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24-792: The pass is located in the Julian Alps , between the peaks of Mount Mangart to the north and Mount Kanin to the south. It connects Cave del Predil , part of the Italian municipality of Tarvisio in the northwest, with the Municipality of Bovec in the Upper Soča (Isonzo) Valley in Slovenia. On the Italian side, state highway no. 54 ( del Friuli ) leads from Tarvisio and the Canal Valley along Slizza Creek to Lake Predil , where

48-836: A mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps that stretch from northeastern Italy to Slovenia , where they rise to 2,864 m at Mount Triglav , the highest peak in Slovenia . A large part of the Julian Alps is included in Triglav National Park . The second highest peak of the range, the 2,755 m high Jôf di Montasio , lies in Italy . The Julian Alps cover an estimated 4,400 km (of which 1,542 km lies in Italy). They are located between

72-567: A fine silver altar front of 1185. The museum contains various Roman and Lombard antiquities, and works of art in gold, silver and ivory formerly belonging to the cathedral chapter. The fine 15th-century Ponte del Diavolo leads to the church of S. Martino, which contains an altar of the 8th century with reliefs executed by order of the Lombard king Ratchis . The small church of Oratorio di Santa Maria in Valle (also known as Lombard Temple), next to

96-533: A much smaller area, and are located mainly in Italy . Only the Kanin group lies in part in Slovenia. The main peaks by height are: Important passes of the Julian Alps are: Cividale del Friuli Cividale del Friuli ( Friulian : Cividât , locally Zividât ; German : Östrich ; Slovene : Čedad ) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine , part of

120-536: Is split in two by the Natisone River, which is spanned by the Devil's Bridge (15th century, rebuilt in 1918). The Celtic Hypogeum is a subterranean series of halls carved in the rock in ancient times, whose destination remains unclear: uses as either Celtic funerary monument or a Roman (Lombard) jail has been proposed. The Cathedral ( Duomo ) was built in the 15th century over a pre-existing construction built in

144-577: The Byzantine Empire . The city was chosen as first capital of the newly formed Lombard Kingdom , then granted by Alboin to his nephew Gisulf as the capital of a Lombard Duchy of Friuli . After the Lombards were defeated by the Franks , (774), following the last Lombard resistance under Hrodgaud of Friuli (776) Forum Julii changed its name to Civitas Austriae , Charlemagne's Italian "City of

168-605: The North-Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia . The town lies 135 metres (443 ft) above sea-level in the foothills of the eastern Alps , 15 kilometres (9 mi) by rail from the city of Udine and close to the Slovenian border. It is situated on the river Natisone , which forms a picturesque ravine here. Formerly an important regional power, it is today a quiet, small town that attracts tourists thanks to its medieval center. Archaeological findings reveal that

192-753: The Republic of Venice . After the Napoleonic Wars Cividale became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia . It was ceded to Kingdom of Italy in 1866. The historical center of the town is dominated by Piazza del Duomo, which is where the National Archaeological Museum of Cividale del Friuli is located. Close by is the Palazzo dei Provveditori Veneti , constructed in 1565 and designed by Andrea Palladio . The town

216-522: The Sava Valley and Canale Valley . They are divided into the Eastern and Western Julian Alps. The Julian Alps were known in antiquity as Alpes Iuliae , and also attested as Alpes Julianae c. AD 670, Alpis Julia c. 734, and Alpes Iulias in 1090. Like the municipium of Forum Julii (now Cividale del Friuli ) at the foot of the mountains, the range was named after Julius Caesar of

240-568: The altarpiece of Pellegrinus II (1195−1204) is a silver retable which had been inscribed in Latin by the means of individual letter punches, 250 years before the invention of modern movable type printing by Johannes Gutenberg . On 25 June 2011 a part of the historical centre of Cividale (the one belonging to the Lombards era) entered the UNESCO heritage list. On 6 January residents celebrate

264-511: The gens Julia , perhaps due to a road built by Julius Caesar and completed by Augustus . There are many peaks in the Eastern Julian Alps over 2,000 m high, and they are mainly parts of ridges. The most prominent peaks are visible by their height and size. There are high plateaus on the eastern border, such as Pokljuka , Mežakla , and Jelovica . The main peaks by height are the following: The Western Julian Alps cover

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288-468: The 8th century. It is a Venetian Gothic building, finished in the 16th century by architect Pietro Lombardo , featuring interventions from the 18th century also. The interior houses an altar dedicated to the Madonna, in the right aisle, and the altarpiece of patriarch Pellegrino II (1195−1204), a silver retable which had been inscribed in Latin by the means of individual letter punches, 250 years before

312-639: The East". Under the Carolingian settlement with the Papacy, the patriarchs of Aquileia resided here from 773 to 1031, when they returned to Aquileia, and finally in 1238 removed to Udine. This last change of residence was the origin of the antagonism between Cividale and Udine, which was only terminated by their surrender to Venice in 1419 and 1420 respectively. When the Patriarchal State of Friuli

336-708: The Messa dello Spadone (Mass of the Broadsword), a religious rite observed with an historical reenactment of Patriarch Marquard of Randeck ’s arrival in Cividale in 1366. The game of Truc is an old game played by children and adults on Easter and the Monday following Easter (called Pasquetta, or Little Easter). A manuscript preserved in the National Archaeology Museum of Cividale del Friuli traces

360-455: The Natisone river, is a notable example of High Middle Ages art sometimes attributed to the 8th century, but probably later. Included in the old Lombard quarter, it was probably used as Palatine Chapel by the Lombard dukes and king's functionaries. The fine decorations, statues and stuccoes (11th or 12th century) housed in the interior, show a strong Byzantine influence. In the collegiata,

384-595: The area was already inhabited in Paleolithic and Neolithic times. During the Iron Age the region was settled by Veneti and Celts . Due to the location's strategic position on the northeastern frontier of Roman Italy , in 50 BC, the Romans founded there a castrum , which afterwards was transformed by Julius Caesar into a forum and its name changed into Forum Iulii ("Julius' marketplace"; Fréjus had

408-601: The game back to the 18th century. While Truc is exclusive to the central squares of Cividale, a similar game is played in Venice and in Emilia Romagna (Italy). An Easter game played in Lusatia (Germany) called Waleien also has similar rules to Truc. The game takes place in a large, round basin made of sand with a ramp leading into it. Players roll colored hard-boiled eggs and, according to precise rules, aim to touch

432-454: The invention of modern movable type printing by Johannes Gutenberg . The Christian Museum annexed to the Duomo houses outstanding examples of Lombard sculpture. It contains some interesting relics of the art of the 8th century. The cathedral contains an octagonal marble canopy with sculptures in relief, with a font below it belonging to the 8th century, but altered later. The high altar has

456-836: The possessors of the Carinthian lands in the north. However, the importance of the trade route diminished after the Aquileia territory in the south was incorporated into the Domini di Terraferma by the Republic of Venice in 1420. Since 1754 the Predil Pass marked the border between the Duchy of Carinthia with the lands of the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca (part of the Austrian Littoral from 1849) in

480-725: The route to the Sella Nevea Pass in the south branches off, and uphill to the Predil crest. On the Slovenian side, road no. 203 runs downhill to Log pod Mangartom and continues to Bovec . The village of Strmec na Predelu lies just below the border crossing. The road was built from 1319 onwards by the citizens of Cividale in the Patriarchate of Aquileia with the consent of the Prince-Bishops of Bamberg , then

504-473: The same Roman name). Not long afterward, the forum became a municipium and its citizens were inscribed in the Roman tribe Scaptia . After the destruction of Aquileia and Iulium Carnicum (Zuglio) in 452 AD, Forum Iulii became the chief town of the district of Friuli and gave its name to it. In 568 the city was the first major centre occupied by Alboin 's Lombard invasion of Italy , then part of

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528-755: The southeast, both part of the Habsburg monarchy . During the War of the Fifth Coalition , an Austrian contingent under Captain Johann Hermann von Hermannsdorf on 18 May 1809 fought against the French forces moving from the Kingdom of Italy upon the Battle of Tarvis . Hermannsdorf was killed in battle, in 1851 a memorial was erected in his honour. In 1903 a 4.5 km (2.8 mi) long tunnel ( Štoln )

552-684: Was built beneath the pass, serving miners from Log pod Mangartom on their way to the lead mines in Cave del Predil. In World War I the mine railway was used to supply the Austro-Hungarian Army in the Battles of the Isonzo against the Kingdom of Italy . Julian Alps The Julian Alps ( Slovene : Julijske Alpe , Italian : Alpi Giulie , Venetian : Alpe Jułie , Friulian : Alps Juliis , German : Julische Alpen ) are

576-412: Was founded in 1077, Cividale was chosen as the capital. According to James Burke , a 1331 siege of Cividale was one of the first deployments of what we would now call cannons, in the early form known as a bombard . Between July and September 1409, a church council was held at Cividale by Pope Gregory XII (Roman Obedience). It was poorly attended and achieved nothing. In 1420 Cividale was annexed to

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