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63-528: In 2005, Peter Diamandis and John Gedmark from the X Prize Foundation convened a group of leaders in the emerging personal spaceflight industry, held at  SpaceX's headquarters in El Segundo, California. Attendees at the meeting included SpaceX CEO Elon Musk , Virgin Galactic 's Alex Tai, aviation pioneer Burt Rutan , businessman Robert Bigelow , and entrepreneur John Carmack . The goal of what

126-404: A superspreading event . The event charged up to $ 30,000 for tickets. In a follow-up article, Technology Review revealed that after COVID-19 started spreading among attendees, Diamandis tried to sell them "fraudulent" treatments including inhaled amniotic fluid and ketamine lozenges, which a professor of law and medicine at Stanford University characterized as "quackery". The superspreading event

189-542: A British Columbian woman with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis could not secure permission for assisted suicide. There are many therapies and techniques that may be used by clinicians to achieve the goal of sustaining life. Some examples include: These techniques are applied most commonly in the Emergency Department , Intensive Care Unit and Operating Rooms . As various life support technologies have improved and evolved they are used increasingly outside of

252-437: A genomics and cell therapy-based diagnostic and therapeutic company focused on extending the healthy human lifespan, with Craig Venter and Robert Hariri. In February 2018, Diamandis co-founded Celularity, a biotechnology company productizing allogeneic cells and tissues derived from the postpartum placenta, with Robert Hariri. In 2020, Diamandis co-founded vaccine development company COVAXX with Mei Mei Hu and Lou Reese, as

315-517: A patient or their family. A person cannot live without food and water, and because of this, it has been argued that withholding food and water is similar to the act of killing the patient or even allowing the person to die. This type of voluntary death is referred to as passive euthanasia . In addition to patients and their families, doctors also are confronted with ethical questions. In addition to patient life, doctors have to consider medical resource allocations. They have to decide whether one patient

378-399: A prospective study conducted by T J Predergast and J M Luce from 1987 to 1993, when physicians recommended withholding or withdrawing life support, 90% of the patients agreed to the suggestion and only 4% refused. When the patient disagreed with the physician, the doctor complied and continued support with one exception. If the doctor believed the patient was hopelessly ill, they did not fulfill

441-428: A small launcher called Orbital Express (later renamed "ORBEX" ) for taking 100-kg payloads to low-Earth orbit, collaborating with Bristol Aerospace for the manufacture. The company won a $ 100 million SDIO contract for one launch plus nine options and was sold to CTA Inc of Rockville, MD in 1993 for $ 250,000. Diamandis joined CTA for one year as VP of Commercial Space Programs post-acquisition. The ORBEX contract

504-737: A staff of approximately 50 and is headquartered in Culver City , California. Its board of trustees includes Larry Page , Elon Musk , James Cameron , Dean Kamen , Ratan Tata , Ray Kurzweil , Jim Gianopulos , Naveen Jain , Arianna Huffington , Will Wright , and Craig Venter . In 1994, Diamandis cofounded the Zero Gravity Corporation (ZERO-G) with Byron K. Lichtenberg and Ray Cronise. The company offered weightless flight experiences aboard its Boeing 727 aircraft, and provided NASA with microgravity flight services for research purposes. In 1998, Diamandis provided some of

567-477: A subsidiary of United Biomedical Inc. (UBI). COVAXX (now Vaxxinity ) is the developer of the UB-612 COVID-19 vaccine candidate. In 2012, with Steven Kotler , Diamandis coauthored Abundance: The Future Is Better Than You Think . The nonfiction work argues that advances in technology, entrepreneurship, and philanthropy have the potential to significantly raise global standards of living. Abundance

630-597: A third book in the series "The Exponential Mindset Trilogy," which includes Abundance and Bold : The Future is Faster Than You Think: How Converging Technologies are Transforming Business, Industries, and Our Lives , which examines the revolutionary changes brought about by convergence. The book argues that the already rapid pace of technological innovation is about to get even quicker. In February 2022, Diamandis co-authored Life Force: How New Breakthroughs in Precision Medicine Can Transform

693-526: A variety of government agencies (including The Departments of State and Commerce ) to promote modernization of Export Control policy and procedures in regards to the commercial space industry. The committee aims to assist American companies to remain competitive leaders in the global market and to advance innovation and technology overall. The committee also serves as a point of reference for adherence to current legislation and policy. The Commercial Spaceflight Federation's Spaceports Working Group focuses on

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756-520: A wide variety of issues facing the spaceport community including environmental, infrastructure, and regulatory topics, as well as seeking to encourage and fund programs to support spaceports. CSF members are responsible for the creation of thousands of high-tech jobs. Members are over 85 industry organizations involved in commercial spaceflight and private spaceflight, often referred to as new space . There are four tiers of CSF membership, with each having different requirements and perks. The highest tier

819-416: Is cerebral hypoxia , a shortage of oxygen to the brain due to heart or respiratory failure . A victim of cerebral hypoxia may die within 8–10 minutes without basic life support procedures. BLS is the lowest level of emergency care, followed by advanced life support and critical care . As technology continues to advance within the medical field, so do the options available for healthcare. Out of respect for

882-407: Is Executive Membership, which is generally reserved for commercial spaceflight developers, operators, and spaceports . Below Executive members are Associate Members, which is composed of suppliers supporting commercial spaceflight, with recent members including suppliers of mission support services and suppliers of training, medical and life-support products and services. The third tier of membership

945-432: Is a worthwhile investment of limited resources versus another. Current ethical guidelines are vague since they center on moral issues of ending medical care but disregard discrepancies between those who understand possible treatments and how the patient's wishes are understood and integrated into the final decision. Physicians often ignore treatments they deem ineffective, causing them to make more decisions without consulting

1008-642: Is also cofounder and former CEO of the Zero Gravity Corporation , cofounder and vice chairman of Space Adventures Ltd., founder and chairman of the Rocket Racing League , cofounder of the International Space University , cofounder of Planetary Resources , cofounder of Celularity, founder of Students for the Exploration and Development of Space , and vice chairman and cofounder of Human Longevity, Inc . Diamandis

1071-496: Is called Research and Education Affiliates (REM for short), and this tier is occupied by Universities , educational and student nonprofits, and other research and education institutions. The fourth tier of CSF membership is the Patrons Program. This tier is distinct from the rest in the sense that it is composed of individuals rather than corporate entities. Executive Membership is the highest level of membership offered at

1134-485: Is sometimes provided at the scene of an emergency by family members or bystanders before emergency services arrive. In the case of cardiac injuries, cardiopulmonary resuscitation is initiated by bystanders or family members 25% of the time. Basic life support techniques, such as performing CPR on a victim of cardiac arrest , can double or even triple that patient's chance of survival. Other types of basic life support include relief from choking (which can be done by using

1197-455: Is unique in that it allows for individual membership, unlike other membership categories, which are reserved for corporations, and organizations. The Suborbital Applications Researchers Group (SARG) was created on August 10, 2009, to "increase awareness of commercial suborbital vehicles in the science and R&D communities, to work with policymakers to ensure that payloads can have easy access to these vehicles, and to further develop ideas for

1260-779: The Heimlich maneuver ), staunching of bleeding by direct compression and elevation above the heart (and if necessary, pressure on arterial pressure points and the use of a manufactured or improvised tourniquet ), first aid , and the use of an automated external defibrillator . The purpose of basic life support (abbreviated BLS) is to save lives in a variety of different situations that require immediate attention. These situations can include, but are not limited to, cardiac arrest, stroke , drowning , choking, accidental injuries, violence , severe allergic reactions , burns , hypothermia , birth complications, drug addiction , and alcohol intoxication . The most common emergency that requires BLS

1323-501: The High Court and wanted permission to end life support for their son. The Court decided that his "existence in a persistent vegetative state is not a benefit to the patient," but the statement did not cover the innate value of human life. The court interpreted the sanctity of life as only applicable when life could continue in the way that the patient would have wanted to live their life. If the quality of life did not fall within what

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1386-677: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study biology and physics. During his second year at MIT in 1980, Diamandis cofounded Students for the Exploration and Development of Space . Diamandis graduated from MIT in 1983 with degrees in molecular genetics and aerospace engineering. He then entered Harvard Medical School to pursue his MD through the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology . During his second year of medical school, he cofounded

1449-538: The NASA Ames campus in Silicon Valley and is supported by a number of corporate founders and partners including Autodesk , Cisco , Nokia , Kauffman Foundation and ePlanet Ventures. The company runs a 10-week Graduate Studies Program, a seven-day Executive Program and a five-day Exponential Medicine conference. In April 2012, Diamandis cofounded Planetary Resources Inc ., an organization dedicated to

1512-457: The Office of Space Commerce , and FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation (AST). Additionally, it seeks to work with congressional offices and committees to implement programmatic and language requests that establish and benefit programs that utilize commercial industry. CSF's Regulatory Committee collaborates to prepare information for and present a united position to regulators across

1575-628: The CST Commercial Space Transportation Conference in partnership with the FAA since 2017. The Commercial Spaceflight Federation has two organizing committees as well as several working groups composed of their members and staff that are working to address the most pressing issues facing the industry. Participation in these committees is open to Executive and Associate members. The Legislative Committee works to secure funding for civil space activities, NASA ,

1638-577: The Commercial Spaceflight Federation. At this level, members have an exclusive seat on the CSF Board of Directors. (Updated June 3, 2021): The second highest tier, Associate members are invited to participate on CSF committees and working groups. (Updated June 3, 2024): The Research and Education Affiliates is primarily for "Researchers, engineers, and educators." (Updated January 12, 2021): The Patron Program

1701-676: The DNR. The "do not resuscitate" order was withdrawn. In the case law to date in 1988, the courts decided that a decision to withhold or withdraw treatment was only for the physician to make, not the courts. However, the Manitoba court decided that given the scarcity of related cases and how none of them considered the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , it would try the case. Previous courts had held that physicians should not be bound by law to provide treatment that they did not believe

1764-537: The International Space University and CEO of International Micro Space, a microsatellite launch company. Over the course of his career, Diamandis has founded over 25 companies in the areas of longevity, space, venture capital and education. In 1987, during his third year of medical school, Diamandis cofounded International Space University with Todd Hawley , Walter Anderson , Christopher Mau and Robert Richards . Diamandis served as

1827-608: The Quality of Your Life & Those You Love with Tony Robbins. The book, a New York Times bestseller, discusses various ways to boost energy, prevent disease, and extend vitality amidst health uncertainties. Diamandis also: In February 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic , MIT Technology Review reported that Diamandis held a "mostly maskless" event in Santa Monica in violation of the local stay-at-home order that became

1890-763: The Space Generation Foundation to promote projects and programs that would help the "Space Generation"—all those born since the flight of Sputnik—get off the planet. In 1986, Diamandis put his medical degree on hold and returned to MIT to pursue a master's degree in aeronautics and astronautics, conducting research at NASA Johnson Space Center , the MIT Man Vehicle Laboratory and MIT's Whitehead Biomedical Institute. After completing his M.S. at MIT, Diamandis returned to Harvard to complete his M.D. During his last year of medical school in 1989, Diamandis acted as managing director of

1953-582: The USG, ensuring that regulation does not needlessly hinder the advancement of the commercial space industry. To this end, the Regulatory Committee ensures that commercial perspectives are included in the regulation and standards development process to ensure the safety of spaceflight participants and provide the FAA and FCC with means of compliance. The Committee also works with industry experts from

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2016-644: The biology of aging. In May 2012, the Robin Hood Foundation announced its plans to partner with the XPRIZE Foundation for several New York-based challenges targeted at eradicating poverty. The $ 101 million global competition for technologies that combat aging and extend health span was launched in 2023. It asks teams to test and verify therapeutics that can restore a decade of muscle, immune, and cognitive functioning for people aged 65 to 80 in one year or less. The XPRIZE Foundation has

2079-596: The commercial human spaceflight industry." The areas the CSF now represented include: On August 10, 2009, CSF announced the creation of the Suborbital Applications Research Group (SARG). On February 18, 2010, the CSF announced a new research and education affiliates program. United Launch Alliance joined in 2010, followed by Boeing 's membership in 2013, but both left by 2014. The X Prize Foundation left by around 2016. CSF has hosted

2142-525: The doctor decided that the patient needed a cuffed tracheotomy tube, which Mrs. Sawatsky opposed. In response, the hospital applied to have a Public Trustee become the patient's legal guardian and the Trustee consented to the operation. In late October, without consulting another physician or the patient's wife, the physician again made a "do not resuscitate" order after the patient developed pneumonia. Mrs. Sawatzky went to court for an interim order to remove

2205-510: The dying process. Another type of life support that presents ethical arguments is the placement of a feeding tube. Decisions about hydration and nutrition are generally the most ethically challenging when it comes to end-of-life care. In 1990, the US Supreme Court ruled that artificial nutrition and hydration are not different from other life-supporting treatments. Because of this, artificial nutrition and hydration can be refused by

2268-524: The foundation has launched the $ 10M Ansari XPRIZE (awarded), the $ 10M Automotive XPRIZE (awarded), the $ 10M Archon XPRIZE (in progress), the $ 30M Google Lunar XPRIZE (in progress), the $ 10M Qualcomm Tricorder XPRIZE , the $ 2M Lunar Lander Challenge (awarded), the $ 1.4M Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge (awarded), the Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health XPRIZE, and the $ 101 million XPRIZE Healthspan targeting aspects of

2331-686: The foundation. XPRIZE was created to fund and operate a $ 10 million incentive competition intended to inspire a new generation of private passenger-carrying spaceships. The prize was announced on May 18, 1996, in St. Louis, MO without any purse money or any teams. The prize was ultimately funded through an insurance policy underwritten by the Anousheh and Hamid Ansari Family and renamed the Ansari XPRIZE in their honor. The $ 10 million competition attracted 26 teams from seven countries as teams and

2394-424: The hospital environment. For example, a patient who requires a ventilator for survival is commonly discharged home with these devices. Another example includes the now-ubiquitous presence of automated external defibrillators in public venues which allow lay people to deliver life support in a prehospital environment. The ultimate goals of life support depend on the specific patient situation. Typically, life support

2457-454: The identification, remote sensing and prospecting of near-Earth approaching asteroids, with Eric Anderson . He has also served on the company's board. Following financial troubles, it was announced in October 2018 that the company's human assets were purchased by the blockchain software technology company ConsenSys, Inc . In March 2014, Diamandis cofounded Human Longevity Inc. (HLI) ,

2520-590: The initial funding for the space tourism company Space Adventures . In March 2008, Space Adventures acquired Zero Gravity Corporation. More than 15,000 people have flown on the G-Force One aircraft as of 2017. Between 1999 and 2001, Diamandis was the CEO of BlastOff! Corporation , which proposed to fly a private rover mission to land on the Moon as a mix of entertainment, Internet and space. Diamandis commented on how

2583-429: The initial startup cost for the project was in the region of five million dollars, which was necessary to cover the costs of the servers, bandwidth and software. The company lost funding and ceased business in 2001. In 2005, Diamandis cofounded the Rocket Racing League . Developed as a cross between IndyCar racing and rockets, it envisioned enabling the public to enjoy speed, rockets and competitive spirits. Diamandis

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2646-594: The life of the patient. Because such treatment is available, families are often faced with the moral question of whether or not to treat the patient. Much of the struggle concerns the ethics of letting someone die when they can be kept alive versus keeping someone alive, possibly without their consent. Between 60 and 70% of seriously ill patients will not be able to decide for themselves whether or not they want to limit treatments, including life support measures. This leaves these difficult decisions up to loved ones and family members. Patients and family members who wish to limit

2709-418: The patient or representatives. However, when they decide against medical treatment, they must keep the patient or representatives informed even if they discourage continued life support. Whether the physician decides to continue to terminate life support therapy depends on their own ethical beliefs. These beliefs concern the patient's independence, consent, and the efficacy and value of continued life support. In

2772-427: The patient valued as a meaningful life, then sanctity of life did not apply. The accuracy of a proxy's decision about how to treat a patient is influenced by what the patient would have wanted for themselves. However, just because the patient wanted to die did not mean the courts would allow physicians to assist and medically kill a patient. This part of the decision was influenced by the case Rodriguez (1993) in which

2835-403: The patient would want. Otherwise, the physician would be acting against his conscience and his duty as a physician. However, if the patient disagreed, they can sue the physician for negligence. To avoid this, Justice Beard ruled in favor of the patient. Resuscitation is not controversial and only requires CPR, which would be performed by the first qualified person on the scene. Even if resuscitation

2898-411: The patient's autonomy, patients and their families are able to make their own decisions about life-sustaining treatment or whether to hasten death. When patients and their families are forced to make decisions concerning life support as a form of end-of-life or emergency treatment, ethical dilemmas often arise. When a patient is terminally ill or seriously injured, medical interventions can save or prolong

2961-564: The physicians were members of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Mr. Sawatsky had Parkinson's disease and had been a patient at the Riverview Health Centre , Manitoba , Canada since May 28, 1998. When he was admitted to the hospital, the attending physician decided that if he went into cardiac arrest, he should not be resuscitated. Mrs. Sawatsky opposed the decision and the doctor complied. Later,

3024-464: The question is more, "Is continued life a benefit to this person" instead of, "Is it possible to treat this person". These questions are beyond the scope of the medical profession and can be answered philosophically or religiously, which is also what builds our sense of justice. Both philosophy and religion value life as a basic right for humans, rather than as the ability to contribute to society, and purposely encompasses all people. Mr. Sawatzky fell under

3087-481: The surrogate's request for resuscitation. In a survey conducted by Jean-Louis Vincent MD, PhD in 1999, it was found that of European intensivists working in the Intensive Care Unit, 93% of physicians occasionally withhold treatment from those they considered hopeless. Withdrawal of treatment was less common. For these patients, 40% of the physicians gave large doses of drugs until the patient died. All of

3150-451: The treatment provided to the patient may complete a do not resuscitate (DNR) or do not intubate (DNI) order with their doctor. These orders state that the patient does not wish to receive these forms of life support. Generally, DNRs and DNIs are justified for patients who might not benefit from CPR, who would result in permanent damage from CPR or patients who have a poor quality of life prior to CPR or intubation and do not wish to prolong

3213-473: The umbrella, so the judge ruled in his favor. The Airedale NHS Trust v. Bland case was an English House of Lords decision for a 17-year-old comatose survivor of the Hillsborough disaster . He had been artificially fed and hydrated via life support for about three years, but he had not shown any improvement while in his persistent vegetative state. His parents challenged the therapeutic life support at

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3276-486: The university's managing director and chief operating officer until 1989. Today, ISU offers a Space Studies program and two accredited Master of Space Studies degrees. Its $ 30 million campus is headquartered in Strasbourg , France. Diamandis cofounded Microsat Launch Systems, later renamed International MicroSpace Inc., in 1989 during his fourth year of medical school and served as the company's CEO. IMI designed

3339-497: The uses of these vehicles for science, engineering, and education missions." Peter Diamandis Peter H. Diamandis ( / ˌ d iː ə ˈ m æ n d ɪ s / DEE -ə- MAN -diss ; born May 20, 1961) is an American marketer, engineer , physician, and entrepreneur. He is best known as the founder and chairman of the XPRIZE Foundation , and the cofounder and executive chairman of Singularity University . He

3402-553: Was No. 2 on The New York Times Best Seller list , remaining on the list for nine weeks. It was No. 1 on the non-fiction bestseller lists of Amazon and Barnes and Noble. In 2015, again with Steven Kotler , Diamandis coauthored Bold: How to Go Big, Create Wealth, and Impact the World , which provides analysis and instruction for entrepreneurs interested in learning about exponential technologies, moon-shot thinking, and crowdsourcing. January 28, 2020, Kotler and Diamandis released

3465-461: Was acquired by Angel Technology. Between 1995 and 1999, Diamandis was the president of Angel Technologies Corporation, a commercial communications company that intended to develop wireless broadband communications networks based on a high-altitude aircraft. In 1994, Diamandis founded the XPRIZE Foundation after the failure of International MicroSpace, Inc and reading Charles Lindbergh 's The Spirit of St. Louis . He serves as chairman and CEO of

3528-497: Was an ethical dilemma, it was minor given that the doctor had allowed resuscitation for several months already. In contrast with related cases in which patients were comatose, Mrs. Sawatzky provided evidence that her husband was able to communicate and believed that he could recover, but the doctor disagreed. The uncertainty of recovery pushed the Court to order the physician to allow resuscitation. Where rulings discuss end of life issues,

3591-630: Was born in the Bronx , New York to Greek immigrants. Diamandis expressed a keen interest in space exploration from a very early age. At age 8, he began lecturing his family and friends on space. At age 12, Diamandis won first place in the Estes Rocket Design Competition for building a launch system able to simultaneously launch three rockets. After graduating from Great Neck North High School in 1979, Diamandis attended Hamilton College for his first year, then transferred to

3654-723: Was covered widely by publications including the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times . Diamandis proposed to his girlfriend Kristen Hladecek on a Zero Gravity Corporation spaceflight in 2004. They have twin sons, born c.  2012 . Life support Life support comprises the treatments and techniques performed in an emergency in order to support life after the failure of one or more vital organs. Healthcare providers and emergency medical technicians are generally certified to perform basic and advanced life support procedures; however, basic life support

3717-448: Was eventually canceled "because of a glut of small launchers," and CTA put the project on hold and eventually canceled the project. In 1991, Diamandis founded Constellation Communications, Inc., one of five low-Earth orbit satellite constellations for voice telephony. The company planned to deploy an equatorial ring of 10 satellites to provide communications primarily to Brazil and Indonesia. Diamandis remained director until 1993, when it

3780-537: Was the chairman of RRL until it ceased business. In 2008, with the American author, inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil , Diamandis cofounded Singularity University (SU), a Silicon Valley-based nonprofit offering education in futurology . It is now called the Singularity Group, as it is not a university. Diamandis now serves as its executive chairman. SU is an interdisciplinary organization based on

3843-655: Was the world's first non-government piloted spacecraft and hangs in the National Air and Space Museum adjacent to the Spirit of St. Louis aircraft. In January 2005, the XPRIZE Foundation Board of Trustees expanded the focus of the XPRIZE to address four different group areas: Exploration (oceans and space), Life Sciences, Energy and Environment, and Education and Global Development. Since inception,

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3906-742: Was then called the Personal Spaceflight Federation was to "design and uphold the standards and processes necessary to ensure public safety and promote growth of the personal spaceflight industry." On August 22, 2006, the PSF laid out their priorities as: On June 15, 2008, the Personal Spaceflight Federation announced a new website and a new name—the Commercial Spaceflight Federation—to emphasize "the diverse business activities of

3969-435: Was won on October 4, 2004, by Mojave Aerospace Ventures , a team run by the aviation designer Burt Rutan and funded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen . The winning vehicle, SpaceShipOne , was piloted to space twice within two weeks to win the competition. The first flight was made on September 29, 2004, piloted by Mike Melvill , and the winning, second flight was made on October 4, 2004, by pilot Brian Binnie . SpaceShipOne

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