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97-540: The national flag of the Philippines ( pambansang watawat ng Pilipinas ) is a horizontal bicolor flag with equal bands of royal blue and crimson red , with a white, equilateral chevron at the hoist . In the center of the triangle is a golden-yellow sun with eight primary rays, to represent the original eight provinces that rebelled against the Spanish during the 1896 Philippine Revolution . At each vertex of

194-461: A coffin such as a rosary, bible, torah, Quran, crucifix, star and moon, or the star of David. This is allowed by law to symbolize the belief and principle of "God above country". The Philippines does not utilize a separate war flag ; instead, the national flag itself is used for this purpose. To indicate a state of war, the red field is flown upwards and is placed on the right (i.e., the observer's left) when hung vertically. In times of peace, however,

291-405: A community with sin and corruption. Fortitude and courage are distinguishable in that fortitude is the mental or emotional strength that enables courage in the face of adversity. According to Presbyterian theologian William Swan Plumer , "There is also, in strict propriety of language, a difference between courage and fortitude. Courage faces and resists danger; fortitude endures pain.... Courage

388-598: A contemporary of the original flag. However, the essay concluded that it could not be one being unfurled during the independence declaration in Kawit because it is made of mix silk and cotton farbic. According to Agoncillo's statement in Philippine Herald in 1929, the flag she sewn was made in fine silk. Hostilities broke out between the Philippines and the United States in 1899. The flag was first flown with

485-495: A general moral balance. Ambrose held that fortitude without justice occasions injustice; since the stronger a man is the more ready to oppress the weaker. Courage is a natural virtue which Saint Augustine did not consider a virtue for Christians. The Tao Te Ching contends that courage is derived from love ( 慈 故 能 勇 ) translated as: "From love one gains courage." In Hindu tradition, Courage ( shauriya ) / Bravery ( dhairya ), and Patience ( taamasa ) appear as

582-464: A goodness of manners. These virtues are always meant to act in the interests of individual while the positive and/or negative effects of society are merely a byproduct. This stems forth from the idea put forth in Leviathan that the state of nature is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" and self-preservation is the most fundamental aspect of behavior. According to Hobbes courage is a virtue of

679-511: A key factors in facing the Devil (both internally and externally). Many have this belief because of the courage the Prophets of the past displayed (through peace and patience), despite there being people who despised them. Thomas Hobbes lists virtues into the categories of moral virtues and virtues of men in his work Man and Citizen . Hobbes outlines moral virtues as virtues in citizens, that

776-435: A lack of an operational definition, the advancement of research in courage is limited. So they conducted studies to try to find "a common structure of courage". Their goal from their research of implicit theories was to find "people's form and content on the idea of courage". Many researchers created studies on implicit theories by creating a questionnaire that would ask "What is courage?". In addition, in order to " develop

873-551: A measurement scale of courage, ten experts in the field of psychology came together to define courage. They defined it as: the ability to act for a meaningful (noble, good, or practical) cause, despite experiencing the fear associated with perceived threat exceeding the available resources Also, because courage is a " multi-dimensional construct, it can be "better understood as an exceptional response to specific external conditions or circumstances than as an attribute, disposition, or character trait". Meaning that rather than being

970-421: A ninth ray to the flag's sun but adding a fourth star to the flag, representing North Borneo (present-day Sabah ), a territory claimed by the Philippines but currently under Malaysian sovereignty. The flag's triangle is changed into a rectangle to accommodate the fourth star. According to Osorio, the star representing Sabah in his proposed flag was added "in principle" and said the flag proposal seeks to express

1067-409: A noble good or worthy end, despite, perhaps, the presence of the emotion of fear. To further the discussion of the implicit theories of courage, the researchers stated that future research could consider looking into the concept of courage and fear and how individual's might feel fear, overcome it and act, and act despite it. The term "clinical courage" came to light in relation to modern medicine in

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1164-462: A province or district with significant involvement in the 1896 Philippine Revolution against Spain; these are the provinces Manila , Bulacan , Cavite , Pampanga , Laguna , Batangas , and Nueva Ecija (some sources specify other provinces as alternatives to some of these) and the district of Morong (modern-day province of Rizal ). However, according to the Declaration of Independence and

1261-516: A religious root. For religion is the state of being grasped by the power of being itself. J.R.R. Tolkien identified in his 1936 lecture " Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics " a " Northern 'theory of courage'" – the heroic or " virtuous pagan " insistence to do the right thing even in the face of certain defeat without promise of reward or salvation : It is the strength of the northern mythological imagination that it faced this problem, put

1358-597: A research by Ateneo de Manila University Professor Ambeth Ocampo , the rays of the sun symbolized the first eight provinces of the Philippines which was declared under martial law during the Philippine Revolution ( Batangas , Bulacan , Cavite , Manila , Laguna , Nueva Ecija , Pampanga and Tarlac ). Three five-pointed stars, one at each of the triangle's points, stand for the three major island groups: Luzon , Visayas (originally referring to Panay Island ) and Mindanao . The flag's original symbolism

1455-407: A show character or an attribute, courage is a response to fear. From their research, they were able to find the "four necessary components of people's notion of courage". They are: With these four components, they were able to define courage as: a willful, intentional act, executed after mindful deliberation, involving objective substantial risk to the actor, primarily motivated to bring about

1552-518: A sign of mourning. Upon the official announcement of the death of the president or a former president, the flag should be flown at half-mast for ten days. The flag should be flown at half-mast for seven days following the death of the vice president , the chief justice , the president of the Senate or the speaker of the House of Representatives . The flag may also be required to fly at half-mast upon

1649-454: A sort of perseverance – "preservation of the belief that has been inculcated by the law through education about what things and sorts of things are to be feared". Plato explains this perseverance as being able to persevere through all emotions, like suffering, pleasure, and fear. As a desirable quality, courage is discussed broadly by Aristotle in the context of soldiers in battle for a noble cause. In Nicomachean Ethics , where its absence

1746-1011: A specified day of May (to be given by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines) and may last until June 30. List of flags by design#Bicolour Examples: While most charged flags are duotone or multicolor, they are referred to by their solid primary color foremost, with their charged symbol's color(s) and symbology following accordingly. Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples: Courage Courage (also called bravery , valour ( British and Commonwealth English ), or valor ( American English ))

1843-457: A sun, the meaning of which are as follows: the red is symbolic of Filipino courage which is second to none, and was the color used during the war in the province of Cavite since the 31st of August 1896, until the Peace of Biak-na-Bato [in 1897]; the blue carries an allegorical meaning that all Filipinos will prefer to die before submitting ourselves to the invader, whoever he may be; the white conveys

1940-496: Is "trusting in your own strength", as observed by Jacob Grimm in his Teutonic Mythology : Men who, turning away in utter disgust and doubt from the heathen faith, placed their reliance on their own strength and virtue. Thus in the Sôlar lioð 17 we read of Vêbogi and Râdey â sik þau trûðu , "in themselves they trusted". Ernest Hemingway famously defined courage as "grace under pressure". Winston Churchill stated, "Courage

2037-619: Is addressed earlier in Man and Citizen . David Hume listed virtues into two categories in his work A Treatise of Human Nature : artificial virtues and natural virtues. Hume categorized courage as a natural virtue. In the Treatise' s section "Of Pride and Humility, Their Objects and Causes", Hume wrote that courage is a cause of pride: "Every valuable quality of the mind, whether of the imagination, judgment, memory or disposition; wit, good-sense, learning, courage, justice, integrity; all these are

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2134-522: Is also translated as "courage", but includes the aspects of perseverance and patience . In the Western tradition, notable thoughts on courage have come from philosophers Socrates , Plato , Aristotle , Aquinas , and Kierkegaard , as well as Christian beliefs and texts. In the Hindu tradition, mythology has given many examples of courage, with examples of both physical and moral courage exemplified. In

2231-409: Is effectively achieved by flipping the flag upside-down. The flag's length is twice its width, giving it an aspect ratio of 1:2. The length of all the sides of the white triangle are equal to the width of the flag. Each star is oriented in such manner that one of its tips points towards the vertex at which it is located. Moreover, the gap-angle between two neighbors of the 8 ray-bundles is as large as

2328-421: Is enumerated in the text of the independence proclamation, which makes reference to an attached drawing, though no record of the drawing has surfaced. The proclamation explains the flag as follows: And finally it was resolved unanimously that this Nation, already independent from today should use the same flag which it has used, whose shape and colors are described in the attached drawing rendering realistically

2425-419: Is for action; fortitude for suffering. In this sense, fortitude differs little from constancy and patient endurance." Thomas Aquinas says that fortitude ranks third after prudence and justice among the cardinal virtues. He distinguishes fortitude from fearlessness, which can too easily become recklessness through short-sighted audacity with disastrous results. In both Catholicism and Anglicanism , fortitude

2522-468: Is illegal. When displaying the Philippine flag with another flag in a crossed position, the former should hang on the left side of the observer and its staff should be displayed over the staff of the second flag. The display of two crossed Philippine flags is not permissible. In the case of the Philippine flag's display on a stage or platform such as in a speech, the flag's staff should be positioned on

2619-420: Is it a denial of the emotion. The ideal is to judge a situation, accept the emotion as part of human nature and, we hope, use well-developed habits to confront the fear and allow reason to guide our behavior toward a worthwhile goal." According to Putman, Aristotle refers to an appropriate level of fear and confidence in courage. "Fear, although it might vary from person to person, is not completely relative and

2716-602: Is meant to represent the Moro community. The flag should be displayed in all government buildings, official residences , public plazas , and schools every day throughout the year. All other places as may be designated by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines as such. The days of May 28 (National Flag Day) and June 12 (Independence Day) are designated as flag days, during which all offices, agencies and instrumentalities of government, business establishments, institutions of learning and private homes are enjoined to display

2813-554: Is more elaborate than the flag which is currently in use. It bears the embroidered words, Libertad, Justicia and Igualdad (Liberty, Justice, and Equality) on one side of the flag and Fuerzas Expedicionarias del Norte de Luzon (Expeditionary forces of Northern Luzon) on the other. In a 2012 essay, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines acknowledged that the flag kept in Baguio as authentic and

2910-530: Is only appropriate if it 'matches the danger of the situation'". The same goes for confidence in that there are two aspects to self-confidence in a dangerous situation: Without an appropriate balance between fear and confidence when facing a threat, one cannot have the courage to overcome it. Professor Daniel Putman states "if the two emotions are distinct, then excesses or deficiencies in either fear or confidence can distort courage". Courage does not mean that you are not afraid, it means that you are willing to face

3007-399: Is rightly esteemed the first of human qualities because it is the quality that guarantees all others." According to Maya Angelou , "Courage is the most important of the virtues, because without courage you can't practice any other virtue consistently. You can practice any virtue erratically, but nothing consistently without courage." And C.S. Lewis wrote that "Courage is not simply one of

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3104-478: Is that of "clinical recklessness", in which the actions of a clinician in stepping outside of their competence results in unprofessional behaviour, which exposes patients to risk or harm. One symbol often associated with courage is the lion . It is sometimes seen in the Catholic Church as a depiction of Christ's triumph over sin. It also is a symbol in some cultures as a savior of the people who live in

3201-472: Is the choice and willingness to confront agony , pain , danger , uncertainty , or intimidation . Valor is courage or bravery, especially in battle . Physical courage is bravery in the face of physical pain, hardship, even death, or threat of death; while moral courage is the ability to act rightly in the face of popular opposition, shame , scandal , discouragement, or personal loss. The classical virtue of fortitude ( andreia , fortitudo )

3298-499: Is the blue on which a theory says influenced the Philippine flag's design. The colors of the flag were first standardized by President Ramón Magsaysay , upon the recommendation of the Philippine Historical Committee (PHC) dated January 24, 1955. Specifically, the colors adopted were Old Glory Red (Cable No. 70180), National Flag Blue (Cable No. 70077), Spanish Yellow (Cable No. 70068), and White (70001) by

3395-556: Is the vice of cowardice and its excess the vice of recklessness , courage represents the mean between the two extremes. Thucydides , a 5th century  BCE Greek historian, wrote, "The bravest are surely those who have the clearest vision of what is before them, glory and danger alike, and yet notwithstanding, go out to meet it." In the Roman Empire , courage formed part of the universal virtue of virtus . Roman philosopher and statesman Cicero (106–43  BCE ) lists

3492-431: Is virtues that without exception are beneficial to society as a whole. These moral virtues are justice (i.e. not violating the law) and charity. Courage as well as prudence and temperance are listed as the virtues of men. By this Hobbes means that these virtues are invested solely in the private good as opposed to the public good of justice and charity. Hobbes describes courage and prudence as strengths of mind as opposed to

3589-487: The Treatise : "We easily gain from the liberality of others, but are always in danger of losing by their avarice: Courage defends us, but cowardice lays us open to every attack". Hume considered what excessive courage does to a hero's character in the Treatise' s section "Of the Other Virtues and Vices": "Accordingly we may observe, that an excessive courage and magnanimity, especially when it displays itself under

3686-529: The University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City. The symbolism of the ninth ray varies by proponent. Prior to the 1998 independence centennial celebrations, the provincial government of Zambales lobbied that the sunburst design accommodate a ninth ray, reasoning that their province was also in a state of rebellion in 1896. The Centennial Commission however refuted this change, based on research by

3783-551: The 1986 People Power Revolution that removed him from power in favor of pre-1985 National Flag Blue. For the 1998 centennial celebration of Philippine independence, the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines (Republic Act. 8491, s. 1998) was passed, designating Royal Blue (Cable No. 80173) as the official variant to be used from 1998 to present. The flag's colors are specified and codified under Republic Act 8491, s. 1998 signed on February 12, 1998, in terms of their cable number in

3880-453: The 2000s, mostly in relation to the practice of medicine in remote or resource-limited settings. It has been described as the practice of medicine outside of a clinician's usual scope of practice, or relevant clinical guidelines, in order to provide essential medical care, where no alternative exists. It has been specifically discussed in relation to rural generalists, paramedics, general practitioners, and rural medicine. The opposing theory

3977-554: The Eastern tradition, the Chinese text Tao Te Ching offers a great deal of thoughts on courage, both physical and moral. According to Professor Daniel Putman, "courage involves deliberate choice in the face of painful or fearful circumstances for the sake of a worthy goal". With this realization, Putman concludes that "there is a close connection between fear and confidence". Fear and confidence in relation to courage can determine

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4074-625: The Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines. This measure was later superseded by Senate Bill No. 3307 which was sponsored by Senator Francis Escudero and approved in September 2009. The bill was sent to the House of Representatives for concurrence with House Bill 6424. Both S.B. No. 3307 and H.B. 6424 was reconciled by the Bicameral Conference Committee in September 2009. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, however, vetoed

4171-500: The IPOPHIL has allowed businesses to use elements of the flag to invoke the national symbol as long as the intellectual property is neither a "true representation" of the Philippine flag nor a "modification that would amount to defacement of the flag". According to Republic Act 8491 itself, it shall be prohibited: The Act mandates that violators shall, upon conviction, be punished by fine or imprisonment. The Pledge of Allegiance to

4268-587: The Interior and Local Government. The usage of the flag is permissible if the flag itself has been part of the LGU's history such as in the case of Kawit, Cavite , which is the site of the declaration of Philippine independence. The Philippine flag itself is not eligible to be trademarked according to the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHIL) since the flag is "owned by

4365-673: The Japanese. With the combined forces of the Filipino and American soldiers and the liberation of the Philippines in 1944 to 1945, the flag with the American colors was restored, and it was this flag that was hoisted upon the granting of Philippine independence from the United States on July 4, 1946. Proposals to add a ninth ray to the sun of the Philippine flag dates as early as 1969, when the Ninth Ray historical reform movement started at

4462-548: The Katipunan, such as Andrés Bonifacio , Mariano Llanera , and Pío del Pilar , also had individual war standards. The Philippine national flag was designed by Emilio Aguinaldo . It was sewn by Doña Marcela Mariño Agoncillo , her five-year-old daughter Lorenza Mariño Agoncillo, and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa Natividad , Dr. José Rizal 's niece by his sister Lucia.It was first displayed in the Battle of Alapan on May 28, 1898, after

4559-429: The National Historical Commission. When flown at half-mast, the flag should be first hoisted to the peak for a moment then lowered to the half-mast position. It should be raised to the peak again before it is lowered for the day. A bill was filed in 2014, to mandate the flying of the flag at half-mast as a tribute to public school teachers. Under the proposal the flag shall be flown at half-mast for at least five days at

4656-604: The National Historical Institute. In August 2003, then Foreign Affairs Secretary Blas Ople also lobbied for a ninth ray, saying that Quezon should be added. He reasons that the first uprising against the Spaniards happened at the foot of Mount Banahaw which was led by Hermano Pule in 1841. In December 1987, congressman Alawadin Bandon Jr. of Tawi-Tawi proposed the addition of a ninth ray to

4753-403: The Ninth Ray movement's view that "if we get Sabah, then it could be represented by the star". There was a proposal to add a crescent moon during the administration of President Fidel V. Ramos in a lead up to the 1998 Philippine Centennial. Ramos directed Education Secretary Ricardo Gloria in 1995 to form a commission of scholars to research on the possible modification of the flag. The crescent

4850-478: The Philippine Islands. Up until the eve of World War II, Flag Day was celebrated on annually on October 30, commemorating the date the ban on the flag was lifted. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated in 1935. On March 25, 1936, President Manuel L. Quezon issued Executive Order No. 23 which provided for the technical description and specifications of the flag. Among the provisions of

4947-486: The Philippine flag (distinct from the Patriotic Oath of Allegiance ) should be recited while standing with the right hand with palm open raised shoulder high. Individuals whose faith or religious beliefs prohibit them from making such pledge are permitted to excuse themselves, but are required by law to show full respect when the pledge is being rendered by standing at attention. The law makes no statement regarding

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5044-599: The Philippine flag to the various war standards of the individual leaders of the Katipunan , a pseudo- masonic revolutionary movement that opposed Spanish rule in the Philippines and led the Philippine Revolution . However, while some symbols common to the Katipunan flags would be adopted into the iconography of the Revolution, it is inconclusive whether these war standards can be considered precursors to

5141-546: The Philippine flag's sun to represent "Muslim participation" in the Philippine Revolution , arguing that "As a Muslim I am assaulted by a feeling of alienation in being excluded from the symbolic narration of the great history of the country." Senator Aquilino Pimentel Jr. later expressed the same view, filing a Senate Bill seeking the addition of a ninth ray representing Filipino Muslims in March 1988. In 2008, Senator Richard Gordon filed Senate Bill No. 2590 which aimed to amend

5238-433: The Philippine flag. The Philippine national flag has a rectangular design that consists of a white equilateral triangle, symbolizing liberty, equality and fraternity ; a horizontal blue stripe for peace, truth, and justice; and a horizontal red stripe for patriotism and valor . In the center of the white triangle is an eight-rayed golden sun symbolizing unity, freedom, people's democracy, and sovereignty. Each ray represents

5335-532: The Principles of Morals . Søren Kierkegaard opposed courage to angst , while Paul Tillich opposed an existential courage to be with non-being , fundamentally equating it with religion : Courage is the self-affirmation of being in spite of the fact of non-being. It is the act of the individual self in taking the anxiety of non-being upon itself by affirming itself... in the anxiety of guilt and condemnation.... every courage to be has openly or covertly

5432-811: The Reference Guide of the Textile Color Card Association of the United States . In 1985, President Ferdinand E. Marcos through Executive Order No. 1010, s. 1985 instructed the National Historical Institute "to take the necessary steps to restore the original color of the First Philippine Flag". In late May, the NHI adopted Oriental Blue (Cable No. 80176) for the new national flag, but this was later rescinded by President Corazon C. Aquino after

5529-821: The Rio de la Plata , Argentina and Uruguay , which in turn represent Inti the Incan Sun-god; a triangle, representing the Katipunan which inspired by the Eye of Providence in the Great Seal of the United States and the Masonic Triangle and which enshrined Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité of the French Revolution ; the stripes and colors derived from the American flag . The particular shade of blue of

5626-525: The Spaniards were defeated and surrendered to Aguinaldo. A Manila Times article by Augusto de Viana, Chief History Researcher, National Historical Institute, mentions assertions in history textbooks and commemorative rites that the flag was first raised in Alapan, Imus , Cavite , on May 28, 1898, citing Presidential Proclamation No. 374, issued by President Diosdado Macapagal on March 6, 1965. The article goes on to claim that historical records indicate that

5723-535: The United Kingdom and the United States in 1944, by soldiers and civilians during the attempted coups d'états against President Corazon Aquino 's administration, and by militants and rallyists during EDSA III . The usage of the Philippine flag as an element of a local government unit's (LGU; provinces, cities, and municipalities) seal is discouraged as per Memorandum Circular 92-30 of the Department of

5820-415: The angle of one ray-bundle (so 22.5°), with each major ray having double the thickness of its two minor rays. The golden sun is not exactly in the center of the triangle but shifted slightly to the right. The shade of blue used in the flag has varied over time, beginning with the original color described as azul oscuro (Spanish, "dark blue"). The exact nature of this shade is debated, but a likely candidate

5917-771: The blue area is the superior field. On this case, the Philippine flag is the only official country flag in the world that can be flipped when the country is at war. The red side-up orientation of the flag was used by the First Philippine Republic during the Philippine–American War from 1899 to 1901, by the Philippine Commonwealth during World War II from 1941 to 1945, by the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic when it declared war against

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6014-518: The cardinal virtues but does not name them as such: "Virtue may be defined as a habit of mind ( animi ) in harmony with reason and the order of nature. It has four parts: wisdom ( prudentiam ), justice, courage, temperance." However, Cicero held that "a courageous spirit in a human who has not attained perfection and ideal wisdom is generally too impetuous". In De Officiis Ministrorum , Ambrose echoes Cicero in holding reservations regarding those who exhibit courage without yet having demonstrated

6111-442: The cause of pride; and their opposites of humility". Hume also wrote that courage and joy have positive effects on the soul : "...since the soul, when elevated with joy and courage, in a manner seeks opposition, and throws itself with alacrity into any scene of thought or action, where its courage meets with matter to nourish and employ it". Along with courage nourishing and employing, Hume also wrote that courage defends humans in

6208-567: The challenges that lay ahead of you. According to Putman, there are four possible ways courage could be distorted: Thus, Putman identifies fear and courage as being deeply intertwined and that they rely on distinct perceptions: "the danger of the situation", "the worthiness of the cause", "and the perception of one's ability". Plato's Laches discusses courage, but fails to come to a satisfactory conclusion on what courage is. Many definitions of courage are offered, including: ...a man willing to remain at his post and to defend himself against

6305-430: The children of this country on the road to progress and civilization; the eight rays symbolizing the eight provinces of the Philippines, and the colors of blue, red and white commemorating the flag of the United States of North America as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lends us, and continues to lend us. And, carrying this flag, I unfurl it before

6402-538: The death of other persons to be determined by the National Historical Institute, for a period less than seven days. The flag shall be flown at half-mast on all the buildings and places where the decedent was holding office, on the day of death until the day of interment of an incumbent member of the Supreme Court, the Cabinet, the Senate or the House of Representatives, and such other persons as may be determined by

6499-571: The enemy without running away... ...a sort of endurance of the soul... ...knowledge of the grounds of fear and hope... While many definitions are given in Plato's Laches , all are refuted, giving the reader a sense of Plato's argument style. Laches is an early writing of Plato's, which may be a reason he does not come to a clear conclusion. In this early writing, Plato is still developing his ideas and shows influence from his teachers like Socrates. In The Republic , Plato describes courage as

6596-534: The first display of the Philippine flag took place in Cavite City , when General Aguinaldo displayed it during the first fight of the Philippine Revolution . The flag was formally unfurled during the proclamation of independence on June 12, 1898, in Aguinaldo's Residence at Kawit , Cavite . The original design of the flag adopted a mythical sun ( Sun of May ) with a face influenced by The Republics of

6693-503: The first two of ten characteristics ( lakshana ) of dharma in the Hindu Manusmṛti , alongside forgiveness ( kshama ), tolerance ( dama ), honesty ( asthaya ), physical restraint ( indriya nigraha ), cleanliness ( shouchya ), perceptiveness ( dhi ), knowledge ( vidhya ), truthfulness ( satya ), and control of anger ( akrodha ). Islamic beliefs also present courage and self-control as

6790-526: The flag with the original Cuban blue and red colors restored. The flag was initially flown with the blue stripe up, until President José P. Laurel proclaimed the existence of a state of war with the Allied Powers in 1944. The Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington, D.C. continued to use the flag with the American colors, and had flown it with the red stripe up since the initial invasion of

6887-403: The flag's colors commemorate the flag of the United States as a manifestation of gratitude for American aid against the Spanish during the Philippine Revolution . It also says that one of the three stars represents the island of Panay , which recent historical interpretations say was "representative of the entire Visayas region". It has been common since the 1960s to trace the development of

6984-583: The flag. But in recent years, the flag days are now from May 28 to June 30 yearly to promote patriotism and to celebrate the nation's independence. Display of the Philippine flag by the public, on their properties, during sporting matches, etc., is legal and not unheard of even at other times of year. The display of the Philippine flag in cockpit arenas , casinos, disco venues, night and day clubs, gambling joints, houses of prostitution , methamphetamine consumption areas, strip clubs , rub'n'tug s, methadone clinics, and "places of vice or where frivolity prevails"

7081-450: The frowns of fortune, contributes in a great measure, to the character of a hero, and will render a person the admiration of posterity; at the same time, that it ruins his affairs, and leads him into dangers and difficulties, with which otherwise he would never have been acquainted". Other understandings of courage that Hume offered can be derived from Hume's views on morals, reason, sentiment, and virtue from his work An Enquiry Concerning

7178-411: The gentlemen assembled here—[List of names of the delegates]—and we all solemnly swear to acknowledge and defend it to the last drop of our blood. The symbolism given in the 1898 Proclamation of Philippine Independence differs from the current official explanation. According to the document, the white triangle signifies the emblem of the Katipunan , the secret society that opposed Spanish rule. It says

7275-546: The idea that, like other nations, the Filipinos know how to govern themselves, and that they do not recede from observation of foreign powers. The sun and its rays stirred up Filipinos and spread the light over their world, piercing the clouds that enshrouded it; it is now the light which brightens every spot in the Philippine islands, and under its influence the Itas, Igorots, Manguians, and Moros, all of whom I believe were made in

7372-567: The image of God, and whom I recognize as our brethren, now come down from the mountains to join with us. The original flag that was first hoisted on May 28, 1898, and unfurled during the Declaration of independence on June 12, 1898, is believed to being preserved at the Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo Museum in Baguio . There were plans to restore the flag by replacing the worn-out portion but the idea was abandoned because matching threads could not be found. The flag

7469-622: The importance of courage: "The great epochs of our life are the occasions when we gain the courage to re-baptize our evil qualities as our best qualities." According to the Swiss psychologist Andreas Dick, courage consists of the following components: Researchers who want to study the concept and the emotion of courage have continued to come across a certain problem. While there are "numerous definitions of courage", they are unable to set "an operational definition of courage on which to base sound explicit theories". Rate et al. states that because of

7566-429: The individual in order to ensure a better chance of survival while the moral virtues address Hobbes's social contract which civilized men display (in varying degrees) in order to transcend the state of nature. Hobbes also uses the idea of fortitude as a virtue. Fortitude is "to dare" according to Hobbes, but also to "resist stoutly in present dangers". This is a more in-depth elaboration of Hobbes's concept of courage that

7663-536: The language in which the pledge must be recited, but the pledge is written (and therefore recited) in the Filipino language . Spanish, Tagalog and English versions of the national anthem have been given official status throughout Philippine history. However, only the most recent and current "Filipino" version is officially recognized by law. The Flag and Heraldic Code, approved on February 12, 1998, specifies, Lupang Hinirang , "The National Anthem shall always be sung in

7760-410: The local government. In such cases, the flag must be placed such that the white triangle is at the head and the blue portion covers the right side of the casket. The flag should not be lowered to the grave or allowed to touch the ground, but should be solemnly folded and handed to the heirs of the deceased. There is a common practice of placing religious items on top of the Philippine flag when draped on

7857-524: The measure. As of 2014, a proposal from the Ninth Ray movement intends the additional ray to represent the Muslim and indigenous people of the country, including the Moro people , who kept colonizers away from their lands. In June 2018, Gordon renewed his campaign to get his proposal passed into law. Emmanuel L. Osorio, one of the founders of the Ninth Ray movement, also came up with a proposal adding not only

7954-511: The monsters in the centre, gave them victory but no honor, and found a potent and terrible solution in naked will and courage. 'As a working theory absolutely impregnable.' So potent is it, that while the older southern imagination has faded forever into literary ornament, the northern has power, as it were, to revive its spirit even in our own times. It can work, as it did even with the goðlauss Viking, without gods: martial heroism as its own end. Virtuous pagan heroism or courage in this sense

8051-443: The national language within or without the country"; violation of the law is punishable by a fine and imprisonment. The National Flag Day in the Philippines is celebrated every May 28, the very day of the 1898 Battle of Alapan . The official national flag flying period starts from May 28 and ends on Independence Day, June 12, every year, although the flying period for the flag in homes, businesses and public establishments may start on

8148-428: The order was the definition of the triangle at the hoist as an equilateral triangle , the definition of the aspect ratio at 1:2, the precise angles of the stars, the geometric and aesthetic design of the sun, and the formal elimination of the mythical face on the sun. The exact shades of colors, however, were not precisely defined. These specifications have remained unchanged and in effect to the present. In 1941, Flag Day

8245-523: The original flag has been a source of controversy. Based on anecdotal evidence and the few surviving flags from the era, historians argue that the colors of the original flag was influenced by the flags of Cuba and Puerto Rico . During the session of the Malolos Congress , Aguinaldo presented the symbolism of the official flag to the members, delegates and representatives of the assembly as follows: The Flag bears three colors, three stars, and

8342-552: The present Philippine flag. The first flag of the Katipunan was a red rectangular flag with a horizontal alignment of three white Ks (an acronym for the Katipunan's full name, Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan – Supreme and Venerable Society of the Sons of the Nation). The flag's red field symbolized blood, as members of the Katipunan signed their membership papers in their own blood. The various leaders of

8439-555: The public" in line with prohibitions on the flag's usage stated in Republic Act 8491. The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property , which the Philippines is a member of, also prohibits the registration of the state flags of its members as trademark. However both small and large businesses in the Philippines have used elements of the Philippine flag for their intellectual property. When it comes to this concern,

8536-611: The red field up on February 4, 1899, to show that a state of war existed. Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans two years later, and swore allegiance to the United States. With the defeat of the Philippine Republic, the Philippines was placed under American occupation and the display of the Philippine flag and other flags and banners associated with the Katipunan were declared illegal by the Flag Act of 1907 . This law

8633-569: The right side and in front of the speaker and all other secondary flags displayed on the speaker's left. By law, the Philippine flag must be permanently hoisted and illuminated at night at the following locations: The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (formerly the National Historical Institute) as per Republic Act No. 8491 can also designate additional sites where the Philippine flag should be displayed permanently. The flag may be flown at half-mast as

8730-458: The school or district office the deceased teacher was assigned. The flag may also be used to cover the caskets of the dead of the tanod , military and police, civil uniformed services, fire fighter, senator, congress, traffic enforcer, cadets military, cadets police, supreme court judge , Filipino governance servants, veterans of previous wars veteran soldiers, national artists, uniformed rescuers, PNP SWAT and outstanding civilians as determined by

8827-418: The success of a courageous act or goal. They can be seen as independent variables in courage, and their relationship can affect how we respond to fear. The confidence that is being discussed here is self-confidence; confidence in knowing one's skills and abilities and being able to determine when to fight fear or when to flee it. Putman states that: "The ideal in courage is not just a rigid control of fear, nor

8924-492: The system developed by the Color Association of the United States . The official colors and their approximations in other color spaces are listed below: In the late 19th century, both Manila and Iloilo , the archipelago's largest ports, each had maritime flags used for navigation in the Philippine seas. Both maritime flags were swallowtail flags with red and blue stripes, respectively, which were later adopted in

9021-409: The three aforementioned forces representing the white triangle as the distinctive symbol of the famed Society of the Katipunan, which through the blood compact impelled the masses to rise in revolt; the three stars representing the three principal islands of this Archipelago — Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay (Visayas) in which the revolutionary movement broke out; the sun indicating the gigantic steps taken by

9118-420: The triangle is a five-pointed, golden-yellow star, each of which representing one of the country's three main island groups— Luzon , Visayas (though originally referring to the island of Panay ), and Mindanao . The white triangle at the hoist represents liberty , equality , and fraternity . A unique feature of this flag is its usage to indicate a state of war if it is displayed with the red side on top, which

9215-442: The virtues but the form of every virtue at the testing point, which means at the point of highest reality." In Beyond Good and Evil , Friedrich Nietzsche describes master–slave morality , in which a noble man regards himself as a "determiner of values"; one who does not require approval, but passes judgment. Later, in the same text, he lists man's four virtues as courage, insight, sympathy, and solitude, and goes on to emphasize

9312-578: Was officially moved to June 12, commemorating the date that Philippine independence was proclaimed in 1898. The flag was once again banned with the Japanese invasion and occupation of the Philippines beginning in December 1941, to be hoisted again with the establishment of the Second Republic of the Philippines, a puppet state of Japan. In ceremonies held in October 1943, Emilio Aguinaldo hoisted

9409-479: Was repealed on October 24, 1919. With the legalization of display of the Philippine flag, the cloth available in most stores was the red and blue of the flag of the United States , so the flag from 1919 onwards adopted the "National Flag blue" color. On March 26, 1920, the Philippine Legislature passed Act. No 2928 on March 26, 1920, which legally adopted the Philippine flag as the official flag of

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