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111-1282: Monday is the day of the week that takes place between Sunday and Tuesday . According to the International Organization for Standardization 's ISO 8601 standard, it is the first day of the week . The names of the day of the week were coined in the Roman era , in Greek and Latin, in the case of Monday as ἡμέρᾱ Σελήνης , diēs Lūnae "day of the Moon". Many languages use either terms directly derived from these names or loan translations based on them. The English noun Monday derived sometime before 1200 from monedæi , which itself developed from Old English (around 1000) mōnandæg and mōndæg (literally meaning " moon 's day"), which has cognates in other Germanic languages , including Old Frisian mōnadeig , Middle Low German and Middle Dutch mānendag, mānendach (modern Dutch Maandag ), Old High German mānetag (modern German Montag ), and Old Norse mánadagr ( Swedish and Norwegian nynorsk måndag , Icelandic mánudagur . Danish and Norwegian bokmål mandag ). The Germanic term
222-675: A Jewish language was not likely to adapt a name based on "Lord's Day" for Sunday. As in Spanish, the Ladino name for Saturday is based on Sabbath . However, as a Jewish language —and with Saturday being the actual day of rest in the Jewish community—Ladino directly adapted the Hebrew name, Shabbat . The days of the week in Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language ) originated from
333-457: A centralised organization and stressed acceptance of any mission to which the pope might call them. His main principle became the unofficial Jesuit motto: Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam ("For the greater glory of God"). This phrase is designed to reflect the idea that any work that is not evil can be meritorious for the spiritual life if it is performed with this intention, even things normally considered of little importance. The Society of Jesus
444-540: A few key activities. First, they founded schools throughout Europe. Jesuit teachers were trained in both classical studies and theology , and their schools reflected this. These schools taught with a balance of Aristotelian methods with mathematics. Second, they sent out missionaries across the globe to evangelize those peoples who had not yet heard the Gospel , founding missions in widely diverse regions such as modern-day Paraguay , Japan, Ontario , and Ethiopia . One of
555-644: A full-fledged (Western-style) calendrical basis during the Meiji era. In China, with the founding of the Republic of China in 1911, Monday through Saturday in China are now named after the luminaries implicitly with the numbers. ISO prescribes Monday as the first day of the week with ISO-8601 for software date formats. The Slavic , Baltic and Uralic languages (except Finnish and partially Estonian and Võro) adopted numbering but took Monday rather than Sunday as
666-631: A long and very detailed account of the country and its religion as well as treatises in Tibetan that attempted to refute key Buddhist ideas and establish the truth of Catholic Christianity. Jesuit missions in the Americas became controversial in Europe, especially in Spain and Portugal where they were seen as interfering with the proper colonial enterprises of the royal governments. The Jesuits were often
777-504: A partner or comrade. From this came "Society of Jesus" (SJ) by which they would be known more widely. Religious orders established in the medieval era were named after particular men: Francis of Assisi (Franciscans); Domingo de Guzmán , later canonized as Saint Dominic (Dominicans); and Augustine of Hippo (Augustinians). Ignatius of Loyola and his followers appropriated the name of Jesus for their new order, provoking resentment by other orders who considered it presumptuous. The resentment
888-656: A place of study in Louvain (1614). This was the earliest foundation of what would later be called Heythrop College . Campion Hall , founded in 1896, has been a presence within Oxford University since then. 16th and 17th-century Jesuit institutions intended to train priests were hotbeds for the persecution of Catholics in Britain, where men suspected of being Catholic priests were routinely imprisoned, tortured, and executed. Jesuits were among those killed, including
999-576: A son of Soma , that is, the Moon. Radité The East Asian naming system for the days of the week closely parallels that of the Latin system and is ordered after the "Seven Luminaries" (七曜 qī yào ), which consists of the Sun, Moon and the five planets visible to the naked eye. The Chinese had apparently adopted the seven-day week from the Hellenistic system by the 4th century AD, although by which route
1110-643: A sound footing, introducing the Tridentine Reforms and finding suitable men to fill vacant sees. He established a house of religious women in Limerick known as the Menabochta ("poor women" ) and in 1565 preparations began for establishing a school at Limerick. At his instigation, Richard Creagh , a priest of the Diocese of Limerick, was persuaded to accept the vacant Archdiocese of Armagh , and
1221-404: A special obedience to the sovereign pontiff in regard to the missions" to the effect that a Jesuit is expected to be directed by the pope " perinde ac cadaver " ("as if he was a lifeless body") and to accept orders to go anywhere in the world, even if required to live in extreme conditions. This was so because Ignatius, its leading founder, was a nobleman who had a military background. Accordingly,
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#17327657219421332-564: A time been predominantly Protestant, notably Poland and Lithuania . Today, Jesuit colleges and universities are located in over one hundred nations around the world. Under the notion that God can be encountered through created things and especially art, they encouraged the use of ceremony and decoration in Catholic ritual and devotion. Perhaps as a result of this appreciation for art, coupled with their spiritual practice of "finding God in all things", many early Jesuits distinguished themselves in
1443-460: A tradition of numbering the days of the week in order to avoid the pagan connotation of the planetary or deities’ names, and to keep with the biblical name, in which Monday is the "second day" (Hebrew יום שני, Greek Δευτέρα ἡμέρα ( Deutéra hēméra ), Latin feria secunda, Arabic الأثنين ). In many Slavic languages the name of the day translates to "after Sunday/holiday". Russian понедельник ( ponyedyelnik ) literally translated, Monday means "next to
1554-614: Is xīngqīyī (星期一) in Chinese , meaning "day one of the week". The early Christian Didache warned believers not to fast on Mondays to avoid Judaizing (see below ), and suggested fasting on Wednesdays instead. In the Eastern Orthodox Church , Mondays are days on which the Angels are commemorated. The Octoechos contains hymns on this theme, arranged in an eight-week cycle, which are chanted on Mondays throughout
1665-427: Is a Germanic interpretation of Latin lunae dies ("day of the moon"). Japanese and Korean share the same ancient Chinese words '月曜日' ( Hiragana :げつようび, translit. getsuyо̄bi , Hangeul :월요일) for Monday which means "day of the moon". In many Indo-Aryan languages , the word for Monday is Somavāra or Chandravāra , Sanskrit loan-translations of "Monday". In some cases, the "ecclesiastical" names are used,
1776-649: Is a member of a Society founded chiefly for this purpose: to strive especially for the defence and propagation of the faith and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine, by means of public preaching, lectures and any other ministration whatsoever of the Word of God, and further by means of retreats, the education of children and unlettered persons in Christianity, and the spiritual consolation of Christ's faithful through hearing confessions and administering
1887-497: Is a special case within the Germanic languages, maintaining only the Sun and Moon ( sunnudagur and mánudagur respectively), while dispensing with the names of the explicitly heathen gods in favour of a combination of numbered days and days whose names are linked to pious or domestic routine ( föstudagur , "Fasting Day" and laugardagur , "Washing Day"). The "washing day" is also used in other North Germanic languages , but otherwise
1998-515: Is a special occasion for happiness which cancels them. According to the Mishna and Talmud, these traditions are due to Monday and Thursday being "the market days" when people gathered from the towns to the city. A tradition of Ashkenazi Jews to voluntarily fast on the first consecutive Monday Thursday and Monday of the Hebrew month is prevalent among the ultra-orthodox. In Hebrew, Monday is called "Yom Shení", literally meaning "Second Day", following
2109-711: Is a table of the Mandarin names of the days of the weeks. Note that standard Taiwan Mandarin pronounces 期 as qí , so 星期 is instead xīngqí . While all varieties of Mandarin may pronounce 星期 as xīngqi and 禮拜/礼拜 as lǐbai , the second syllable with the neutral tone, this is not reflected in the table either for legibility. Several Sinitic languages refer to Saturday as 週末 "end of the week" and Sunday as 禮拜. Examples include Shenyang Mandarin , Hanyuan Sichuanese Mandarin, Taishanese , Yudu Hakka, Teochew , Ningbonese , and Loudi Old Xiang . Some Hakka varieties in Taiwan still use
2220-410: Is also considered auspicious as it is one of the holiest months to Hindus and dedicated to Shiva and his consort Parvati . In Islam , Mondays are one of the days in a week in which Muslims are encouraged to do voluntary fasting , the other being Thursdays. There are a number of Hadith which narrated of Muhammad fasting on these days. According to the same Hadith, Muhammad was born on Monday. It
2331-558: Is also narrated that he received his first revelation (which would later become the Quran ) on Monday. In Judaism , Mondays are considered auspicious days for fasting. In Judaism, a small portion of the weekly Parashah in Torah is read in public on Monday and Thursday mornings, as a supplement for the Saturday reading). Special penitential prayers are recited on Monday unless there
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#17327657219422442-418: Is classified among institutes as an order of clerks regular , that is, a body of priests organized for apostolic work, and following a religious rule. The term Jesuit (of 15th-century origin, meaning "one who used too frequently or appropriated the name of Jesus") was first applied to the society in reproach (1544–1552). The term was never used by Ignatius of Loyola, but over time, members and friends of
2553-842: Is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna della Strada , a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary , and it is led by a superior general . The headquarters of the society, its general curia , is in Rome. The historic curia of Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù , the Jesuit mother church . Members of the Society of Jesus make profession of "perpetual poverty, chastity, and obedience" and "promise
2664-481: Is literally the "Stellar Period One"/"Cycle One", that is, the "First day of the Stellar Period/Cycle", etc. The exception is Sunday, where 日 ( rì ), "day" or "Sun", is used instead of a number. A slightly informal and colloquial variant to 日 is 天 ( tiān ) "day", "sky" or "heaven". However, the term 週天 is rarely used compared to 星期天. Accordingly, the notational abbreviation of the days of the week uses
2775-501: Is not entirely clear. It was again transmitted to China in the 8th century AD by Manichaeans, via the country of Kang (a Central Asian polity near Samarkand ). The 4th-century AD date, according to the Cihai encyclopedia, is due to a reference to Fan Ning (范寧), an astrologer of the Jin dynasty . The renewed adoption from Manichaeans in the 8th century AD ( Tang dynasty ) is documented with
2886-700: Is the ' Worst Day of the Week' , to the dismay of some people. Day of the week In many languages, the names given to the seven days of the week are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astronomy , which were in turn named after contemporary deities, a system introduced by the Sumerians and later adopted by the Babylonians from whom the Roman Empire adopted
2997-584: Is the founding document of the Society of Jesus as an official Catholic religious order. Ignatius was chosen as the first Superior General . Paul III's bull had limited the number of its members to sixty. This limitation was removed through the bull Exposcit debitum of Julius III in 1550. In 1543, Peter Canisius entered the Company. Ignatius sent him to Messina, where he founded the first Jesuit college in Sicily . Ignatius laid out his original vision for
3108-979: The Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ . On 15 August 1534, Ignatius of Loyola (born Íñigo López de Loyola), a Spaniard from the Basque city of Loyola , and six others mostly of Castilian origin, all students at the University of Paris , met in Montmartre outside Paris, in a crypt beneath the church of Saint Denis , now Saint Pierre de Montmartre , to pronounce promises of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Ignatius' six companions were: Francisco Xavier from Navarre ( modern Spain ), Alfonso Salmeron , Diego Laínez , Nicolás Bobadilla from Castile ( modern Spain ), Peter Faber from Savoy , and Simão Rodrigues from Portugal . The meeting has been commemorated in
3219-649: The Bangles (written by Prince ). There is a band named the Happy Mondays and an American pop-punk band Hey Monday . The popular comic strip character Garfield by Jim Davis is well known for his hatred for Mondays, mostly accompanied by the catchphrase “I hate Mondays.” In the United Kingdom , more people commit suicide in England and Wales on Mondays than other days of the week; more people in
3330-696: The Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council . Jesuit missionaries established missions around the world from the 16th to the 18th century and had both successes and failures in Christianizing the native peoples. The Jesuits have always been controversial within the Catholic Church and have frequently clashed with secular governments and institutions. Beginning in 1759,
3441-728: The First Nations and Native American languages they had learned. For instance, before his death in 1708, Jacques Gravier , vicar general of the Illinois Mission in the Mississippi River valley, compiled a Miami–Illinois –French dictionary , considered the most extensive among works of the missionaries. Extensive documentation was left in the form of The Jesuit Relations , published annually from 1632 until 1673. Whereas Jesuits were active in Britain in
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3552-571: The Hindu god of the moon Chandra or Soma. In several South Asian languages , Monday is knowns as Somavara or Somavaram . Hindus who fast on Mondays do so in dedication to the deity Shiva . Some observe the Solah Somvar Vrat , which is a fast of sixteen Mondays dedicated to Shiva in hopes of getting married and finding a suitable partner. Fasting on Mondays in the Hindu month of Shravana
3663-866: The Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( / ˈ dʒ ɛ ʒ u ɪ t s , ˈ dʒ ɛ zj u -/ JEZH -oo-its, JEZ -ew- ; Latin: Iesuitae ), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions, with the approval of Pope Paul III . The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also conduct retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social and humanitarian ministries, and promote ecumenical dialogue . The Society of Jesus
3774-519: The Kangxi Emperor and many Jesuit converts that Chinese veneration of ancestors and Confucius was a nonreligious token of respect, Pope Clement XI 's papal decree Cum Deus Optimus ruled that such behavior constituted impermissible forms of idolatry and superstition in 1704; his legate Tournon and Bishop Charles Maigrot of Fujian, tasked with presenting this finding to the Kangxi Emperor , displayed such extreme ignorance that
3885-670: The Liturgy of Hours in common) allowed them to be flexible and meet diverse needs arising at the time. After much training and experience in theology, Jesuits went across the globe in search of converts to Christianity. Despite their dedication, they had little success in Asia, except in the Philippines . For instance, early missions in Japan resulted in the government granting the Jesuits
3996-575: The Lord's Day , while the Jewish Sabbath remained the seventh. The Babylonians invented the actual seven-day week in 600 BCE, with Emperor Constantine making the Day of the Sun ( dies Solis , "Sunday") a legal holiday centuries later. In the international standard ISO 8601 , Monday is treated as the first day of the week, but in many countries it is counted as the second day of the week. Between
4107-636: The Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre . They called themselves the Compañía de Jesús , and also Amigos en El Señor or "Friends in the Lord", because they felt "they were placed together by Christ." The name "company" had echoes of the military (reflecting perhaps Ignatius' background as Captain in the Spanish army) as well as of discipleship (the "companions" of Jesus). The Spanish "company" would be translated into Latin as societas like in socius ,
4218-537: The Moon ; objectively, the planets are ordered from slowest to fastest moving as they appear in the night sky. The days were named after the classical planets of Hellenistic astrology, in the order: Sun ( Helios ), Moon ( Selene ), Mars ( Ares ), Mercury ( Hermes ), Jupiter ( Zeus ), Venus ( Aphrodite ), and Saturn ( Cronus ). The seven-day week spread throughout the Roman Empire in late antiquity. By
4329-621: The Petrine primacy and the priority of the Mass amongst the sacraments with his students and congregation, and that his sermons should emphasize obedience to secular princes if he wished to avoid arrest. The number of scholars in their care was very small. An early example of a school play in Ireland is sent in one of Good's reports, which was performed on the Feast of St. John in 1566. The school
4440-494: The Protestant Reformation throughout Catholic Europe. Ignatius and the early Jesuits did recognize, though, that the hierarchical church was in dire need of reform. Some of their greatest struggles were against corruption, venality , and spiritual lassitude within the Catholic Church. Ignatius insisted on a high level of academic preparation for the clergy in contrast to the relatively poor education of much of
4551-619: The Sanamahi creation myth of Meitei mythology . Lord's Day – From Latin Dominicus ( Dominica ) or Greek Κυριακή ( Kyriakí ) Holy Day and First-Day of the Week (Day of the Sun -> Light -> Resurrection -> Born again) ( Christianity ) Resurrection ( Christianity ) Bazaar Day Market Day No Work Jesuits The Society of Jesus ( Latin : Societas Iesu ; abbreviation: SJ ), also known as
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4662-423: The Scholastic structure of Catholic thought. This method of teaching was important in the context of the Scientific Revolution, as these universities were open to teaching new scientific and mathematical methodology. Further, many important thinkers of the Scientific Revolution were educated by Jesuit universities. In addition to the teachings of faith , the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum (1599) would standardize
4773-415: The Spiritual Exercises . During a four-week period of silence, individuals undergo a series of directed meditations on the purpose of life and contemplations on the life of Christ. They meet regularly with a spiritual director who guides their choice of exercises and helps them to develop a more discerning love for Christ. The retreat follows a "Purgative-Illuminative-Unitive" pattern in the tradition of
4884-481: The "first day". This convention is also found in some Austronesian languages whose speakers were converted to Christianity by European missionaries. In Slavic languages, some of the names correspond to numerals after Sunday: compare Russian vtornik ( вторник ) "Tuesday" and vtoroj ( второй ) "the second", chetverg ( четверг ) "Thursday" and chetvjortyj ( четвёртый ) "the fourth", pyatnitsa ( пятница ) "Friday" and pyatyj ( пятый ) "the fifth"; see also
4995-470: The 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy, then undergoing its own revolution , to China. The scientific revolution brought by the Jesuits coincided with a time when scientific innovation had declined in China: [The Jesuits] made efforts to translate western mathematical and astronomical works into Chinese and aroused the interest of Chinese scholars in these sciences. They made very extensive astronomical observation and carried out
5106-416: The 16th century, due to the persecution of Catholics in the Elizabethan times, an English province was only established in 1623. The first pressing issue for early Jesuits in what today is the United Kingdom was to establish places for training priests. After an English College was opened in Rome (1579), a Jesuit seminary was opened at Valladolid (1589), then one in Seville (1592), which culminated in
5217-429: The Catholic Church expelled Jesuits from most countries in Europe and from European colonies. Pope Clement XIV officially suppressed the order in 1773. In 1814, the Church lifted the suppression. Ignatius of Loyola , a Basque nobleman from the Pyrenees area of northern Spain, founded the society after discerning his spiritual vocation while recovering from a wound sustained in the Battle of Pamplona . He composed
5328-441: The Esperanto names are all from French, cf. French dimanche, lundi, mardi, mercredi, jeudi, vendredi . The Germanic peoples adapted the system introduced by the Romans by substituting the Germanic deities for the Roman ones (with the exception of Saturday ) in a process known as interpretatio germanica . The date of the introduction of this system is not known exactly, but it must have happened later than 100 AD but before
5439-408: The Hindu names of the days of the week. Hindu astrology adopted the concept of days under the regency of a planet under the term vāra , the days of the week being called āditya -, soma -, maṅgala -, budha -, guru-, śukra -, and śani -vāra . śukrá is a name of Venus (regarded as a son of Bhṛgu ); guru is here a title of Bṛhaspati , and hence of Jupiter; budha "Mercury" is regarded as
5550-532: The Japanese Language", a Japanese–Portuguese dictionary written 1603); Vietnamese (Portuguese missionaries created the Vietnamese alphabet , which was later formalized by Avignon missionary Alexandre de Rhodes with his 1651 trilingual dictionary ); Tupi (the main language of Brazil); and the pioneering study of Sanskrit in the West by Jean François Pons in the 1740s. Jesuit missionaries were active among indigenous peoples in New France in North America, many of them compiling dictionaries or glossaries of
5661-448: The Latin convention, while utorek (Tuesday), sredu (Wednesday), and četrtok (Thursday) follow the Slavic convention. There are several systems in the different Basque dialects. In Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino), which is mainly based on a medieval version of Spanish, the five days of Monday–Friday closely follow the Spanish names . For Sunday is used the Arabic name, which is based on numbering (meaning "Day one" or "First day"), because
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#17327657219425772-539: The Moon. Knowledge of Greek astrology existed since about the 2nd century BC , but references to the vāsara occur somewhat later, during the Gupta period ( Yājñavalkya Smṛti , c. 3rd to 5th century AD), that is, at roughly the same period or before the system was introduced in the Roman Empire. or ਸ਼ਨੀਵਾਰ Shanīvār or ਸਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ Saniccharvār or ਸਨੀਵਾਰ Sanīvār Shukkarvār شکروار Chanicchar چھنچھر or Chaniccharvār چھنچھروار The Southeast Asian tradition also uses
5883-399: The Notes . In Standard Chinese , the week is referred to as the "Stellar Period" ( Chinese : 星期 ; pinyin : Xīngqī ) or "Cycle" ( simplified Chinese : 周 ; traditional Chinese : 週 ; pinyin : Zhōu ). The modern Chinese names for the days of the week are based on a simple numerical sequence. The word for "week" is followed by a number indicating the day: "Monday"
5994-412: The Pope, and the Ottoman Empire , had rendered any journey to Jerusalem impossible. Again in 1540, they presented the project to Paul III. After months of dispute, a congregation of cardinals reported favourably upon the Constitution presented, and Paul III confirmed the order through the bull Regimini militantis ecclesiae ("To the Government of the Church Militant"), on 27 September 1540. This
6105-436: The Portuguese Province to agree a surety for the ransom of Wolfe, who was quickly banished on release. Daniel returned to Ireland the following year, but was immediately captured and incriminating documents were found on his person, which were taken as proof of his involvement with the rebellious cousin of the Earl of Desmond , James Fitzmaurice and a Spanish plot. He was removed from Limerick, taken to Cork "just as if he were
6216-440: The biblical reference to the sabbath day as the "Seventh-day" and the tradition of that day being on Saturday . It has been established that the phonetic and cultural link between the planet Saturn, Saturday and the Sabbath day is of ancient Mesopotamian origin. A number of popular songs in Western culture portray Mondays often as days of depression, anxiety, avolition, hysteria, or melancholy (mostly because of its association with
6327-400: The call for the society's suppression. Jesuit priests such as Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta founded several towns in Brazil in the 16th century, including São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro , and were very influential in the pacification, religious conversion , and education of indigenous nations. They also built schools, organized people into villages, and created a writing system for
6438-430: The city for eight months, before moving to Kilmallock in December 1565 under the protection of the Earl of Desmond, where they lived in more comfort than the primitive conditions they experienced in the city. However they were unable to support themselves at Kilmallock and three months later they returned to the city in Easter 1566, and strangely set up their house in accommodation owned by the Lord Deputy of Ireland, which
6549-436: The city in very bad health, but had recovered due to the kindness of the people. They established contact with Wolfe, but were only able to meet with him at night, as the English authorities were attempting to arrest the legate. Wolfe charged them initially with teaching to the boys of Limerick, with an emphasis on religious instruction, and Good translated the catechism from Latin into English for this purpose. They remained in
6660-410: The clergy of his time. The Jesuit vow against "ambitioning prelacies" can be seen as an effort to counteract another problem evidenced in the preceding century. Ignatius and the Jesuits who followed him believed that the reform of the church had to begin with the conversion of an individual's heart. One of the main tools the Jesuits have used to bring about this conversion is the Ignatian retreat, called
6771-406: The concept of days under the regency of a planet under the term vāsara/vāra , the days of the week being called sūrya-/ravi - , chandra-/soma- , maṅgala -, budha -, guru-/bṛhaspati- , śukra -, and śani -vāsara . śukrá is a name of Venus (regarded as a son of Bhṛgu ); guru is here a title of Bṛhaspati , and hence of Jupiter; budha "Mercury" is regarded as a son of Soma , that is,
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#17327657219426882-450: The country in general call in sick; and more people worldwide surf the web. In July 2002, the consulting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers announced that it would rename its consultancy practice "Monday", and would spend $ 110 million over the next year to establish the brand. When IBM acquired the consultancy three months later it chose not to retain the new name. On October 17, 2022, Guinness World Records announced on Twitter that Monday
6993-440: The emperor mandated the expulsion of Christian missionaries unable to abide by the terms of Ricci's Chinese catechism. Tournon's summary and automatic excommunication for any violators of Clement's decree – upheld by the 1715 bull Ex Illa Die – led to the swift collapse of all the missions in China; the last Jesuits were finally expelled after 1721. The first Jesuit school in Ireland
7104-449: The end of 1568 the Anglican Bishop of Meath, Hugh Brady , was sent to Limerick charged with a Royal Commission to seek out and expel the Jesuits. Daniel was immediately ordered to quit the city and went to Lisbon, where he resumed his studies with the Portuguese Jesuits. Good moved on to Clonmel , before establishing himself at Youghal until 1577. In 1571, after Wolfe had been captured and imprisoned at Dublin Castle , Daniel persuaded
7215-428: The feudal fiefdom of Nagasaki in 1580. This was removed in 1587 due to fears over their growing influence. Jesuits did, however, have much success in Latin America. Their ascendancy in societies in the Americas accelerated during the seventeenth century, wherein Jesuits created new missions in Peru , Colombia , and Bolivia ; as early as 1603, there were 345 Jesuit priests in Mexico alone. Francis Xavier , one of
7326-440: The first Roman-style academic institution in the East, St. Paul Jesuit College in Macau , China. Founded by Alessandro Valignano , it had a great influence on the learning of Eastern languages (Chinese and Japanese) and culture by missionary Jesuits, becoming home to the first western sinologists such as Matteo Ricci . Jesuit efforts in Goa were interrupted by the expulsion of the Jesuits from Portuguese territories in 1759 by
7437-415: The first and third centuries CE, the Roman Empire gradually replaced the eight-day Roman nundinal cycle with the seven-day week. The earliest evidence for this new system is a Pompeiian graffito referring to 6 February ( ante diem viii idus Februarias ) of the year 60 CE as dies solis ("Sunday"). Another early witness is a reference to a lost treatise by Plutarch , written in about 100 CE, which addressed
7548-491: The first day of the workweek). Mondays are also portrayed as days of boredom and bad luck, especially for many people in their school years, who have to go back to school every Monday after having no school Saturday and Sunday, which can make them grow a hatred for Mondays. For example, " Monday, Monday " (1966) from the Mamas & the Papas ; " Rainy Days and Mondays " (1971) from the Carpenters ; Monday, Monday, Monday (2002) from Tegan and Sara ; and " Manic Monday " (1986) from
7659-553: The first modern cartographic work in China. They also learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence, European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture. For over a century, Jesuits such as Michele Ruggieri , Matteo Ricci , Diego de Pantoja , Philippe Couplet , Michal Boym , and François Noël refined translations and disseminated Chinese knowledge , culture , history , and philosophy to Europe. Their Latin works popularized
7770-540: The fourth century CE, it was in wide use throughout the Empire. The Greek and Latin names are as follows: Except for in Portuguese and Mirandese , the Romance languages preserved the Latin names, except for the names of Sunday, which was replaced by [dies] Dominicus (Dominica) , that is, "the Lord's Day ", and of Saturday, which was named for the Jewish Sabbath . Mirandese and Portuguese use numbered weekdays, but retain sábado and demingo / domingo for weekends. Meanwhile, Galician occasionally uses them alongside
7881-441: The introduction of Christianity during the 6th to 7th centuries, i.e., during the final phase or soon after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire . This period is later than the Common Germanic stage, but still during the phase of undifferentiated West Germanic . The names of the days of the week in North Germanic languages were not calqued from Latin directly, but taken from the West Germanic names. Hindu astrology uses
7992-499: The late Renaissance were significant in their roles both as a missionary order and as the first religious order to operate colleges and universities as a principal and distinct ministry. By the time of Ignatius' death in 1556, the Jesuits were already operating a network of 74 colleges on three continents. A precursor to liberal education , the Jesuit plan of studies incorporated the Classical teachings of Renaissance humanism into
8103-471: The local languages of Brazil. José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega were the first Jesuits that Ignacio de Loyola sent to the Americas. Jesuit scholars working in foreign missions were very dedicated in studying the local languages and strove to produce Latinized grammars and dictionaries . This included: Japanese (see Nippo jisho , also known as Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam , "Vocabulary of
8214-492: The monks abstain from meat, fowl, dairy products, fish, wine and oil (if a feast day occurs on a Monday, fish, wine and oil may be allowed, depending upon the particular feast). Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints spend one evening per week, called Family Home Evening (FHE) or Family Night. This is usually a Monday, when families are encouraged to spend time together in study, prayer and other family activities. In Hinduism , Mondays are associated with
8325-530: The name " Confucius " and had considerable influence on the Deists and other Enlightenment thinkers, some of whom were intrigued by the Jesuits' attempts to reconcile Confucian morality with Catholicism . Upon the arrival of the Franciscans and other monastic orders, Jesuit accommodation of Chinese culture and rituals led to the long-running Chinese Rites controversy . Despite the personal testimony of
8436-524: The names correspond to those of English. In Swahili, the day begins at sunrise, unlike in the Arabic and Hebrew calendars where the day starts at sunset (therefore an offset of twelve hours on average), and unlike in the Western world where the day starts at midnight (therefore an offset of six hours on average). Saturday is therefore the first day of the week, as it is the day that includes the first night of
8547-732: The namesake of Campion Hall, as well as Brian Cansfield, Ralph Corbington , and many others. A number of them were canonized among the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales . Four Jesuit churches remain today in London alone, with three other places of worship remaining extant in England and two in Scotland . The Jesuits first entered China through the Portuguese settlement on Macau , where they settled on Green Island and founded St. Paul's College . The Jesuit China missions of
8658-405: The native names of Diell and Hënë , respectively, and replaced the Latin terms for Thursday and Friday with the equivalent native deity names Enji and Prende , respectively. Other languages adopted the week together with the Latin (Romance) names for the days of the week in the colonial period. Several constructed languages also adopted the Latin terminology. With the exception of sabato ,
8769-485: The new order in the "Formula of the Institute of the Society of Jesus", which is "the fundamental charter of the order, of which all subsequent official documents were elaborations and to which they had to conform". He ensured that his formula was contained in two papal bulls signed by Pope Paul III in 1540 and by Pope Julius III in 1550. The formula expressed the nature, spirituality, community life, and apostolate of
8880-726: The new religious order. Its famous opening statement echoed Ignatius' military background: Whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God beneath the banner of the Cross in our Society, which we desire to be designated by the Name of Jesus, and to serve the Lord alone and the Church, his spouse, under the Roman Pontiff, the Vicar of Christ on earth, should, after a solemn vow of perpetual chastity, poverty and obedience, keep what follows in mind. He
8991-455: The numbers, for example, 一 for "M" or "Mon(.)", "Monday". The abbreviation of Sunday uses exclusively 日 and not 天. Attempted usage of 天 as such will not be understood. Colloquially, the week is also known as the "Worship" ( simplified Chinese : 礼拜 ; traditional Chinese : 禮拜 ; pinyin : Lǐbài ), with the names of the days of the week formed accordingly. This is also dominant in certain regional varieties of Chinese. The following
9102-504: The only force standing between the Indigenous and slavery . Together throughout South America but especially in present-day Brazil and Paraguay , they formed Indigenous Christian city-states, called " reductions ". These were societies set up according to an idealized theocratic model. The efforts of Jesuits like Antonio Ruiz de Montoya to protect the natives from enslavement by Spanish and Portuguese colonizers would contribute to
9213-402: The opening lines of the founding document declared that the society was founded for "whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God, to strive especially for the defense and propagation of the faith, and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine". Jesuits are thus sometimes referred to colloquially as "God's soldiers", "God's marines", or "the Company". The society participated in
9324-705: The opposition; there were already congregations named after the Trinity and as "God's daughters". In 1537, the seven travelled to Italy to seek papal approval for their order . Pope Paul III gave them a commendation, and permitted them to be ordained priests. These initial steps led to the official founding in 1540. They were ordained in Venice by the bishop of Arbe (24 June). They devoted themselves to preaching and charitable work in Italy . The Italian War of 1536–1538 renewed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , Venice,
9435-595: The original companions of Loyola , arrived in Goa ( Portuguese India ) in 1541 to carry out evangelical service in the Indies. In a 1545 letter to John III of Portugal, he requested an Inquisition to be installed in Goa to combat heresies like crypto-Judaism and crypto-Islam. Under Portuguese royal patronage , Jesuits thrived in Goa and until 1759 successfully expanded their activities to education and healthcare. In 1594 they founded
9546-614: The original seven arrived in India already in 1541. Finally, though not initially formed for the purpose, they aimed to stop Protestantism from spreading and to preserve communion with Rome and the pope . The zeal of the Jesuits overcame the movement toward Protestantism in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and southern Germany . Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions , adopted in 1553, which created
9657-403: The other sacraments. Moreover, he should show himself ready to reconcile the estranged, compassionately assist and serve those who are in prisons or hospitals, and indeed, to perform any other works of charity, according to what will seem expedient for the glory of God and the common good. In fulfilling the mission of the "Formula of the Institute of the Society", the first Jesuits concentrated on
9768-709: The powerful Marquis of Pombal , Secretary of State in Portugal. The Portuguese Jesuit António de Andrade founded a mission in Western Tibet in 1624 (see also " Catholic Church in Tibet "). Two Jesuit missionaries, Johann Grueber and Albert Dorville , reached Lhasa , in Tibet, in 1661. The Italian Jesuit Ippolito Desideri established a new Jesuit mission in Lhasa and Central Tibet (1716–21) and gained an exceptional mastery of Tibetan language and culture, writing
9879-455: The question of: "Why are the days named after the planets reckoned in a different order from the 'actual' order?" The treatise is lost, but the answer to the question is known; see planetary hours . The Ptolemaic system of planetary spheres asserts that the order of the heavenly bodies from the farthest to the closest to the Earth is Saturn , Jupiter , Mars , Sun , Venus , Mercury , and
9990-564: The sacraments to the public. In late 1568 the Castle Lane School, in the presence of Daniel and Good, was attacked and looted by government agents sent by Sir Thomas Cusack during the pacification of Munster. The political and religious climate had become more uncertain in the lead up to Pope Pius V 's formal excommunication of Queen Elizabeth I , which resulted in a new wave of repression of Catholicism in England and Ireland. At
10101-468: The society adopted the name with a positive meaning. While the order is limited to men, Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal , favored the order and she is reputed to have been admitted surreptitiously under a male pseudonym. The Jesuits were founded just before the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ensuing Counter-Reformation that would introduce reforms within the Catholic Church, and so counter
10212-528: The spirituality of John Cassian and the Desert Fathers . Ignatius' innovation was to make this style of contemplative mysticism available to all people in active life. Further, he used it as a means of rebuilding the spiritual life of the church. The Exercises became both the basis for the training of Jesuits and one of the essential ministries of the order: giving the exercises to others in what became known as "retreats". The Jesuits' contributions to
10323-435: The study of Latin , Greek , classical literature, poetry, and philosophy as well as non-European languages, sciences, and the arts. Furthermore, Jesuit schools encouraged the study of vernacular literature and rhetoric , and thereby became important centres for the training of lawyers and public officials. The Jesuit schools played an important part in winning back to Catholicism a number of European countries which had for
10434-524: The system during late antiquity . In some other languages, the days are named after corresponding deities of the regional culture, beginning either with Sunday or with Monday . The seven-day week was adopted in early Christianity from the Hebrew calendar , and gradually replaced the Roman internundinum . Sunday remained the first day of the week, being considered the day of the sun god Sol Invictus and
10545-467: The third class learned Donatus by heart, though translated into English rather than through Latin. Young boys in the fourth class were taught to read. Progress was slow because there were too few teachers to conduct classes simultaneously. In the spirit of Ignatius' Roman College founded 14 years before, no fee was requested from pupils, though as a result the two Jesuits lived in very poor conditions and were very overworked with teaching and administering
10656-415: The traditional Latin-derived names, albeit to a lesser extent (see below ). Early Old Irish adopted the names from Latin, but introduced separate terms of Norse origin for Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, then later supplanted these with terms relating to church fasting practices. Albanian adopted the Latin terms for Tuesday, Wednesday and Saturday, translated the Latin terms for Sunday and Monday using
10767-530: The traditional Luminaries. Sunday comes first in order in calendars shown in the table below. In the Abrahamic tradition , the first day of the week is Sunday . Biblical Sabbath (corresponding to Saturday) is when God rested from six-day Creation , making the day following the Sabbath the first day of the week (corresponding to Sunday). Seventh-day Sabbaths were sanctified for celebration and rest. After
10878-480: The visual and performing arts as well as in music. The theater was a form of expression especially prominent in Jesuit schools. Jesuit priests often acted as confessors to kings during the early modern period . They were an important force in the Counter-Reformation and in the Catholic missions, in part because their relatively loose structure (without the requirements of living and celebration of
10989-648: The week in Arabic. Etymologically speaking, Swahili has two "fifth" days. The words for Saturday through Wednesday contain the Bantu-derived Swahili words for "one" through "five". The word for Thursday, Alhamisi , is of Arabic origin and means "the fifth" (day). The word for Friday, Ijumaa , is also Arabic and means (day of) "gathering" for the Friday noon prayers in Islam. In the Žejane dialect of Istro-Romanian , lur (Monday) and virer (Friday) follow
11100-405: The week was adopted in early Christianity, Sunday remained the first day of the week, but also gradually displaced Saturday as the day of celebration and rest , being considered the Lord's Day . Saint Martin of Dumio (c. 520–580), archbishop of Braga , decided not to call days by pagan gods and to use ecclesiastic terminology to designate them. While the custom of numbering the days of the week
11211-530: The week", по "next to" or "on" недельник "(the) week" Croatian and Bosnian ponedjeljak , Serbian понедељак ( ponedeljak ), Ukrainian понеділок ( ponedilok ), Bulgarian понеделник ( ponedelnik ), Polish poniedziałek , Czech pondělí , Slovak pondelok , Slovenian ponedeljek . In Turkish it is called pazartesi , which also means "after Sunday". Historically, the Greco-Roman week began with Sunday ( dies solis ), and Monday ( dies lunae )
11322-712: The writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing and the Ceylonese Buddhist monk Bu Kong . The Chinese transliteration of the planetary system was soon brought to Japan by the Japanese monk Kobo Daishi ; surviving diaries of the Japanese statesman Fujiwara no Michinaga show the seven-day system in use in Heian Period Japan as early as 1007. In Japan, the seven-day system was kept in use (for astrological purposes) until its promotion to
11433-420: The year. At the end of Divine Services on Mondays, the dismissal begins with the words: "May Christ our True God, through the intercessions , of his most-pure Mother , of the honorable, Bodiless Powers (i.e., the angels) of Heaven …". In many Eastern monasteries Mondays are observed as fast days ; because Mondays are dedicated to the angels, and monks strive to live an angelic life. In these monasteries,
11544-464: Was conducted in one large aula, but the students were divided into distinct classes. Good gives a highly detailed report of the curriculum taught and the top class studied the first and second parts of Johannes Despauterius 's Commentarli grammatici, and read a few letters of Cicero or the dialogues of Frusius (André des Freux, SJ). The second class committed Donatus' texts in Latin to memory and read dialogues as well as works by Ēvaldus Gallus. Students in
11655-476: Was consecrated at Rome in 1564. This early Limerick school, Crescent College , operated in difficult circumstances. In April 1566, William Good sent a detailed report to Rome of his activities via the Portuguese Jesuits. He informed the Jesuit superior general that he and Edmund Daniel had arrived at Limerick city two years beforehand and their situation there had been perilous. Both had arrived in
11766-420: Was conveyed to them by certain influential friends. They recommenced teaching at Castle Lane, and imparting the sacraments, though their activities were restricted by the arrival of Royal Commissioners. Good reported that as he was an Englishman, English officials in the city cultivated him and he was invited to dine with them on a number of occasions, though he was warned to exercise prudence and avoid promoting
11877-471: Was established at Limerick by the apostolic visitor of the Holy See , David Wolfe . Wolfe had been sent to Ireland by Pope Pius IV with the concurrence of the third Jesuit superior general, Diego Laynez . He was charged with setting up grammar schools "as a remedy against the profound ignorance of the people". Wolfe's mission in Ireland initially concentrated on setting the sclerotic Irish Church on
11988-540: Was mostly prevalent in the Eastern Church , Portuguese and Mirandese, due to Martin's influence, are the only Romance languages in which the names of the days come from numbers rather than planetary names. Members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) historically objected to the pagan etymologies of days and months and substituted numbering, beginning with First Day for Sunday. Icelandic
12099-649: Was originally romanized by Portuguese Jesuit missionaries , adopted this convention and thus also refers to Monday as Second Day ( thứ Hai ). Likewise, the Modern Hebrew name for Monday is yom-sheni (יום שני). While in North America, Sunday is the first day of the week, the Geneva-based International Organization for Standardization places Monday as the first day of the week in its ISO 8601 standard. Monday
12210-541: Was recorded by Jesuit José de Acosta of a conversation with the Archbishop of Santo Domingo. In the words of one historian: "The use of the name Jesus gave great offense. Both on the Continent and in England, it was denounced as blasphemous; petitions were sent to kings and to civil and ecclesiastical tribunals to have it changed; and even Pope Sixtus V had signed a Brief to do away with it." But nothing came of all
12321-425: Was the second day of the week. It is still the custom to refer to Monday as feria secunda in the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church . Quakers also traditionally referred to Monday as "Second Day". The Portuguese and the Greek (Eastern Orthodox Church) also retain the ecclesiastical tradition (Portuguese segunda-feira , Greek Δευτέρα " deutéra " "second"). Vietnamese , whose Latin-based alphabet
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