also ordered massive raids on drug cartels upon assuming office in December 2006 in response to an increasingly deadly spate of violence in his home state of Michoacán . The decision to intensify drug enforcement operations has led to an ongoing conflict between
1044-581: A consumer protection government organization, has also threatened with jail those tortilla producers who charge "excessive" prices. Guillermo Ortiz , governor of the Bank of Mexico , labeled the agreement "a success" for consumers and urged for it to continue as means to combat rising inflation. Fulfilling an electoral promise, President Calderón launched the First Employment Program, which aims to create new opportunities for people entering
1160-542: A decade. These range from political contributions to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (over $ 200 million), "no show" jobs – individuals who receive a salary while performing no duties – various forms of fraud, embezzlement and even under-the-table fuel sales. It has been estimated these various forms of corruption contribute to the loss of over $ 1 billion a year. Odebrecht is a Brazilian conglomerate that like Pemex also operates in
1276-470: A federal deputy. They have three children, María, Luis Felipe and Juan Pablo. Calderón is Roman Catholic. When asked to reveal his personal positions on abortion , Calderón responded that he is pro-life . His administration sought to maintain moderate positions on social policy and supported Mexican legislation guaranteeing abortion for rape victims, when pregnancy endangers a woman's life or in cases of significant fetal deformities; has publicly advocated
SECTION 10
#17327723477501392-535: A form suitable for carrying on horseback; (now esp.) one in the form of a stiff leather case hinged at the back to open into two equal parts". According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( AHD ), the etymology of the word is the French porte-manteau , from porter , "to carry", and manteau , "cloak" (from Old French mantel , from Latin mantellum ). According to
1508-428: A fraction of the size of the oilfields going into terminal decline. Annual production has dropped each year between 2004 and 2007. Furthermore, it has been reported the 2005–2006 daily oil production was down by approximately 500,000 barrels per day (79,000 m/d) (a large proportion of the country's 4,500,000 barrels) on the previous year. Pemex averaged 3.71 MMBPD in 2006. Pemex has never produced 4 MMBPD or higher for
1624-539: A high human cost. This included the death of a person who was refused medical service at one of Pemex's hospitals because his son had just been sacked for belonging to this union, the Unión Nacional de Técnicos y Profesionistas (shorthand UNTyPP). It also included forcing union members to resign from the Union from their hospital beds, as happened to three cancer patients in 2009. Up to date and in spite of pressure by
1740-427: A kind of bath), the attributive blends of English are mostly head-final and mostly endocentric . As an example of an exocentric attributive blend, Fruitopia may metaphorically take the buyer to a fruity utopia (and not a utopian fruit); however, it is not a utopia but a drink. Coordinate blends (also called associative or portmanteau blends) combine two words having equal status, and have two heads. Thus brunch
1856-520: A necessary national response to the injustice of the operations of foreign companies operating on Mexican soil. Expropriation was not outright confiscation since the Mexican government promised to compensate companies. However, in retaliation, many foreign governments closed their markets to Mexican oil until the Allies demand for petroleum in World War II caused the boycott to be dropped. In spite of
1972-651: A one-year fellowship at John F. Kennedy School of Government in January 2013, and returned to Mexico following the end of his tenure. Felipe Calderón was born in Morelia , Michoacán , Mexico on 18 August 1962. He is the youngest of five brothers and son of Carmen Hinojosa Calderón and the late Luis Calderón Vega . His father was a co-founder of the National Action Party and an important political figure. The elder Calderón occupied state posts and served
2088-403: A presidential decree limiting the president's salary and that of cabinet ministers. The measure excludes much of the bureaucracy and public servants in the legislative or judicial branches. According to a Freedom of Information Act request filed by Reforma , the decree will affect 546 high-level government officials and save the government about US$ 13 million. The opposition has stated that
2204-435: A significant reduction in deforestation. This includes $ 2.5 billion investment in wind farms. The country's total GDP on a purchasing-power-parity basis is the 11th largest in the world as of 2011 and public policy now seeks to create quality jobs, reduce poverty and protect the standard of living of all classes. The administration has worked to attract investment, diversify the economy away from over-reliance on oil and
2320-596: A skilled workforce. Heineken made significant investments in Mexico's beverage industry during this administration. In a move to expand new export opportunities that attract employment and diversify Mexico's crucial export sector away from excessive dependence on the US market, Mexico also expanded its trade accords beyond the US borders and sought to increase trade with the European Union, East Asia and Latin America. It
2436-416: A state-run company. On November 19th, 1984 , a series of BLEVE 's at a Pemex LPG storage facility occur in the heavily populated outskirts of San Juan Ixhuatepec , near Mexico City , resulting in the deaths of around 500-600 residents and up to 7000 injured by the explosions, ensuing fire and shrapnel from exploding tanks. It is considered among the deadliest industrial accidents in world history. Pemex
SECTION 20
#17327723477502552-517: A term as federal deputy . He spent most of his life working within the party and spent most of his free time promoting the PAN. The young Calderón was active in his father's campaigns. As a boy, he distributed party pamphlets and flyers, rode PAN campaign vehicles and chanted slogans at rallies. After growing up in Morelia, Calderón moved to Mexico City , where he received a bachelor's degree in law from
2668-431: A total blend, each of the words creating the blend is reduced to a mere splinter. Some linguists limit blends to these (perhaps with additional conditions): for example, Ingo Plag considers "proper blends" to be total blends that semantically are coordinate, the remainder being "shortened compounds". Commonly for English blends, the beginning of one word is followed by the end of another: Much less commonly in English,
2784-457: A waterfall of gasoline. Military and police forces were present during the event for several hours before the explosion but were unable to stop the people from stealing fuel. The pipeline was not closed on time even after the fuel drain was reported. On July 2, 2021, a natural gas pipeline owned by Pemex burst in the Gulf of Mexico . The natural gas was then ignited, causing a "fireball" to appear on
2900-573: A yearly average. Pemex was replaced as Latin America's largest company by Petrobras, according to a Latin Business Chronicle ranking of Latin America's Top 500 companies. To help capitalize the company, former President Vicente Fox brought forward the possibility of making shares of Pemex available to Mexican citizens and pension funds, to complement a current project-specific investment setup known as "Proyectos de Inversión Diferida En El Registro del Gasto" (Deferred Investment Projects in
3016-401: Is frankenword , an autological word exemplifying the phenomenon it describes, blending " Frankenstein " and "word". Felipe Calder%C3%B3n Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa ( Spanish pronunciation: [feˈlipe kaldeˈɾon] ; born 18 August 1962) is a Mexican politician who served as the 63rd president of Mexico from 2006 to 2012 and Secretary of Energy during
3132-477: Is a Japanese blend that has entered the English language. The Vietnamese language also encourages blend words formed from Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary . For example, the term Việt Cộng is derived from the first syllables of "Việt Nam" (Vietnam) and "Cộng sản" (communist). Many corporate brand names , trademarks, and initiatives, as well as names of corporations and organizations themselves, are blends. For example, Wiktionary , one of Misplaced Pages 's sister projects,
3248-496: Is a blend of wiki and dictionary . The word portmanteau was introduced in this sense by Lewis Carroll in the book Through the Looking-Glass (1871), where Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the coinage of unusual words used in " Jabberwocky ". Slithy means "slimy and lithe" and mimsy means "miserable and flimsy". Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the practice of combining words in various ways, comparing it to
3364-440: Is both phonological and orthographic, but with no other shortening: The overlap may be both phonological and orthographic, and with some additional shortening to at least one of the ingredients: Such an overlap may be discontinuous: These are also termed imperfect blends. It can occur with three components: The phonological overlap need not also be orthographic: If the phonological but non-orthographic overlap encompasses
3480-699: Is neither a breakfasty lunch nor a lunchtime breakfast but instead some hybrid of breakfast and lunch; Oxbridge is equally Oxford and Cambridge universities. This too parallels (conventional, non-blend) compounds: an actor–director is equally an actor and a director. Two kinds of coordinate blends are particularly conspicuous: those that combine (near‑) synonyms: and those that combine (near‑) opposites: Blending can also apply to roots rather than words, for instance in Israeli Hebrew : "There are two possible etymological analyses for Israeli Hebrew כספר kaspár 'bank clerk, teller'. The first
3596-664: Is not a complete morpheme , but instead a mere splinter or leftover word fragment. For instance, starfish is a compound, not a blend, of star and fish , as it includes both words in full. However, if it were called a " stish " or a " starsh ", it would be a blend. Furthermore, when blends are formed by shortening established compounds or phrases, they can be considered clipped compounds , such as romcom for romantic comedy . Blends of two or more words may be classified from each of three viewpoints: morphotactic, morphonological, and morphosemantic. Blends may be classified morphotactically into two kinds: total and partial . In
Pemex - Misplaced Pages Continue
3712-452: Is similar to a contraction . On the one hand, mainstream blends tend to be formed at a particular historical moment followed by a rapid rise in popularity. Contractions, on the other hand, are formed by the gradual drifting together of words over time due to them commonly appearing together in sequence, such as do not naturally becoming don't (phonologically, / d uː n ɒ t / becoming / d oʊ n t / ). A blend also differs from
3828-405: Is that it consists of (Hebrew>) Israeli כסף késef 'money' and the ( International /Hebrew>) Israeli agentive suffix ר- -ár . The second is that it is a quasi- portmanteau word which blends כסף késef 'money' and (Hebrew>) Israeli ספר √spr 'count'. Israeli Hebrew כספר kaspár started as a brand name but soon entered the common language. Even if the second analysis is the correct one,
3944-537: The 2006 presidential election , he was the PAN candidate. After a contentious campaign and a controversial electoral procedure , the Federal Electoral Institute 's official results gave Calderón the lead (0.6% of total votes). above PRD candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador . While López Obrador and the PRD disputed the results and called for a complete recount of the votes, Calderón's victory
4060-603: The 2021 legislative elections . Its registration was rejected by the INE as the "origin of cash contributions was not accredited, violating principles in terms of oversight, transparency and accountability." The Mexican Constitution states that the President must be inaugurated by taking the oath of office before Congress in the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies . The PRD opposition had threatened to not allow Calderón to take
4176-814: The Escuela Libre de Derecho . Later, he received a master's degree in economics from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) and a Master of Public Administration degree in 2000 from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University . Following his father's example, he joined the PAN, with the desire of one day becoming Mexico's president. It was in the National Action Party that Calderón met his wife, Margarita Zavala , who served in Congress as
4292-555: The Mexican Congress to increase regulatory oversight, has increased scrutiny over Pemex in 2012. As of July 2019, Pemex is the most indebted oil company in the world. In 1979, Pemex's Ixtoc 1 exploratory oil well in the Bay of Campeche suffered a blowout resulting in one of the largest oil spills in history. Pemex spent $ 100 million to clean up the spill and avoided most compensation claims by asserting sovereign immunity as
4408-563: The Mexican Drug War . This was considered by many as an immediate strategy to gain popular legitimacy and acceptation for the new President after the convoluted elections. During his first months of government, President Calderón took several actions, such as introducing the Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact and a cap on the salaries of public servants, described politically as "seeking to fulfill
4524-533: The OED Online , the etymology of the word is the "officer who carries the mantle of a person in a high position (1507 in Middle French), case or bag for carrying clothing (1547), clothes rack (1640)". In modern French, a porte-manteau is a clothes valet , a coat-tree or similar article of furniture for hanging up jackets, hats, umbrellas and the like. An occasional synonym for "portmanteau word"
4640-471: The drug war by the time of his rule in office. The beginning of the drug war coincided with an increase in homicides during his presidency; these peaked in 2010 and then began to decline during his final two years in office. In 2019, Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel was allegedly linked to Genaro García Luna , the Secretary of Public Security under Calderón. This led to García Luna's arrest in
4756-410: The 10% reduction in salary as not being comprehensive enough. Like his opponent in the 2006 election, Calderón also proposed laws that, if passed, would lower salaries for public servants in all three branches of government and impose a cap on compensation. The proposal also includes measures to make the remuneration of public servants more transparent and subject to fiscalization. Despite imposing
Pemex - Misplaced Pages Continue
4872-476: The 128 Mexican senators were incompetent. [REDACTED] Media related to Pemex at Wikimedia Commons Portmanteau In linguistics , a blend —also known as a blend word , lexical blend , or portmanteau —is a word formed by combining the meanings, and parts of the sounds, of two or more words together. English examples include smog , coined by blending smoke and fog , as well as motel , from motor ( motorist ) and hotel . A blend
4988-674: The 2008 passing of criminal justice reforms (fully implemented in 2016), the 2009 swine flu pandemic , the 2010 establishment of the Agencia Espacial Mexicana , the 2011 founding of the Pacific Alliance and the achievement of universal healthcare through Seguro Popular (passed under the Fox administration) in 2012. Under the Calderón administration sixteen new Protected Natural Areas were created. He began
5104-578: The British Pearson and American Doheny companies and had attracted the attention of the Mexican government who then claimed all mineral rights for the state as part of its Constitution . In 1938, President Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–40) sided with oil workers striking against foreign-owned oil companies for an increase in pay and social services. On March 18, 1938, citing Article 27 of the Constitution of 1917 , President Cárdenas embarked on
5220-528: The Expenditure Registry). The proposal, which intended to alleviate Pemex's tax burden and create a substantial budget increase, met opposition in Congress . President Felipe Calderón made clear at the beginning of his presidency that he would try his best to open up the sector to private investment. Pemex is Latin America's second-largest company measured by revenues, according to a ranking of
5336-504: The Great Recession and European debt crisis, while also avoiding the currency crashes of the 1980s and 1990s. The Mexican economy has been growing more quickly than the US economy during all but one year of the administration, even as US growth has been sluggish. The administration has accelerated the building of public works projects and allocated federal funds towards infrastructure such as roads and bridges as an investment in
5452-432: The Gulf of Mexico. In February 2015, the board approved a $ 4.16 billion spending cut, pulling the company's budget down 11.5 percent from the 2015 budget approved by Mexico's congress. The company also said it will delay deepwater exploration plans and cut jobs in response to weak oil prices. In December 2019, the company stated the discovery of a deposit in southeastern Mexico that could produce 500 million barrels of crude,
5568-660: The Mexican Association of Directors in Human Relations, Luis García, has anticipated a positive effect and even showed Nextel 's subsidiary in Mexico as an example for hiring 14% of its new workforce in 2006 as people in their "first employment". Secretary of Labor Javier Lozano Alarcón has admitted that the program by itself will be insufficient to create as many new jobs as needed and has called for deeper reforms to allow for further investment. President Calderón introduced, on his first day as president,
5684-759: The Mexican Congress, the International Labour Organization, the Global Compact, the Industrial Global Union and thousands of citizens all over the world, workers fired in 2002, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 have not been all reinstated nor has there been any other reparation. Pemex has denied these accusations. On November 10, 2019, the institution suffered a cyber attack and its computers were infected with DoppelPaymer ransomware . In November 2021,
5800-399: The Mexican population can allow the identification of genetic variations that confer susceptibility to common diseases, including infections such as the flu." "It will also help develop pharmacogenomics to help produce medicines tailored to people of a specific genetic group, to the creation of drugs that are both safer and more effective." Calderón commended the achievement: "The genomic map of
5916-574: The Mexican population is an essential contribution of Mexico to science and public health. This study represents an important landmark to develop genomic medicine in Mexico to improve healthcare of its population. I commend our National Institute of Genomic Medicine, INMEGEN, for such a significant milestone." Felipe Calderón's administration raised awareness of environment issues including deforestation and climate change through various policy measures such as planting over 8 million trees and attracting green-technology companies to Mexico. Mexico also achieved
SECTION 50
#17327723477506032-520: The U.S. Justice Department reported that some U.S. refineries had bought millions of dollars' worth of oil stolen from Mexican government pipelines. Criminals, especially drug gangs, tap remote pipelines and sometimes build their own pipelines to siphon off hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of oil each year. One oil executive has been charged and has pleaded guilty to conspiracy charges. The U.S. Homeland Security Department will return $ 2.4 million to Mexico's tax administration—the first money seized during
6148-425: The US market, upgrade infrastructure that has not kept up with the demands of the large economy, add jobs, reduce poverty, provide for a large middle class and reduce inequality. In keeping with its protection of the purchasing power of those least able to shield themselves through the use of financial instruments, the administration has succeeded in keeping prices and interest rates relatively low and stable even during
6264-525: The United States. On 21 February 2023, he was declared guilty on all charges pressed, including drug trafficking . After García Luna's conviction, General Tomás Ángeles Dauahare , Calderón's sub-secretary of National Defense , declared that Calderón knew about García Luna's ties with the cartel. That same month, it was revealed in a poll, that 84% of participants stated that they would also like to see an investigation on Calderón. Calderón's term
6380-424: The aforementioned areas, including actions for ecological preservation and environmental protection. In February 2016, Emilio Lozoya Austin stepped down as CEO of Pemex and was replaced by José Antonio González Anaya . On November 27, 2017, José Antonio González Anaya was appointed to be the Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. Carlos Alberto Treviño Medina was appointed CEO, sequentially. In July 2021, it
6496-519: The army ordered that all local police officers surrender their weapons, as it was suspected that many officers had ties with drug cartels. Other states where actions were taken include Michoacán, Tamaulipas , Tabasco , and Guerrero . In a January 2007 interview with the Financial Times , Calderón said, "We have received very encouraging results. In the state of Michoacán, for example, the murder rate has fallen almost 40 percent compared with
6612-540: The arrest of former CEO Carlos Trevino was ordered after he did not show for his hearing, in which he was being charged with criminal association and money laundering. Testimony was presented by other ex-CEO, Emilio Lozoya , who was initially placed in witness protection. In January 2022, Lozoya was formally charged with money laundering, bribery and criminal association, which could amount to 39 years in prison. There have been various allegations of corruption in Pemex for over
6728-490: The average over the last six months. People's support in the regions where we are operating has grown, and that has been very important. Opinion polls have confirmed that, and I think we have made it clear to everyone that this issue is a priority for us". On 9 April 2007, the Secretariat of Defense reported the following accomplishments in the first four months of Calderón's presidency: the capture of 1,102 drug dealers,
6844-511: The basement of an administrative center next door to the 52-story Pemex tower . On April 1, 2015, a fire occurred on platform Abkatun A in the southern Gulf of Mexico which killed 4 workers. On April 20, 2016, a large explosion and fire at the company's Chlorinate 3 plant in Coatzacoalcos killed at least 28 people. On September 24, 2016, a fire broke out on the oil tanker "Burgos", off the coast of Boca del Río, Veracruz , forcing all
6960-471: The beginning of his presidency to put down the drug cartels and the increasing violence generated by the criminal organizations that fight with rival groups for territory. The administration's move towards universal healthcare coverage remains one of the most popular policies of the administration. He launched Seguro Popular to make this policy a reality. Through his policies, significant health infrastructure has been built and access expanded in many areas of
7076-502: The beginning of one word may be followed by the beginning of another: Some linguists do not regard beginning+beginning concatenations as blends, instead calling them complex clippings, clipping compounds or clipped compounds . Unusually in English, the end of one word may be followed by the end of another: A splinter of one word may replace part of another, as in three coined by Lewis Carroll in " Jabberwocky ": They are sometimes termed intercalative blends; these words are among
SECTION 60
#17327723477507192-428: The building for security reasons as some of the legislators engaged in violent brawls. Besides the claims of fraud, Calderón took office with the smallest percentage of votes for a winning presidential candidate in Mexican history (35.8%), which meant that his administration would face severe legitimacy problems. Only a month after taking office, Calderón declared war on the drug cartels and organized crime, thus beginning
7308-594: The country's future growth. In 2012, the massive Baluarte Bridge was inaugurated, which speeds travel between Mazatlán and Durango and allows for faster access between Mexico's coasts. The Baluarte Bridge is so high that the Eiffel Tower could fit under its central span. Through investments in infrastructure and free trade agreements, the administration won investments from many auto companies that decided to build factories in Mexico and expand existing facilities and models produced in Mexico. Mexico has become one of
7424-641: The country, while the costs have been lowered significantly for many people to the point that many medicines have already been distributed free of charge. The 2009 Swine Flu epidemic struck Mexico and was labeled a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The administration declared a state of emergency and acted firmly in giving open information to the world about the swine flu epidemic, and it acted with tough measures to contain its spread by shutting down many public services including schools. President Calderón appeared on television explaining
7540-449: The crew (31 members) to be evacuated safely. The tanker was carrying 80,000 barrels of diesel and 70,000 barrels of gasoline. On January 18, 2019, an explosion occurred on a pipeline passing through the village of Tlauhuelilpan, Hidalgo killing at least 137 people. Several hundred people were gathering around an illegal pipe drain in order to get fuel. Images of the event shows people collecting fuel with buckets and small containers from
7656-484: The currency being weak against the dollar, Pemex still reported a net loss of $ 6.05 billion. In order to reduce the debt Pemex is working on a plan to domestically refine its oil and reduce exports by 2023. February 23, 2023, three major fires broke out at three different Mexico and U.S. operated Pemex facilities. In March 2023, Pemex and U.S. based, Talos Energy submitted to develop an offshore oil field. The two companies have been partnered since 2022. The platform that
7772-451: The discovering of genetic markers that will better target and assist Mexico's 100+ million people in regards to prevention and treatment of diseases and other health concerns such as diabetes. A study on the efficacy of the project confirmed, according to Dr. Jiménez-Sánchez, that "It is not possible today to say genetic variation is responsible for the unique H1N1 Influenza A mortality rate in Mexico. However, knowledge of genomic variability in
7888-523: The early boycott, Pemex developed into one of the largest oil companies in the world. In an interview on the oil news website in November 2005, a Pemex employee spoke anonymously of the company's inability to grow production, stating that the company and country is at Hubbert's Peak . The person interviewed believed export levels could not be recovered once peak had passed, as the size of current fields that have been discovered or are coming online represent
8004-481: The election of Calderón as party candidate surprised many analysts. The PAN pointed to his competitive primary election as a sign of internal democracy. In other major parties, there was one candidate or all strong candidates but one was eliminated. Calderón's campaign gained momentum after the first presidential debate. Subsequent poll numbers put him ahead of López Obrador from March to May; some polls favored him by as much as 9 percentage points. This trend in his favor
8120-472: The equipment, technology and financial means to explore for new reserves in deep water or shale gas ; hence, a reform to Mexican law is needed. In addition to a failing infrastructure, dwindling reserves have created urgency in completing some type of reform. Only 20% of Mexico has been extensively explored for further reserves and it has been argued that Pemex will need the help of some form of foreign investment to successfully explore new reserves, including in
8236-481: The federal Chamber of Deputies. Soon after Vicente Fox took office as president, Calderón was appointed director of Banobras , a state-owned development bank. He was accused by political opponents of committing abuse, disputing use of certain legal procedures to finance property valued between three and five million Mexican pesos (between US$ 300,000 and $ 500,000); however, once political objections arose, he used other means to formalize his transaction. He joined
8352-617: The federal government and the Mexican drug cartels. On 19 January 2007, five weeks into an army crackdown on narco gangs, Mexican soldiers and federal police captured Pedro Diaz Parada, the leader of one of Mexico's seven major drug cartels, the Diaz Parada gang . The next day, in a controversial move, the government extradited several drug gang leaders to the United States. The Mexican government has also ordered Mexican soldiers and federal police into several cities, most notably Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez . In Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez,
8468-484: The field of petroleum. Back in 2010–2012, Emilio Lozoya Austin was part of the PRI's team supporting Enrique Peña Nieto (EPN) in his presidential campaign. After EPN won the elections, Lozoya was promoted to director of Pemex, a role in which he served for most of EPN's presidency. In 2017, Brazilian newspaper O Globo claimed that Odebrecht helped finance EPN's presidential campaign, by giving $ 10 million to Emilio Lozoya as
8584-599: The final syllable ר- -ár apparently facilitated nativization since it was regarded as the Hebrew suffix ר- -år (probably of Persian pedigree), which usually refers to craftsmen and professionals, for instance as in Mendele Mocher Sforim 's coinage סמרטוטר smartutár 'rag-dealer'." Blending may occur with an error in lexical selection , the process by which a speaker uses his semantic knowledge to choose words. Lewis Carroll's explanation, which gave rise to
8700-461: The government decided to continue to support the company, but would not change the laws in order to directly reflect their debt. some speculation was made that the government may use International Monetary Fund (IMF) money to lighten Pemex's debt. Budget increases of 17% over 2021 amounts were proposed, with a 14% reduction of its profit-sharing duties, for 2022's exploration and production processes. An agreement between Pemex and Braskem (BRKM5.SA)
8816-463: The inauguration ceremony at the Chamber of Deputies. He made a call to unity. Calderón's inauguration ceremony on 1 December at the Congress of the Union was tense and lasted less than five minutes, as he barely managed to recite the oath of office while the PRD legislators shouted in protest against the alleged electoral fraud and attempted to impede his inauguration, and afterward he quickly left
8932-403: The ingredients is the head and the other is attributive. A porta-light is a portable light, not a 'light-emitting' or light portability; light is the head. A snobject is a snobbery-satisfying object and not an objective or other kind of snob; object is the head. As is also true for (conventional, non-blend) attributive compounds (among which bathroom , for example, is a kind of room, not
9048-485: The job market. The program will give cash incentives to companies for hiring first-time job holders, including young people graduating from higher education and millions of women who have never worked. The program has been interpreted as an effort to stop immigration into the United States. Immigration to the United States has been reduced, but many complex factors are involved including the US slowdown since 2008. Reactions to this program have been mixed. The president of
9164-437: The largest discovery in more than 30 years. Taxes on Pemex revenue provide about a third of all the tax revenues collected by the Mexican government. Pemex has a debt of $ 42.5 billion, including $ 24 billion in off-balance-sheet debt. The state-owned company pays out over 60% of its revenue in royalties and taxes. Mexico exports crude oil, but imports more expensive gasoline. National Hydrocarbons Commission , created in 2008 by
9280-467: The legalization of small quantities of cocaine and other drugs for addicts who agree to undergo treatment; and approved a right-to-die initiative for ill patients to refuse invasive treatment or extraordinary efforts to prolong their lives. In his economic policy views, he supports balanced fiscal policies , flat taxes , lower taxes, and free trade . He supported libertarian candidate Javier Milei in 2023 Argentine general election . Calderón
9396-495: The morphemes or phonemes stay in the same position within the syllable. Some languages, like Japanese , encourage the shortening and merging of borrowed foreign words (as in gairaigo ), because they are long or difficult to pronounce in the target language. For example, karaoke , a combination of the Japanese word kara (meaning empty ) and the clipped form oke of the English loanword "orchestra" (J. ōkesutora , オーケストラ ),
9512-410: The oath of office and be inaugurated as president. Ahead of claims that the PRD would disrupt the proceedings, the PAN took control of Congress's main floor three days before the inauguration was scheduled. On 30 November 2006, outgoing President Vicente Fox Quesada and still President-elect Felipe Calderón Hinojosa stood side by side on national television as Fox turned over the presidential sash to
9628-411: The ongoing debt accumulation. The government assistance from President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador is said to likely continue until the end of his term in 2024. In September 2023, it was announced that Pemex would receive capital allocations from the federal government of Mexico to assist in paying off over $ 11 million in accumulated debt. Proponents of Calderón's energy policy stated that Pemex lacks
9744-495: The original "portmanteaus" for which this meaning of the word was created. In a partial blend, one entire word is concatenated with a splinter from another. Some linguists do not recognize these as blends. An entire word may be followed by a splinter: A splinter may be followed by an entire word: An entire word may replace part of another: These have also been called sandwich words, and classed among intercalative blends. (When two words are combined in their entirety,
9860-564: The presidency of Vicente Fox between 2003 and 2004. He was a member of the National Action Party ( Partido Acción Nacional , PAN) for 30 years before quitting the party in November 2018. Calderón held positions as National President of the PAN , Federal Deputy, and Secretary of Energy in Vicente Fox 's administration. He served in the previous administration's cabinet before resigning to run for president and receiving his party's candidacy. In
9976-531: The presidential cabinet as Secretary of Energy , replacing Ernesto Martens . He left the post in May 2004 in protest of Vicente Fox's criticism of his presidential ambitions while supporting those of Santiago Creel . Members of his party chose him as the PAN presidential candidate. In a series of three primary elections, he defeated the favored former Secretary of the Interior under President Vicente Fox, and thus
10092-428: The region's 500 largest companies by Latin Business Chronicle , behind Brazilian oil company Petrobras . In June 2009, Pemex has asked for an extra $ 1.5 billion state aid to finance oil fields investments, reported Bloomberg. President Calderón called for a change in Mexico's oil industry after output at Pemex fell at the fastest rate since 1942. His comments came after Petrobras and London-based BP said they made
10208-453: The result is considered a compound word rather than a blend. For example, bagpipe is a compound, not a blend, of bag and pipe. ) Morphologically, blends fall into two kinds: overlapping and non-overlapping . Overlapping blends are those for which the ingredients' consonants, vowels or even syllables overlap to some extent. The overlap can be of different kinds. These are also called haplologic blends. There may be an overlap that
10324-451: The rising prices immediately generated political pressure on Calderón's administration. The president opted to use price ceilings on tortillas that protected local consumers of corn. This price control came in the form of the Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact between the government and many of the main tortilla producing companies, including Grupo Maseca and Bimbo , to put a price ceiling at 8.50 pesos per kilogram of tortilla. The hope
10440-482: The situation and demonstrating basic precautionary measures to take during the epidemic such as coughing into one's elbow rather than into the air. Tamiflu and vaccines were used in 2009 and in 2010 during flu season, and some deaths were undoubtedly prevented by the strong measures that were taken as well as due to a reduction in the spread and severity of the disease. Policies keeping people home and awareness of effective strategies may have helped prevent virulent forms of
10556-469: The state-expropriation of all resources and facilities, nationalizing the United States and Anglo – Dutch operating companies. He is famous in saying in his speech addressing the nation, I ask the entire nation to furnish the necessary moral and material support to face the consequences of a decision which we, of our own free will, would neither have sought nor desired. Pemex was established by Cárdenas's decree of June 7, 1938. He framed expropriation as
10672-484: The then-common type of luggage , which opens into two equal parts: You see it's like a portmanteau—there are two meanings packed up into one word. In his introduction to his 1876 poem The Hunting of the Snark , Carroll again uses portmanteau when discussing lexical selection: Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take
10788-582: The time. In October 2017, it was confirmed by the presidency that EPN himself also met with Odebrecht four times during his presidential campaign. This directly tied EPN into the scandal, albeit EPN claimed not to have received any bribes. A document from Brazil reported Lozoya received $ 5 million in November 2014. Santiago Nieto, in charge of the Fiscalía Especializada para la Atención de los Delitos Electorales [ es ] (FEPADE), an office in charge of investigating electoral crimes,
10904-438: The top auto manufacturers in the world and for two years in a row far exceeded the previous records of auto production and export. The total foreign direct investment during Calderón's presidency was US$ 70.494 billion. Mexico also has a nascent aeronautics and aviation industry and large electronics and consumer goods industries, all of which have been attracting significant investment capital and higher-value manufacturing for
11020-462: The two words "fuming" and "furious". Make up your mind that you will say both words, but leave it unsettled which you will say first … if you have the rarest of gifts, a perfectly balanced mind, you will say "frumious". In then-contemporary English, a portmanteau was a suitcase that opened into two equal sections. According to the OED Online , a portmanteau is a "case or bag for carrying clothing and other belongings when travelling; (originally) one of
11136-406: The use of 'portmanteau' for such combinations, was: Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take the two words "fuming" and "furious." Make up your mind that you will say both words ... you will say "frumious." The errors are based on similarity of meanings, rather than phonological similarities, and
11252-419: The virus from spreading as easily as minor forms that were harder to detect and identify. Criticism of Calderón's handling varied from early claims that his administration was not doing enough to later claims that the administration had exaggerated the measures that it had taken. The Mexican Genome Project was initiated by Calderón's administration in part as a response to the swine flu outbreak and to safeguard
11368-488: The water's surface. The blaze was extinguished with nitrogen after approximately five hours. With two explosions at offshore platforms during the summer of 2021, Pemex's security and maintenance procedures are being questioned. On August 24, 2021, an oil rig fire killed five workers. On July 7, 2023, an explosion followed by a fire on the Nohoch Alfa oil platform offshore Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico. The incident
11484-542: The whole of the shorter ingredient, as in then the effect depends on orthography alone. (They are also called orthographic blends. ) An orthographic overlap need not also be phonological: For some linguists, an overlap is a condition for a blend. Non-overlapping blends (also called substitution blends) have no overlap, whether phonological or orthographic: Morphosemantically, blends fall into two kinds: attributive and coordinate . Attributive blends (also called syntactic or telescope blends) are those in which one of
11600-410: The world so as to make Mexico an open economy with a growing number of trade opportunities for all regions of Mexico and aided by new infrastructure. The international price of corn rose dramatically throughout 2006, leading to the inflation of tortilla prices in the first month of Calderón's term. Because tortillas are the main food product consumed by the country's poorest, national concerns over
11716-610: Was Latin America 's second largest enterprise by annual revenue, surpassed only by Petrobras (the Brazilian national oil company). The company is the seventh most polluting in the world according to The Guardian . Asphalt and pitch had been worked in Mexico since the time of the Aztecs . Small quantities of oil were first refined into kerosene around 1876 near Tampico . By the early 20th century, commercial quantities of oil were being extracted and refined by subsidiaries of
11832-477: Was also marked by the Great Recession . As a result of a countercyclical package passed in 2009, the national debt increased from 22.2% to 35% of GDP by December 2012. The poverty rate increased from 43 to 46%. Other significant events during Calderón's presidency include the 2007 establishment of ProMéxico , a public trust fund that promotes Mexico's interests in international trade and investment,
11948-526: Was an indication of the failure to protect the interests of its poor citizens. However, several major supermarkets, such as Soriana and Comercial Mexicana , sell the tortillas at a lower price than the one in the agreement – as low as 5.10 pesos per kilogram – which is interpreted opponents to price controls as clear evidence that price controls and the Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact were unnecessary. Additionally, PROFECO ,
12064-556: Was announced that PEMEX.UL for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) distribution was to be created. Even though Pemex is highly indebted, it is still determined to assist the poor that are affected by the rising energy prices. n a rare turn of events, Pemex saw profits of $ 719 million in the second quarter of 2021. Also in July 2021, the SENER appointed Pemex as the operator for the Zama oil field which
12180-731: Was blamed for a series of 1992 gas explosions in Guadalajara . On September 19, 2012, an explosion at the Pemex gas plant in Reynosa , Tamaulipas killed 30 and injured 46 people. Pemex Director Juan Jose Suarez said that there was "no evidence that it was a deliberate incident, or some kind of attack". On January 31, 2013, an explosion occurred at the administrative offices of Pemex in Mexico City . At least 37 people were killed and at least 126 were injured. The cause has not been confirmed. Local media reported that machinery exploded in
12296-500: Was classified as "serious". There were 180 workers on the platform. Two people were killed, another was missing, several were injured. The platform personnel have been evacuated. On April 6, 2024, an explosion followed by a fire on the Akal Bravo oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico. The incident was classified as "serious". There were 28 workers on the platform. There was one person killed and at least 13 others were injured In 2009,
12412-561: Was confirmed months later by the Federal Electoral Tribunal . His presidency was marked by his declaration of war against the country's drug cartels only ten days after taking office; this was considered by most observers as a strategy to gain popular legitimacy after the convoluted elections. The first significant federal force deployment against drug gangs was made possible by Calderón's approval of Operation Michoacán . 60,000 people had been officially killed in
12528-492: Was contained after the second presidential debate when López Obrador decided to start joining the debates. Final poll numbers days ahead of the results indicated that his opponent's prior lead had shrunk further; some polls gave López Obrador the lead, while others favored Calderón and still, others indicated a technical tie. After three decades of PAN membership, Calderón left the party on 11 November 2018 to found his own party, Free Mexico ( México Libre ), which sought to debut in
12644-571: Was controversially fired soon after the Odebrecht scandal began. He was said to be receiving too much pressure from EPN and Lozoya to stop the investigation. The firing was criticized by ex-president Felipe Calderon's wife and independent 2018 presidential candidate Margarita Zavala . President Peña Nieto said Santiago's restitution fate depended on the Mexican Senate. The organization Borde Politico had published weeks before that 116 out of
12760-573: Was created by him in 2011. During Calderón's administration, more than 1,000 hospitals were created, and more than 2,000 were reconstructed and amplified. During Vicente Fox 's administration, only 40 million people had access to a public health care system. Currently, more than 100 million Mexicans have access to their country's health care system due to Calderón's effort to implement a universal health care system. Moreover, Calderón created more than 16,500 kilometers of interstate highways . Calderón also dispatched military forces all over Mexico since
12876-710: Was hoped that new infrastructure would help diversify Mexico's economy and improve stability in years to come. One new cooperative accord between major Latin American nations on the Pacific coast, called PaCiFiCa by the Economist , has helped to isolate the participating nations from some of the fluctuations stemming from the European debt crisis as it looks towards greater trade with Asian nations. Mexico maintains positive trading relationships and trade discussions throughout
12992-406: Was originally discovered by Talos Energy in 2017. The two companies shall work together for the final development of Zama. In September that year, Talos disputed the governments decision, since Pemex doesn't have the required $ 2 billion for the oil fields development. With debts still at over $ 100 billion by September 2021, Pemex and the finance ministry of Mexico's relationship was strengthened as
13108-488: Was president of the PAN's youth movement in his early twenties. He was a local representative in the Legislative Assembly and, on two different occasions, in the federal Chamber of Deputies . He ran for the governorship of Michoacán in 1995 and served as national president of the PAN from 1996 to 1999. During his tenure, his party maintained control of 14 state capitals, but also faced a reduced presence in
13224-546: Was reached in September 2021 for a new gas supply agreement and also to build a $ 400 million ethane terminal to be located in Laguna de Pajaritos, in Coatzacoalcos , Veracruz . In October 2021, Pemex was in debt with a recorded loss of $ 3.7 billion in profits for the third quarter compared to the previous year. In the last quarter of 2021, production was 4.5% higher than that of the last quarter of 2020. Due to tax payments and
13340-527: Was submitted was for two offshore platforms and 46 wells with oil and gas from Zama would filter into the Pemex-run terminal at Dos Bocas . In June 2023, Pemex received bids for the renewal of the Dos Bocas wastewater treatment plant (PTE) which was originally built in 1970 and is no longer capable of treating the oily waters. Pemex's credit rating changed to from stable to negative in July 2023 due to
13456-439: Was that a ceiling on corn prices would provide incentive for the market to lower all prices nationally. Critics argue that the pact was both nonbinding and a de facto acceptance of a maximum 30% increase in the price of that product (from 5.95 pesos per kilogram to 8.50 pesos per kilogram). Some tortillerías ignored the agreement, leading to price increases well in excess of the 8.50 pesos. Government opposition argued that this
#749250