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94-491: Presidente Bernardes , named after President Artur Bernardes , may refer to: Places [ edit ] Presidente Bernardes, Minas Gerais Presidente Bernardes, São Paulo Other [ edit ] Presidente Bernardes Refinery , a refinery in Cubatão, Brazil Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

188-661: A PRM candidate was equivalent to being elected. Francisco Bernardino Rodrigues Silva, a lawyer from Juiz de Fora and previous occupant of the seat, ran as an independent candidate against Bernardes, with the support of Viçosa's Pachequistas . In January 1909, Silva obtained more votes than his rival, but a Commission for the Recognition of Powers, whose rapporteur was Altino Arantes , stripped 2,552 votes from Bernardes in Viçosa and 3,339 from Silva in Juiz de Fora. Under orders from

282-475: A Portuguese immigrant from Castanheira de Pera , was a colonel of Brazil's National Guard and lawyer in the districts of Alto Rio Doce, Piranga and Viçosa. In the latter he was the first appointed lawyer and then prosecutor. According to some biographies, Antônio Bernardes did not attend more than primary school in Portugal. The family was wealthy enough to pay for their son's education, but did not belong to

376-832: A centralizing constitutional reform, the only one to the Brazilian Constitution of 1891 , and brought the State closer to the Catholic Church . After his presidency, Bernardes took part in the Revolutions of 1930 and 1932 , and saw the PRM reduced to a minority faction in Minas Gerais. In his last years he participated in the campaign for state monopoly on oil in Brazil. An austere and reserved man, Bernardes

470-519: A collective biographical study by Amílcar Vianna Martins Filho. Bernardes was also very typical of the Minas Gerais political class due to his bachelor's degree in Law, shared with 61.6% of the sample. 17.6% had secondary education in Caraça. The family's rural properties were directly benefited by some of the fiscal, budgetary and tax decisions praised by Cidade de Viçosa , such as the reduction in prices on

564-464: A conciliatory name could be reached. The traditional method of securing votes, distributing favors to oligarchs and colonels from the countryside, gave a clear advantage to the side supported by the federal machine. Nilo Peçanha also used this method, but complemented it with the military and the urban masses, who felt marginalized from the political system. The economic and social situation was deteriorating. Federal government of Brazil Brazil

658-539: A councillor in 1906 and in the renewal of the entire City Council at the end of the following year, the Bernardists won by a small margin of votes. Cidade de Viçosa accused the Pachequistas and their newspaper A Reação of lacking patriotism and republicanism. Bernardes exchanged letters with João Pinheiro, pledging his support and making several requests to Viçosa. His deceased father-in-law's prestige

752-458: A court of the second instance. There are special federal court systems, in which such as Labour Court ( Justiça do Trabalho ) for labor or employment-related matters and disputes, Election Justice ( Justiça Eleitoral ) for electoral matters, and Military Justice ( Justiça Militar ) for martial criminal cases, each of them with its own courts. There are two national superior courts that grant writs of certiorari in civil and criminal cases:

846-474: A decree on 6 September 1920. The ESAV's headquarters would be in a region with a predominance of small and medium-sized coffee farms in the Zona da Mata, which would depend on agricultural modernization to resist the pressures of coffee valorization policies. The city chosen was Viçosa, precisely the president's hometown. According to the book A Universidade Federal de Viçosa no Século XX , published by Editora UFV,

940-426: A dispute between São Paulo politicians and the president of Brazil regarding the issuance of currency to support coffee. A newspaper at the time assessed that Bernardes prevented Epitácio Pessoa from isolating São Paulo, as he could not give up the alliance. Negotiations for the presidential succession began early, in the first months of 1921, due to the wear and tear of the federal government in multiple sectors: with

1034-528: A recently installed administration. It would first be necessary to gather prestige in the state government. Even without running, Bernardes managed to position himself as the arbiter of the presidential succession. On 9 February, the Tarasca invested him with leadership of negotiations in Minas Gerais. João Luís Alves and Raul Soares were his emissaries. On the 25th he presided over the Convention in

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1128-436: A sheep's bleating. Bernardes was already the subject of ridicule for his appearance. Days earlier, Bernardist senator Paulo de Frontin had blamed the political instability on "street scoundrels and the ambition of the barracks." The four dissident states joined together in the so-called Republican Reaction to launch the candidacies of Nilo Peçanha for president of Brazil and J. J. Seabra for vice president. The split between

1222-488: A strong presence in the Brazilian republican state, as they intermediated public and private interests. At the age of 25, still in 1900, Bernardes opened a law firm in Viçosa. Shortly afterwards, his father resigned from his position as prosecutor to avoid a conflict of interest with his son's career. The next two years were filled with constant travels to neighboring cities. In addition to law, Bernardes started working at

1316-592: A symbol of the old coronelism practices, and therefore a target to be eradicated. With the State apparatus in control, administration positions were handed over to loyal individuals. In the elections, 72% of the State Chamber and 50% of the State Senate were renewed. Salista deputies and senators were "beheaded", that is, their votes were not recognized by the State Chamber. Francisco Sales, who did much for Bernardes' first steps in his political career,

1410-732: A two-chamber legislature comprising the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies . Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Federal Court , the Superior Court of Justice and other Superior Courts , the National Justice Council and the regional federal courts . The bicameral National Congress ( Congresso Nacional ) consists of: There are no limits on

1504-768: A university entrance exam) while living in a boarding house and working at several newspapers and briefly as a Post and Telegraph courier. Under the influence of his father and the Caraça School, Bernardes later enrolled at the Free Faculty of Law , initially as an attendee student, in 1896, before passing the exams and entering the second year in 1897. As a law student, Bernardes became friends with his colleague and future political ally Raul Soares de Moura, in addition to meeting other figures of future political relevance in Brazil, such as Fernando de Melo Viana and José Vieira Marques. In March, Bernardes volunteered for

1598-407: Is a federal presidential constitutional republic, which is based on a representative democracy . The federal government has three independent branches : executive, legislative, and judicial. The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of Brazil. It is the foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the existence of Brazil and the federal government. It provides the framework for

1692-539: Is divided into Judiciary Sections ( Seções Judiciárias in Portuguese), coterminous with the territory of each state, and subdivided in Judiciary Subsections ( Subseções Judiciárias ), each with a territory that may not correspond to the states' comarcas. The Judiciary subsections have federal courts of the first instance and each Region has a Federal Regional Tribunal ( Tribunal Regional Federal ) as

1786-511: The 1922 presidential election , Bernardes was the target of fake letters to harm his image and an attempted coup d'état to prevent his inauguration, the Copacabana Fort revolt . His administration was unpopular in the cities, especially in Rio de Janeiro , and from July 1924 onwards he was attacked by conspiracies and armed uprisings by tenentist rebels. Bernardes' attitude towards

1880-632: The Bias Fortes Patriotic Battalion , in the context of the War of Canudos , but the battalion never went out to fight. National politics had a lot of repercussions in Ouro Preto, then the capital of Minas Gerais. Bernardes was among the admirers of Floriano Peixoto , president of Brazil from 1891 to 1894. The anniversary of the abolition of slavery was commemorated with the creation of the newspaper Academia , of which Bernardes

1974-529: The Federal Senate building, in Rio de Janeiro, to make Epitácio Pessoa , from Paraíba , official as the status quo candidate. São Paulo politicians resented Bernardes for his refusal to support a candidacy by Altino Arantes, president of São Paulo. Pessoa, a neutral candidate between the three largest states, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, was the result of the latter two's rejection to Arantes. The proposal for Pessoa's name came from Minas Gerais and

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2068-528: The Leopoldina Railway . Artur Bernardes appeared in the 1907 Laemmert Almanac as a farmer in the Viçosa region, and throughout his life he was a coffee planter and director-owner of a sugar factory in Ponte Nova . Minas Gerais was an agrarian society, but education and the liberal profession (law) had more direct relationships with the political career. Bernardes' participation in elections

2162-777: The Palácio da Liberdade , in Belo Horizonte, in September 1918. His secretariat was set up with illustrious figures: Raul Soares and later Afonso Pena Júnior in the Interior, Afrânio de Melo Franco and later João Luís Alves in Finance and Clodomiro de Oliveira in Agriculture, Industry, Land, Transport and Public Works. As soon as he took office, Bernardes broke with Sales and his followers, seen by him and Raul Soares as

2256-536: The Presidency of the Chamber of Deputies , despite Rio Grande do Sul and Bahia 's opposition. The São Paulo allies were also competitors, as they had their own pre-candidate, state president Washington Luís . On 21 March 1920, Raul Soares wrote to Bernardes to alert him of São Paulo's funding for Minas Gerais opposition newspapers and São Paulo's negotiations with Francisco Sales. Still in 1920, Bernardes sought

2350-544: The Republican Party (PR). Before his presidency, Bernardes served as president ( governor ) of Minas Gerais from 1918 to 1922, during which time he founded the current Federal University of Viçosa and prevented American investor Percival Farquhar from exploiting the iron ore deposits in Itabira , cultivating an image of a nationalist and municipalist leader. A status quo and " milk coffee " candidate in

2444-465: The bombing of São Paulo and the penal colony of Clevelândia . No amnesty was granted to the rebels. The government repressed militant workers, especially anarchists , while simultaneously enacting some labor laws. The administration also applied an economic policy of austerity and monetary contraction, fighting inflation and currency devaluation, withdrew Brazil from the League of Nations , carried out

2538-409: The 1919 election it was clear that Bernardes could become president of Brazil, even if he had to wait for the next election. Prudente de Morais Filho reportedly told Afrânio de Melo Franco that Bernardes would certainly be president of Brazil "because he is from Minas Gerais, he doesn't compromise, he is tenacious and always wears well-creased pants". If Bernardes' candidacy was obvious, support for it

2632-752: The Constitution, in October Bernardes claimed in Cidade de Viçosa that he did not want elected positions and only appeared on the PRM ticket at the last minute, "yielding to the orders of friends in the District". On 19 November, the District's 52 voters unanimously elected him. Carlos Vaz de Melo died three days later, and Bernardes succeeded him as director of Cidade de Viçosa in January, which began covering extra-municipal issues and supporting

2726-483: The Executive Committee, all former state presidents became perpetual members, three new positions were created and the presidency and secretariat would have to change annually. Within two years, Bernardes imposed his authority over the Tarasca and the colonels. The fight against coronelism obviously did not affect his allies, but these were younger, intellectualized leaders, with some connections to

2820-516: The Institute of Sciences and Letters of São Paulo. Bernardes and Raul Soares became friends with another native of Minas Gerais at the faculty, Arduíno Bolívar, and possibly joined an academic secret society, the Bucha . During holidays, contact was maintained through letters, and during one of these periods, in 1899, Bernardes gained fame defending a defendant in the Viçosa criminal court. The accuser

2914-408: The Interior of state president Delfim Moreira , had been chosen as the PRM candidate for the state government. Bernardes confirmed his acceptance in a letter to the president. Américo Lopes was the candidate of former senator and state president Francisco Sales, president of the PRM's Executive Committee and leader of one of the three factions that existed in the party until 1918. The other two were

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3008-399: The Minas Gerais elites, and insisted that the three strongest states (Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul) decided on a new name. Several reasons are speculated for his refusal, such as fears of a lack of support from São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul or a bad reaction from public opinion, as a Minas Gerais politician already occupied the presidency, and the inconvenience of interrupting

3102-806: The Minas Gerais government was different towards the trade union of American investor Percival Farquhar , who had acquired shares in the Itabira Iron Ore Company and received approval from the federal government to export iron ore through private lines to the Vitória-Minas Railway and a private port to be built as far as Santa Cruz , in Espírito Santo. In return, Farquhar would install a steel and rolling mill in Santa Cruz, powered by European and American coal. Brazil's National Congress took from 1920 to 1928 to debate

3196-449: The PRM, the Chamber of Deputies approved the decision and Bernardes was awarded more than a thousand votes above his competitor. According to Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco, the PRM confirmed Bernardes because he was "a young and energetic leader", an "experienced commander of officialdom in one of the toughest municipal struggles in Zona da Mata". In this first period in the Chamber of Deputies, Bernardes did not stand out nor took part in

3290-600: The Palácio da Liberdade, but without any political results. It was at this point that Bernardes' political rise stopped being peaceful and he entered the crisis of the First Brazilian Republic, which was going through its last decade. Minas Gerais was running without traditional allies, but the support of the federal government, São Paulo and smaller states gave Bernardes' candidacy a good chance. Bernardes refused proposals to withdraw his candidacy so that

3384-694: The Superior Justice Tribunal ( Superior Tribunal de Justiça , STJ) and the federal supreme court , called the Supreme Federal Court ( Portuguese : Supremo Tribunal Federal ). The STJ grants a Special Appeal ( Recurso Especial ) when a judgment of a court of the second instance offends a federal statute disposition or when two or more second instance courts make different rulings on the same federal statute. There are parallel courts for labor law , electoral law and military law . The STF grants Extraordinary Appeals ( Recurso Extraordinário ) when judgments of second instance courts violate

3478-575: The age of 5. Bernardes was the fourth of nine children born to Antônio da Silva Bernardes and Maria Aniceta Bernardes. One of his brothers, Olegário, would become justice of the Federal Court of Audits , state deputy in Rio de Janeiro , and mayor of Teresópolis . Bernardes' mother descended from the Vieira de Sousa family, one of the coffee nobility families of the Zona da Mata , while his father,

3572-410: The article was to enhance the municipalities and defend the interests of farming, commerce and industry. Other articles discussed the issues of local coffee farming and production alternatives, representing the interests of producers and traders. His speech was compatible with that of state president João Pinheiro , whose agenda included encouraging education and polyculture . In June 1905 Bernardes

3666-404: The children of the Minas Gerais elite. The teachers lived in a cloister and penance and "the paddle passed from class to class, from hall to hall, from playground to playground, leveling everyone with its overwhelming dominance". This experience allowed Bernardes to "value disciplinary power as a shaper of minds and bodies for the nation", in addition to establishing his Catholic religiosity for

3760-590: The contract, and in the meantime Farquhar negotiated another contract with the government of Minas Gerais, as stipulated in the federal contract. In September 1920, the Minas Gerais Congress authorized the Executive to hire Itabira Iron or another company to install one or more steel plants in the state. Debates between legislators and technicians soured the initial positive attitude, and Clodomiro de Oliveira managed to convince Bernardes to postpone

3854-406: The councillor's political opinions. On the first day of the year Bernardes published yet another defense of the reform of the Constitution, promising that "this newspaper will be a fierce and merciless fight against the idea, promoted by some, of changing nothing in the fundamental law". This ambition would be realized two decades later, when Bernardes assumed the presidency. The program presented in

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3948-444: The country self-sufficient, it made Minas Gerais export steel workers to other states. The CSBM was the result of negotiations that began during the visit of king Albert I of Belgium to Brazil in 1920; Bernardes invited him to Minas Gerais to attract Belgian capital, and the state government made an agreement with a Brazilian company, Companhia Siderúrgica Mineira , and another Belgian-Luxembourgish company, ARBED . The attitude of

4042-479: The doors to the political world when the senator authorized their marriage, which took place on 15 July 1903. Artur Bernardes was now his father-in-law's political heir. Bernardes and Clélia had been dating for a decade, but her father did not allow the marriage before the end of the course. The couple had eight children: Clélia, Artur, Maria da Conceição, Dhalia, Rita, Sylvia, Geraldo and Maria de Pompeia. Of these, Artur Bernardes Filho followed his father's career and

4136-543: The firm Pena e Graça, where Bernardes got a job. This firm in the Viçosa district of Coimbra intermediated the coffee trade between producers and exporters, exposing Bernardes to the rural world. This experience continued in his next job at the firm Adriano Teles, in Visconde do Rio Branco , where he reached the position of accountant at the age of 18, in 1894. The position was the highest an employee could reach and gave access to confidential information, proving that Bernardes

4230-567: The first instance take office after public competitive examination . The second instance judges are promoted among the first instance judges. The Justices of the superior courts are appointed by the President for life and approved by the Senate. All the judges and justices must be graduated in law. Brazilian judges must retire at the age of 70. The national territory is divided into five regions, which are composed of two or more states. Each region

4324-507: The followers of Bias Fortes, called " Biistas " and Silviano Brandão 's, the " viuvinhas ". Zona da Mata politicians were usually supporters of Sales. Américo Lopes' name was contested by Raul Soares, the Secretary of Agriculture, who felt that his Zona da Mata region (he was from Ubá ) was discredited. Arguing the moral incapacity of the secretaries' candidacy, especially that of the Interior, Soares convinced president Venceslau Brás , who

4418-433: The following government. For another point of the program, the "settling of the State's territory", four large mixed colonies of German immigrants and Brazilian farmers were founded: the Álvaro da Silvera, Bueno Brandão, David Campista and Francisco Sá colonies. The expansion of the road network, mentioned in the program, included the construction of 1,498 kilometers of highways, 138 bridges, subsidies for other highways and

4512-550: The government's acquisition of the Paracatu and Goiás Railways. The State's real estate assets and revenue grew and a large part of its debt was paid off. Bernardes' industrial ambition was to transform the Rio Doce Valley into Brazil's " Ruhr Valley ", a complex of mines, railways, steel mills and ports from Minas Gerais to Espírito Santo. Minas Gerais had large unused iron ore deposits, and Brazil's steel production

4606-494: The industrial sector and focused on economic development. A true generational transition took place in the PRM. The first generation, responsible for consolidating the Brazilian Republic in Minas Gerais, was replaced by another that entered public life around the 1910s. Southern Minas Gerais lost its predominance in state politics and the Zona da Mata gained prominence. Members of the government now owed allegiance to

4700-416: The insolvency of rural cooperatives . The administration lowered export taxes on coffee, livestock and cereals and maintained the coffee price guarantee, which deserved more attention according to the president. At the suggestion of the Executive, on 20 September 1919, legislators approved a reform of the land tax, seeking to curb fraud and evasion in the declaration of land values. Many years ago, this tax

4794-543: The interests of coffee growing in Zona da Mata. During this period, the State Employees' Beneficial Bank and the Banco Hipotecário e Agrícola , the future Bank of the State of Minas Gerais, were created. In 1911, new types of long-term loans to municipalities benefited administrations in Zona da Mata and southern Minas Gerais, in a municipalist policy that would yield electoral dividends. Bernardes left

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4888-431: The issue of deforestation, of which Bernardes was aware. His speeches outlined his concern with the "conservation of forests and reforestation of the State, threatened with seeing large portions of its territory transformed into bare and barren zones". In September 1919, the Minas Gerais Congress lowered the iron ore export tax for companies that transformed at least 5% of the exported amount into iron and steel. Otherwise,

4982-487: The largest economies in the country, and therefore the position further boosted Bernardes' career. His management focused on increasing revenue, creating tax collection offices, negotiating the taxation of mining products shipped through São Paulo and Espírito Santo , and reorganizing the Minas Gerais Receipt Office in Rio de Janeiro . These measures still had a regionalist bias, avoiding harming

5076-436: The local political group. Bernardes' strict family education was complemented by the traditional Caraça School, where he was enrolled for secondary studies at the end of 1887, at the age of 12. The Caraça School was one of the most prestigious schools in the country. Gilberto Freyre called it a "sad manor in the mountains". The school's schedule control, restriction of visits, surveillance and punishments left their mark on

5170-502: The military, the urban population and the oligarchies of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. The PRM launched Bernardes' candidacy in April and called state leaders to a national convention. São Paulo accepted it on the condition of meeting its economic demands, support from Epitácio Pessoa's government and future support for a candidacy by Washington Luís. Epitácio Pessoa accepted Bernardes' candidacy practically by imposition. In order to attract

5264-447: The northern states, Minas Gerais promised to continue the public works begun under Pessoa's administration. Consensus around the official candidacy was usually easy. Until May, most states had approved Bernardes' candidacy, with the notable exception of Rio Grande do Sul. The economic promises made to São Paulo were incompatible with Rio Grande do Sul's goals, and in the assessment of Minas Gerais politicians, Rio Grande do Sul had become

5358-479: The number of terms one may serve for either chamber. The seats are allotted proportionally to each state's population, but each state is eligible for a minimum of eight seats and a maximum of 70 seats. The result is a system weighted in favor of smaller states that are part of the Brazilian federation. Currently, 15 political parties are represented in Congress . Since it is common for politicians to switch parties,

5452-586: The only other alternative for the political elite to a degree in Law was the Faculty of Law of Recife . Of the twelve presidents of the First Brazilian Republic, seven had degrees from the Faculty of Law of São Paulo. In São Paulo , Bernardes worked as editor for the newspaper Correio Paulistano , as member of the Notary's Office of senator Álvaro de Carvalho's father, and as professor of Portuguese and Latin at

5546-410: The opposition for being excluded from the choice. The choice of the vice presidential candidate, Urbano Santos , added Pernambuco and Bahia to the opposition, both of which had their own pre-candidates. The convention to approve the official candidacy took place in the Senate on 8 June, with the absence of delegates from Rio Grande do Sul, Pernambuco, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. The loss of Rio de Janeiro

5640-504: The opposition was uncompromising and authoritarian. Out of the states that opposed his candidacy, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia had their dominant parties overthrown, and Rio Grande do Sul fell into a civil war, the Revolution of 1923, in which the federal government brokered a peace deal. In the capital, the political police were reorganized into the 4th Auxiliary Police Bureau. Hundreds of rebel military personnel and civilians died in

5734-529: The organization of the Brazilian government and for the relationship of the federal government to the states , to citizens, and to all people within Brazil. Executive power is exercised by the executive, headed by the President , advised by a Cabinet of Ministers . The President is both the head of state and the head of government . Legislative power is vested upon the National Congress ,

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5828-465: The practical education provided by district and rural schools. In higher education, the government created the Institute of Industrial Chemistry and expanded the clinics at the Faculty of Medicine of Belo Horizonte. A highlight was the creation of the Higher School of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (ESAV), the future Federal University of Viçosa . Bernardes began the creation process with

5922-404: The proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly. To avoid that, the Supreme Federal Court ruled in 2007 that the term belongs to the parties, and not to the representatives. Brazilian courts function under civil law adversarial system . The Judicial branch is organized in states' and federal systems with different jurisdictions. The judges of the courts of

6016-478: The rest of his life, while many of his contemporaries flirted with positivism and evolutionism . A favorable biography at the Historic and Geographic Institute of Minas Gerais, of which Bernardes is the patron of a chair, stated that the teachings at Caraça "had a great influence on his moral, religious and public formation: the zeal for the public cause, the scrupulousness in the distribution of government money,

6110-532: The school's location was not an arbitrary decision by Bernardes and took into account the topography, water availability and proximity to the Leopoldina Railway. Teaching would be along American lines. The inauguration only took place in 1926. In agriculture, the Bernardes administration granted favors to Banco de Crédito Real de Minas Gerais and Banco Hipotecário e Agrícola , hoping to alleviate

6204-536: The secretariat at the end of Bueno Brandão's government, in September 1914, and in the following January he was the candidate for federal deputy with the most votes in the district. In this second period in the Chamber of Deputies he chaired the Special Committee on the Accounting Code. At the beginning of 1917, deputy Gomes Lima met Bernardes in Viçosa to report that Américo Lopes, Secretary of

6298-451: The signing of the contract. The Minas Gerais government doubted the promise of a large steel plant and feared that the company would charge exaggerated prices on the domestic market and create a monopoly on ore transportation. Bernardes adopted a nationalist stance, demanding that foreign companies prove the benefits of their contracts. Even so, his messages to the Minas Gerais Congress did not peremptorily reject Farquhar's proposal. Since

6392-538: The spirit of discipline, order and austerity". At the other extreme, the anti-Bernardes book Terra Desumana (1926), by Assis Chateaubriand , argued that the school instilled in the young Bernardes an authoritarian personality, making him more interested in laws than in human feelings. At the end of 1889, Bernardes' family was no longer able to keep him in Caraça due to the impact of the abolition of slavery on Brazil's coffee economy . The solution came from his brother-in-law José da Graça Sousa Pereira, an associate at

6486-569: The state oligarchies has several explanations in historiography: the issue of the vice presidency, the association with urban dissent, the economic policy exclusively focused on coffee and the Minas Gerais-São Paulo monopoly on State benefits. A third pre-candidate, marshal Hermes da Fonseca , became unfeasible, but his military support then went to the Republican Reaction . On 26 April, Fonseca visited Bernardes at

6580-486: The state president and not to the PRM's Executive Committee. Two Minas Gerais politicians, Artur Bernardes and Melo Franco, were considered to run for president in the election scheduled for April 1919. For health reasons, the winner of the 1918 election , Rodrigues Alves , never took office, and his vice president Delfim Moreira ruled the country for around eight months until a successor was chosen. Bernardes refused his own candidacy, which would have been of interest to

6674-408: The state president and the PRM's Executive Committee, known as " Tarasca ", made up mostly of politicians from the southern Minas Gerais. The party prided itself on promoting the careers of young politicians. Its rule was elitist and centralized, controlling political appointments, pressuring the press, co-opting pressure groups and securing their votes through coronelism and fraud. Being chosen as

6768-465: The support of J. J. Seabra, president of Bahia, sending weapons to defend his government against the armed revolt of colonel Horácio de Matos . This measure was heavily criticized in the press. Another letter from Raul Soares, in July, expressed the fear of an alliance between São Paulo and the federal government around the candidacy of Nilo Peçanha from Rio de Janeiro. In September, Bernardes reconciled

6862-573: The tax would be a hundred times higher. Laws of the same content were approved in the following years. Several steel plants were founded during this period under the stimulus of the state government, all with low production. The exception was the Companhia Siderúrgica Belgo-Mineira (CSBM), the first medium-sized integrated steel company in Brazil, whose plant in Sabará began operations in 1925. Although far from making

6956-424: The technical committees. His greatest achievement was in Viçosa, where he secured presidential candidate Hermes da Fonseca the majority of votes in the 1910 presidential election . On 7 September 1910, Bernardes resigned his position as federal deputy and returned to Belo Horizonte to take over the state's Finance Secretariat, after being appointed by state president Júlio Bueno Brandão. Minas Gerais had one of

7050-534: The title Presidente Bernardes . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidente_Bernardes&oldid=1240099849 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Artur Bernardes Artur da Silva Bernardes (8 August 1875 – 23 March 1955)

7144-410: The weekly newspaper Cidade de Viçosa , owned by a local political leader, senator Carlos Vaz de Melo, leader of local directories and supporters of the Republican Party of Minas Gerais (PRM), the only one in the state. The PRM represented the interests of southern Minas Gerais and the Zona da Mata, and Viçosa was a municipality with significant agricultural production in the Zona da Mata, although it

7238-529: Was a Brazilian lawyer and politician who served the 12th president of Brazil from 1922 to 1926. Bernades' presidency was marked by the crisis of the First Brazilian Republic and the almost uninterrupted duration of a state of emergency . During his long political career, from 1905 until his death, he was the main leader of the Republican Party of Minas Gerais (PRM) from 1918–1922 until the party's closure in 1937, and founder and leader of

7332-472: Was a federal deputy, constituent, senator and vice-governor of Minas Gerais, reaching the position of Minister of Industry and Commerce in 1961. The Vaz de Melo-Bernardes became one of the family groups that dominated, with a certain stability, the zones, regions, electoral districts or municipalities of Minas Gerais. Kinship with at least one other politician can be observed in 51.7% of a sample of 511 Minas Gerais politicians between 1891 and 1930, according to

7426-646: Was a trustworthy employee. His life in Rio Branco exposed him to the issue of modernizing agricultural techniques, as the business group advertised Brazilian products abroad. With his family in a better financial condition, Bernardes was able to enroll in the Externato do Ginásio Mineiro in Ouro Preto at the end of 1894, taking advantage of a decree from the state government that opened separate enrollments. There he studied for preparatory exams (equivalent to

7520-438: Was accepted by São Paulo. Pessoa's victory in the election came as no surprise. The Bernardes state administration privileged the Zona da Mata. Education was a priority in the program and effective advances were made in public secondary and higher education. 13 school groups and 421 isolated schools were built in primary and secondary education. A new regulation for itinerant agricultural education, on 12 July 1920, reinforced

7614-708: Was appointed colonel of the National Guard, which legitimized his local power and conferred honors and privileges. Elected president of the City Council the following month, he preferred to remain vice-president. The following year he was elected again, accepted and was invested as executive agent, a position equivalent to mayor . The executive agent was chosen by the City Council. At a Congress of Municipalities held in Leopoldina , in October 1907, Bernardes

7708-508: Was discussed in Minas Gerais as a way of discouraging unproductive large estates, and one of the points of the PRM's economic program was the "remodeling of the tax regime, based on territorial and income taxes, with the gradual suppression of the export tax on the State's budget revenue". A law on the supply of agricultural machinery by the Secretariat of Agriculture was approved in 1919, but would only be effectively put into practice in

7802-404: Was editor. The following year the Faculty of Law was transferred to Cidade de Minas, currently Belo Horizonte , but Bernardes, Raul Soares and others preferred to be transferred to the Faculty of Law of São Paulo . The new state capital, "where one could smell the clay and fresh paint", could not compare to the comfort of Ouro Preto. São Paulo offered much better opportunities in public life;

7896-555: Was from Minas Gerais, to veto the candidacy. The result was a list of candidates, but it omitted Bernardes. Still feeling that Zona da Mata was overlooked, Soares then convinced the president to support Bernardes. The name was accepted by state president Delfim Moreira and made official by the Executive Committee in June, reuniting the party. Bernardes' vice president was state senator Eduardo Amaral. Although elected deputy again, Bernardes resigned his position to take office as governor at

7990-562: Was his father. Upon receiving his bachelor's degree in Legal and Social Sciences in December 1900, he pursued a career as attorney. Prestigious among his peers, Bernardes was chosen for the graduation speech. After arriving in his native Viçosa, Bernardes was welcomed with a demonstration at the train station and a ball. A bachelor's degree in Law raised his social status. The district had few qualified lawyers, and his professional colleagues had

8084-470: Was idolized by his followers, the so-called Bernardists, and hated by his enemies. Artur da Silva Bernardes was born on 8 August 1875 in the village of Santa Rita do Turvo, currently the municipality of Viçosa , as recognized in history books. His birthplace is disputed by the municipality of Cipotânea , where it is claimed that the future president was born there, at the time part of Alto Rio Doce , and then moved to Viçosa, an already constituted city, at

8178-468: Was incipient. Bernardes and Raul Soares wanted a steel industry and were against the simple export of iron ore. The model intended by Secretary of Agriculture Clodomiro de Oliveira consisted of small plants powered by electricity, charcoal and mineral coal from Santa Catarina , with technology from the Mining School of Ouro Preto, where Oliveira was a professor. The use of charcoal brought with it

8272-410: Was invited by deputy Ribeiro Junqueira to give a speech on behalf of the heads of the Executive in the region. This rapid rise was not accepted by all veterans; José Teotônio Pacheco, Viçosa's political leader and former ally of Vaz de Melo, broke his ties with Bernardes and led the municipal opposition. The " Bernardistas " and " Pachequistas " vied for power in Viçosa for a decade. In the election of

8366-438: Was not among the largest in the region. Bernardes' interest in politics was visible. Since his academic days, Cidade de Viçosa presented him as a member of the local elite and as representative of bourgeois values, and he published several articles in the newspaper, including an article on the revision of Brazil's 1891 Constitution in 1901. Bernardes' passion for Clélia Vaz de Melo, the daughter of Carlos Vaz de Melo, opened

8460-491: Was not immediate, and he refused an offer from his father-in-law to support a candidacy for federal deputy. Instead, Vaz de Melo assigned his son-in-law to welcome the State President (governor) Francisco Sales and other politicians. Bernardes gradually made contacts and demonstrated his rhetoric. In 1904 he ran for special councillor for the Viçosa district of Teixeiras. Despite his previous statements about reforming

8554-564: Was not, and all the PRM's actions at the national level were directed towards the ambition of the presidency. The Minas Gerais-São Paulo alliance supported the administration of Epitácio Pessoa in Congress. Minas Gerais took advantage of the relative weakness of Epitácio Pessoa, who was from a small state ( Paraíba ), and although it only received one ministry (that of the Navy, under Raul Soares), it managed to place PRM deputy Astolfo Dutra in

8648-451: Was relegated to ostracism. Their personal feud existed since 7 July 1918 when, at a banquet held for Delfim Moreira, Sales' speech completely ignored Bernardes, who was at the main table as a Minas Gerais leader. In February 1919, Bernardes had the " Tarasca " accept his list of candidates for a quarter of the senators and all the deputies. As of the 17 September convention, each delegate could represent no more than five local districts. In

8742-551: Was still enough for Bernardes to be included in the PRM's list of candidates for state deputy and elected for the second district in March 1907. In the state Chamber , he was elected secretary of the board in 1907 and 1908, gave speeches about agriculture issues and helped approve João Pinheiro's tax reform. This last position facilitated his nomination to run for federal deputy in 1909. The candidates for Minas Gerais' federal deputy positions were colonels or intellectuals, both chosen by

8836-454: Was yet another surprise to Minas Gerais, as Nilo Peçanha had previously advised the Republican Party of Rio de Janeiro to support Bernardes' candidacy, but now stated that the commitment "was premature", despite the "confidence inspired by Mr. Bernardes and the tradition of Minas Gerais' politics". Of the 192 delegates present, 188 approved the candidacy. From the Senate galleries came boos at Bernardes' first statements and even imitations of

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